新型无线网络的资源管理与负载均衡策略研究
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摘要
无线蜂窝网、WLAN、WiMAX作为Internet宽带无线接入的主流候选技术，正越来越受到关注，各种无线网络之间既是竞争又是互补的关系。下一代无线网络技术必然要支持异构网络的融合，采用OFDM为核心技术，具有认知无线电能力，支持分布式网络架构、ad hoc组网、多跳中继等，以更低的价格、更好的质量支持更多的语音、数据、流媒体等具有不同QoS要求的多样性业务。本文以下一代新型无线网络为背景，研究了无线网络的资源管理及负载均衡策略。
首先，本文对下一代无线网络的关键技术——正交频分复用(OFDM)技术进行了研究。由于OFDM系统基于信道状态信息的子载波及功率分配算法复杂度高，控制信道带宽的开销过大，而与信道独立的资源分配算法性能较差，因此，本文提出了一种新的基于信道参数统计相关性的子载波和功率分配算法，该算法利用信道统计信息来减少信道反馈，并转化成离散模型求解，大大降低了算法的复杂度。本文也在多用户OFDMA系统中根据业务区分的思想，提出了一个自适应跨层子载波调度及功率分配机制。该算法给实时业务(如语音、多媒体业务)更高的优先级，而对于低优先级的数据业务再进一步根据缓冲队列中的数据包个数公平的分配子载波。仿真结果显示，基于信道统计相关性的资源调度算法在系统总容量上有微小降低，但算法复杂度大大降低；在性能上也优于基于路径损耗的资源调度算法；我们提出的跨层子载波调度及功率分配机制改善了实时业务的时延性能，提高了OFDMA系统的频谱效率。
在基于OFDM技术的多跳认知无线网络中，针对颜色敏感的图着色(CSGC)频谱分配模型，我们将功率控制引入CSGC模型来避免二级用户之间的干扰以及适应拓扑的动态变化。本文首先将信道分配、带干扰限制的功率控制问题在两个不同的优化策略下形式化为最大化问题，目标函数是针对整个路由进行优化，而不是链路；然后提出了一个启发式算法对该NP问题进行求解。该算法首先在保证链路连接的最小发射功率下进行信道分配以尽可能的重用信道，然后在保证所有同信道链路的干扰满足约束条件的同时将每个链路的发射功率最大化来提高链路带宽。仿真结果表明，我们提出的算法比已有算法能获得更高的总网络带宽和最小路由带宽。
异构无线网络的主要挑战是如何高效利用各种接入网的无线资源，针对异构无线网络基站或AP的容量差异及业务分布不均，导致通信热点地区的新呼叫因负载过重大量阻塞，而相邻轻负载小区却有容量盈余的现象，本文提出了几种联合呼叫接纳控制及ad hoc网络多跳路由算法的负载均衡策略，以提高整个异构网络的资源利用率。该均衡策略依据是否利于多跳转移来决策新呼叫的接入，然后将部分流量转移到附近轻负载小区。仿真结果表明，提出的负载均衡策略能有效改善网络系统的负载均衡指数，彻底避免呼叫阻塞现象。
为了改善蜂窝网、WLAN、WiMAX等异构网络重叠覆盖的热点通信地区的呼叫阻塞概率、吞吐量等网络性能，提出了两个基于ad hoc网络N跳路由算法的协作负载均衡策略，以提高整个异构网络的资源效率。该策略首先根据无线资源管理策略来决定是否接纳一个新呼叫，在重负载情况下根据最小价格转移策略或最轻负载基站及最近业务转移策略来选择特定业务转移到目标基站或AP，这些业务转移策略考虑了基站负载指数、跳数、业务预测、转移开销等因素。一个分析模型用来计算两个不同业务模型下的系统呼叫阻塞概率及吞吐量性能。仿真结果表明，提出的负载均衡策略比HM-MACA和HS-TC策略更能将业务均匀的分布到整个异构无线网络，降低呼叫阻塞概率，改善系统吞吐量性能。
异构无线网络中基于网络效用的资源管理及网络选择算法是研究的热点，本文提出了基于经济模型且具有QoS保证的无线资源分配及网络选择算法。在CDMA网络上行链路，分析了考虑多小区干扰功率的资源分配约束条件，然后在不同负载情况下对目标函数为网络社会福利最大化的资源优化分配问题进行了求解；当WLAN网络通过控制冲突概率来达到最大吞吐量时，我们得到了资源公平分配时网络收益的闭环表达式。对CDMA／WLAN异构重叠网络根据负载状况不同提出了不同的接入控制机制及负载均衡策略。仿真结果表明，提出的资源分配算法在单一网络环境下相对传统算法能够多接纳约20％的用户数，同时给用户终端提供信号质量保证；而在异构网络环境下，我们提出的基于经济模型的网络选择及负载均衡算法比UFAS机制能获得10％的额外网络收益，相对于单网络接入机制，社会福利的增益更大。
最后，对全文工作进行了简要的总结，并对下一步研究计划进行了梳理，提出了新的研究思路。
Cellular, WLAN, WiMAX are given increasing attentation as the main candidates of broadband technologies to access the Internet. All of these wireless networks have an interactive relationship of not only competition but cooperation as useful supplementary to the others for their advantages and disadvantages. In order to provide more voice, data, multimedia services with bettet QoS guarantees and lower price, the next generation wireless networks need to support the convergence of heterogeneous networks, adopt orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as one of the key techniques, have the capability of reconfiguration for cognitive radio, and support distributed network architecture, ad hoc network, multihop relaying, etc. In this dissertation, we research the radio resource management and load balancing strategy of next generation wireless networks.
Firstly, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique, as the key technique of next generation network, is researched. Because subcarrier and power allocation algorithms based on the channel status information (CSI) feedback have high complexity and great overhead of control channel, and the channel independent scheduling algorithms in OFDM system have poor performance, a novel wireless resources allocation algorithm is proposed based on statistical tap correlation information, in which the channel status statistical information is utilized so as to reduce the channel feedback. The proposed algorithm is converted into discrete method