数字化电力系统若干问题研究
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摘要
近半个世纪以来，以数字化为特征的计算机和通信技术逐渐在电力系统中得到了普及应用，使得电力系统生产运行和调度管理的面貌发生了深刻的变革，形成了数字化的电力系统。本文以数字化电力系统为背景，在数字化系统的数据传输和分析应用等若干问题上展开研究，取得的主要成果如下：
提出了基于网络通信的广域电流差动保护系统，可以利用基于图论的专家系统在线划分主、后备差动保护区，再通过保护agent之间的通信配合实现主、后备电流差动保护。结合IEC 61850协议的数据发布／订阅机制，讨论了数字化变电站中的广域电流差动保护可能的实现模式。
利用数字化变电站中电子式互感器造价显著降低可以冗余配置，而且其测量数据在站内随处可得的特点，提出了基于模式匹配和基于规则的虚假故障数据识别方法。前者利用变电站内全站数据进行模式匹配，识别可能导致继电保护误动的虚假故障数据；后者将专家经验总结为规则，识别可能导致继电保护误动的虚假故障数据。
提出利用曲线拟合和抽样／插值数据压缩技术在SCADA中传输电网动态信息的新方法。该方法在变电站侧把电网动态过程数据压缩到通信网络可承载的范围以内，然后在SCADA基站侧根据接收到的数据解压重构数据，达到在现有SCADA中传输电网动态信息的目的。基于抽样／插值的数据压缩方法还可用于广域测量系统中电网动态信息的高效传输。
从统计学的角度分析了我国南方四家电网的故障数据，发现它们的日故障次数的统计分布具有幂律特性和长程自相关性，表现出自组织临界性。由于电网在短时段内出现的大量故障因主要由连锁故障、极端天气(雷暴、台风、暴雨、暴雪)及其相关事件(泥石流、山火)引发，提出了电网故障在连锁故障和具有自组织临界性的降水及其相关事件影响下，具有自组织临界性的机理解释，能合理解释2008年冰灾中我国电网故障大量爆发的现象。
指出由于极端天气的强度和频率的增长将随全球暖化进程而显著加强，它将是全球暖化影响电网安全的主要模式。近年来由冰灾造成的电网大停电频频发生，除极端天气强度加强外，降水现象具有幂律分布这一特性与电网规划设计中对线路覆冰具有对数正态分布假设之间的矛盾，也可能是电网频繁遭遇超越设计标准的冰灾的原因。为经济高效地提高极端天气下的电网可靠性，可以在分析极端天气对电网的危害模式基础上，利用电网故障在时间和地域上的分布特性有选择性地进行电网改造。
During past decades, Information & Communication Technology (ICT) has gotten extensive application in electric power systems. The ICT has brought profounding changes in operation, dispatching, controlling, and management of power system, and brought forward Digital Power Systems (DPS). The thesis carries out research on data transmission and indepth applications in electric power systems. The outputs of the thesis are listed as follows.
A prototype of Wide Area Current Differential Protection System (WACDP) based on network communication is proposed. Graph theory based expert system has been developed to coordinate primary and backup current diffenential protection zones. Relay agents can be utilized to carry out primary and backup current differential protection. Its application over substation automation systems using IEC 61850 protocol combining Publisher/Subscriber mechanis has been discussed.
Since Electriconics Instrument Tranducers (EITs) are much cheaper than traditional electromagnetic instrument transducers, they can be equipped with redundancy. The redunant measurements of EITs are available via communication network within a substation automation system using IEC 61850 protocols. Pattern identification and rule-based approaches are proposed to identify the fake measurement. The former identify fake measurement with all measurements of the substation while the latter identify fake measurement with redundant measurements and expert experience to prevent mis-operation of protection system due to fake measurement.
Data compression technologies, such as curve fitting and sampling/interpolation, are proposed to transmit power system dynamics in existing SCADA. The power system dynamics can be compressed to an acceptable volumn to be transmited over existing communication channels. Thereafter, the system dynamics can be reconstructed with the compressed data. The sampling/interpolation can also be utilized to facilitate tranimitting compressed systems dynamics in Wide Area Measurement System.
Analysis on fault data of four power grids in south China unveiled Self-Organized Criticality (SOC) in time series of power systems fault. Since cascading outage, precipitation related extreme climate (thunder storm, hurricanes, storm, ice storm) and other events (land slide, wild fire) contribute much to power system fault, it is speculated that the power system fault derives its SOC from cascading outage and SOC of precipitation related extreme climate and other events. The speculation is consistent to the power systems fault burst out in 2008 ice storm in China.