to achieve a lower algorithm complexity. And in multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, from the viewpoint of service differentiation, we develop an adaptive cross-layer scheduling scheme combined with dynamic subcarrier allocation algorithm according to instantaneous traffic load condition. The algorithm is designed to grant higher priority to realtime traffic packet of voice and multimedia than data packet, and dynamically allocate subcarriers for data service according to the packet number of each user in the buffer queue with fairness guarantee. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has very little reduction in overall system capacity, but much lower complexity and small channel feedback comparing to the traditional scheduling algorithm based on CSI, and it outperforms greatly channel independent scheduling algorithm based on pathloss in fast Rayleigh fading channel under any conditions. Moreover, our proposed adaptive cross-layer scheduling and dynamic subcarrier allocation algorithm improves delay performance for realtime traffic and spectrum efficiency in OFDMA system.
In OFDM-based multi-hop cognitive radio networks, the color-sensitive graph coloring (CSGC) model is viewed as an efficient solution to the spectrum assignment problem. We extend the model by taking into account the power control strategy to avoid interference among secondary users and adapt dynamic topology. We formulate the optimization problem encompassing the channel allocation, power control with the interference constrained below a tolerable limit, the optimization objective focuses on the routes according to two different optimization strategies, but not the links as traditional approaches. A heuristic solution to this NP-hard problem is presented, it performs iteratively channel allocation according to the lowest transmission power that guarantees the link connection and make channel reuse as possibly as it can, and then the transmission power of each link is maximized to improve channel capacity by adding gradually power level from the lowest transmission power until all co-channel links can not satisfy the interference constraints. Numerical results show that our proposed strategies outperform the existing spectrum assignment algorithms on the performance of both the total network bandwidth and minimum route bandwidth of all routes.
A major challenge of the heterogeneous wireless networks is how to jointly utilize the resources of different radio access technologies in an efficient manner. Because of the different system capacities of BS/AP and ununiformity of traffic distribution in different cells, quantities of new calls may be blocked in the overloaded cell in some hot spots; whereas its neighboring under-loaded BS/AP have superfluous bandwidth. In order to raise resource utilization of heterogeneous networks, several novel load balancing strategies are proposed, which combine the call admission control and multi-hop routing protocol of ad-hoc network. These load balancing algorithms firstly make a decision whether to admit a new call or not, and then transfer the denied users into neighboring under-loaded cell with surplus channel according to certain load balancing strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed load balancing strategies can distribute the services to the whole heterogeneous wireless networks, improve the load balance index, and avoid the call block phenomenon almost absolutely.
In order to improve the system performance of the block probability and throughput in communication hot spots overlapped by heterogeneous networks such as cellular, WLAN, WiMAX networks, etc., two cooperative load balancing strategies based on hops-limited routing algorithm of ad hoc network are proposed to raise the resource utilization of the whole overlapping heterogeneous networks. They both firstly make a decision whether to admit a new call or not based on common radio resource management strategies, and in overloaded condition select certain traffic to transfer into targeted BS/AP according to minimum price strategy or minimum load BS/AP and nearest traffic strategy, which take into account these factors such as load index, number of hops, traffic prediction, cost, etc. An analytical model is used to compute the call block probability and throughput performance for two different traffic models. Simulation results show that the proposed load balancing strategies can distribute traffics to the whole heterogeneous wireless networks, decrease the call block probability, improve system throughputs efficiently, and obviously outperform HM-MACA and HS-TC load balancing strategies.
Radio resource management and network selection algorithm based on network utility is a hotspot of research in heterogeneous wireless networks. We propose an economic model to allocate radio resources and select networks with QoS guarantees. In the CDMA uplink, the resources usage constraint is deduced with the consideration of multi-cell interference power, then radio resources are allocated with the objective of maximizing the social welfare of CDMA network under the resources constraint. On the other hand, we also get the closed-form expression of net benefits in WLAN network when it achieves the maximum throughput by controlling the optimum collision probability. Finally, we design the access control mechanisms and load balancing strategy under different load conditions. Numerical results show that approximately more than 20% number of users can be achieved according to our radio resources allocation algorithms compared with traditional ones in single network environment such as CDMA or WLAN network, meanwhile providing effective signal quality guarantees for each mobile user. Moreover, our proposed network selection and load balancing strategy based on economic model can achieve more 10% network benefits than UFAS mechanism, even more gain of social welfare than single network access mechanism in heterogeneous networks environment.
Finally, the works of this dissertation are summarized briefly, and we also figure out the research programme in the future period, including the novel research ideas.
首先，本文对下一代无线网络的关键技术——正交频分复用(OFDM)技术进行了研究。由于OFDM系统基于信道状态信息的子载波及功率分配算法复杂度高，控制信道带宽的开销过大，而与信道独立的资源分配算法性能较差，因此，本文提出了一种新的基于信道参数统计相关性的子载波和功率分配算法，该算法利用信道统计信息来减少信道反馈，并转化成离散模型求解，大大降低了算法的复杂度。本文也在多用户OFDMA系统中根据业务区分的思想，提出了一个自适应跨层子载波调度及功率分配机制。该算法给实时业务(如语音、多媒体业务)更高的优先级，而对于低优先级的数据业务再进一步根据缓冲队列中的数据包个数公平的分配子载波。仿真结果显示，基于信道统计相关性的资源调度算法在系统总容量上有微小降低，但算法复杂度大大降低；在性能上也优于基于路径损耗的资源调度算法；我们提出的跨层子载波调度及功率分配机制改善了实时业务的时延性能，提高了OFDMA系统的频谱效率。
在基于OFDM技术的多跳认知无线网络中，针对颜色敏感的图着色(CSGC)频谱分配模型，我们将功率控制引入CSGC模型来避免二级用户之间的干扰以及适应拓扑的动态变化。本文首先将信道分配、带干扰限制的功率控制问题在两个不同的优化策略下形式化为最大化问题，目标函数是针对整个路由进行优化，而不是链路；然后提出了一个启发式算法对该NP问题进行求解。该算法首先在保证链路连接的最小发射功率下进行信道分配以尽可能的重用信道，然后在保证所有同信道链路的干扰满足约束条件的同时将每个链路的发射功率最大化来提高链路带宽。仿真结果表明，我们提出的算法比已有算法能获得更高的总网络带宽和最小路由带宽。
异构无线网络的主要挑战是如何高效利用各种接入网的无线资源，针对异构无线网络基站或AP的容量差异及业务分布不均，导致通信热点地区的新呼叫因负载过重大量阻塞，而相邻轻负载小区却有容量盈余的现象，本文提出了几种联合呼叫接纳控制及ad hoc网络多跳路由算法的负载均衡策略，以提高整个异构网络的资源利用率。该均衡策略依据是否利于多跳转移来决策新呼叫的接入，然后将部分流量转移到附近轻负载小区。仿真结果表明，提出的负载均衡策略能有效改善网络系统的负载均衡指数，彻底避免呼叫阻塞现象。
为了改善蜂窝网、WLAN、WiMAX等异构网络重叠覆盖的热点通信地区的呼叫阻塞概率、吞吐量等网络性能，提出了两个基于ad hoc网络N跳路由算法的协作负载均衡策略，以提高整个异构网络的资源效率。该策略首先根据无线资源管理策略来决定是否接纳一个新呼叫，在重负载情况下根据最小价格转移策略或最轻负载基站及最近业务转移策略来选择特定业务转移到目标基站或AP，这些业务转移策略考虑了基站负载指数、跳数、业务预测、转移开销等因素。一个分析模型用来计算两个不同业务模型下的系统呼叫阻塞概率及吞吐量性能。仿真结果表明，提出的负载均衡策略比HM-MACA和HS-TC策略更能将业务均匀的分布到整个异构无线网络，降低呼叫阻塞概率，改善系统吞吐量性能。
异构无线网络中基于网络效用的资源管理及网络选择算法是研究的热点，本文提出了基于经济模型且具有QoS保证的无线资源分配及网络选择算法。在CDMA网络上行链路，分析了考虑多小区干扰功率的资源分配约束条件，然后在不同负载情况下对目标函数为网络社会福利最大化的资源优化分配问题进行了求解；当WLAN网络通过控制冲突概率来达到最大吞吐量时，我们得到了资源公平分配时网络收益的闭环表达式。对CDMA／WLAN异构重叠网络根据负载状况不同提出了不同的接入控制机制及负载均衡策略。仿真结果表明，提出的资源分配算法在单一网络环境下相对传统算法能够多接纳约20％的用户数，同时给用户终端提供信号质量保证；而在异构网络环境下，我们提出的基于经济模型的网络选择及负载均衡算法比UFAS机制能获得10％的额外网络收益，相对于单网络接入机制，社会福利的增益更大。
最后，对全文工作进行了简要的总结，并对下一步研究计划进行了梳理，提出了新的研究思路。
Cellular, WLAN, WiMAX are given increasing attentation as the main candidates of broadband technologies to access the Internet. All of these wireless networks have an interactive relationship of not only competition but cooperation as useful supplementary to the others for their advantages and disadvantages. In order to provide more voice, data, multimedia services with bettet QoS guarantees and lower price, the next generation wireless networks need to support the convergence of heterogeneous networks, adopt orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as one of the key techniques, have the capability of reconfiguration for cognitive radio, and support distributed network architecture, ad hoc network, multihop relaying, etc. In this dissertation, we research the radio resource management and load balancing strategy of next generation wireless networks.
Firstly, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique, as the key technique of next generation network, is researched. Because subcarrier and power allocation algorithms based on the channel status information (CSI) feedback have high complexity and great overhead of control channel, and the channel independent scheduling algorithms in OFDM system have poor performance, a novel wireless resources allocation algorithm is proposed based on statistical tap correlation information, in which the channel status statistical information is utilized so as to reduce the channel feedback. The proposed algorithm is converted into discrete method to achieve a lower algorithm complexity. And in multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, from the viewpoint of service differentiation, we develop an adaptive cross-layer scheduling scheme combined with dynamic subcarrier allocation algorithm according to instantaneous traffic load condition. The algorithm is designed to grant higher priority to realtime traffic packet of voice and multimedia than data packet, and dynamically allocate subcarriers for data service according to the packet number of each user in the buffer queue with fairness guarantee. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has very little reduction in overall system capacity, but much lower complexity and small channel feedback comparing to the traditional scheduling algorithm based on CSI, and it outperforms greatly channel independent scheduling algorithm based on pathloss in fast Rayleigh fading channel under any conditions. Moreover, our proposed adaptive cross-layer scheduling and dynamic subcarrier allocation algorithm improves delay performance for realtime traffic and spectrum efficiency in OFDMA system.
In OFDM-based multi-hop cognitive radio networks, the color-sensitive graph coloring (CSGC) model is viewed as an efficient solution to the spectrum assignment problem. We extend the model by taking into account the power control strategy to avoid interference among secondary users and adapt dynamic topology. We formulate the optimization problem encompassing the channel allocation, power control with the interference constrained below a tolerable limit, the optimization objective focuses on the routes according to two different optimization strategies, but not the links as traditional approaches. A heuristic solution to this NP-hard problem is presented, it performs iteratively channel allocation according to the lowest transmission power that guarantees the link connection and make channel reuse as possibly as it can, and then the transmission power of each link is maximized to improve channel capacity by adding gradually power level from the lowest transmission power until all co-channel links can not satisfy the interference constraints. Numerical results show that our proposed strategies outperform the existing spectrum assignment algorithms on the performance of both the total network bandwidth and minimum route bandwidth of all routes.
A major challenge of the heterogeneous wireless networks is how to jointly utilize the resources of different radio access technologies in an efficient manner. Because of the different system capacities of BS/AP and ununiformity of traffic distribution in different cells, quantities of new calls may be blocked in the overloaded cell in some hot spots; whereas its neighboring under-loaded BS/AP have superfluous bandwidth. In order to raise resource utilization of heterogeneous networks, several novel load balancing strategies are proposed, which combine the call admission control and multi-hop routing protocol of ad-hoc network. These load balancing algorithms firstly make a decision whether to admit a new call or not, and then transfer the denied users into neighboring under-loaded cell with surplus channel according to certain load balancing strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed load balancing strategies can distribute the services to the whole heterogeneous wireless networks, improve the load balance index, and avoid the call block phenomenon almost absolutely.
In order to improve the system performance of the block probability and throughput in communication hot spots overlapped by heterogeneous networks such as cellular, WLAN, WiMAX networks, etc., two cooperative load balancing strategies based on hops-limited routing algorithm of ad hoc network are proposed to raise the resource utilization of the whole overlapping heterogeneous networks. They both firstly make a decision whether to admit a new call or not based on common radio resource management strategies, and in overloaded condition select certain traffic to transfer into targeted BS/AP according to minimum price strategy or minimum load BS/AP and nearest traffic strategy, which take into account these factors such as load index, number of hops, traffic prediction, cost, etc. An analytical model is used to compute the call block probability and throughput performance for two different traffic models. Simulation results show that the proposed load balancing strategies can distribute traffics to the whole heterogeneous wireless networks, decrease the call block probability, improve system throughputs efficiently, and obviously outperform HM-MACA and HS-TC load balancing strategies.
Radio resource management and network selection algorithm based on network utility is a hotspot of research in heterogeneous wireless networks. We propose an economic model to allocate radio resources and select networks with QoS guarantees. In the CDMA uplink, the resources usage constraint is deduced with the consideration of multi-cell interference power, then radio resources are allocated with the objective of maximizing the social welfare of CDMA network under the resources constraint. On the other hand, we also get the closed-form expression of net benefits in WLAN network when it achieves the maximum throughput by controlling the optimum collision probability. Finally, we design the access control mechanisms and load balancing strategy under different load conditions. Numerical results show that approximately more than 20% number of users can be achieved according to our radio resources allocation algorithms compared with traditional ones in single network environment such as CDMA or WLAN network, meanwhile providing effective signal quality guarantees for each mobile user. Moreover, our proposed network selection and load balancing strategy based on economic model can achieve more 10% network benefits than UFAS mechanism, even more gain of social welfare than single network access mechanism in heterogeneous networks environment.
Finally, the works of this dissertation are summarized briefly, and we also figure out the research programme in the future period, including the novel research ideas.
引文
[1] 刘干．宽带无线多媒体网络的动态带宽分配与QoS研究：博士学位论文．华中科技大学图书馆，2005．
[2] 陆彦辉．B3G移动通信系统中无线资源管理技术的研究：博士学位论文．北京邮电大学图书馆，2006．
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