It is pointed out that the main impact of global warming upon electric power systems arise from extreme climate since intensity and frequency of extreme climate will increase notably with enhanced global surface temperature. Whereas, global warming should not be blamed alone for frequent blackout due to extreme ice storm. Precipitation following power law distribution seems conflict to the presumption that ice accretion following lognormal distribution hold in design criteria of overhead transmission lines. Therefore, the risk of overhead transmission line undergo structural failure during ice storm is much higher than expected. It is pointed out that by allocating maintenance resource to vulnerable section based on analysis on spatial and temporal biased distribution of power system fault, the system reliability during extreme climate can be enhanced efficiently and cost effectively.
提出了基于网络通信的广域电流差动保护系统，可以利用基于图论的专家系统在线划分主、后备差动保护区，再通过保护agent之间的通信配合实现主、后备电流差动保护。结合IEC 61850协议的数据发布／订阅机制，讨论了数字化变电站中的广域电流差动保护可能的实现模式。
利用数字化变电站中电子式互感器造价显著降低可以冗余配置，而且其测量数据在站内随处可得的特点，提出了基于模式匹配和基于规则的虚假故障数据识别方法。前者利用变电站内全站数据进行模式匹配，识别可能导致继电保护误动的虚假故障数据；后者将专家经验总结为规则，识别可能导致继电保护误动的虚假故障数据。
提出利用曲线拟合和抽样／插值数据压缩技术在SCADA中传输电网动态信息的新方法。该方法在变电站侧把电网动态过程数据压缩到通信网络可承载的范围以内，然后在SCADA基站侧根据接收到的数据解压重构数据，达到在现有SCADA中传输电网动态信息的目的。基于抽样／插值的数据压缩方法还可用于广域测量系统中电网动态信息的高效传输。
从统计学的角度分析了我国南方四家电网的故障数据，发现它们的日故障次数的统计分布具有幂律特性和长程自相关性，表现出自组织临界性。由于电网在短时段内出现的大量故障因主要由连锁故障、极端天气(雷暴、台风、暴雨、暴雪)及其相关事件(泥石流、山火)引发，提出了电网故障在连锁故障和具有自组织临界性的降水及其相关事件影响下，具有自组织临界性的机理解释，能合理解释2008年冰灾中我国电网故障大量爆发的现象。
指出由于极端天气的强度和频率的增长将随全球暖化进程而显著加强，它将是全球暖化影响电网安全的主要模式。近年来由冰灾造成的电网大停电频频发生，除极端天气强度加强外，降水现象具有幂律分布这一特性与电网规划设计中对线路覆冰具有对数正态分布假设之间的矛盾，也可能是电网频繁遭遇超越设计标准的冰灾的原因。为经济高效地提高极端天气下的电网可靠性，可以在分析极端天气对电网的危害模式基础上，利用电网故障在时间和地域上的分布特性有选择性地进行电网改造。
During past decades, Information & Communication Technology (ICT) has gotten extensive application in electric power systems. The ICT has brought profounding changes in operation, dispatching, controlling, and management of power system, and brought forward Digital Power Systems (DPS). The thesis carries out research on data transmission and indepth applications in electric power systems. The outputs of the thesis are listed as follows.
A prototype of Wide Area Current Differential Protection System (WACDP) based on network communication is proposed. Graph theory based expert system has been developed to coordinate primary and backup current diffenential protection zones. Relay agents can be utilized to carry out primary and backup current differential protection. Its application over substation automation systems using IEC 61850 protocol combining Publisher/Subscriber mechanis has been discussed.
Since Electriconics Instrument Tranducers (EITs) are much cheaper than traditional electromagnetic instrument transducers, they can be equipped with redundancy. The redunant measurements of EITs are available via communication network within a substation automation system using IEC 61850 protocols. Pattern identification and rule-based approaches are proposed to identify the fake measurement. The former identify fake measurement with all measurements of the substation while the latter identify fake measurement with redundant measurements and expert experience to prevent mis-operation of protection system due to fake measurement.
Data compression technologies, such as curve fitting and sampling/interpolation, are proposed to transmit power system dynamics in existing SCADA. The power system dynamics can be compressed to an acceptable volumn to be transmited over existing communication channels. Thereafter, the system dynamics can be reconstructed with the compressed data. The sampling/interpolation can also be utilized to facilitate tranimitting compressed systems dynamics in Wide Area Measurement System.
Analysis on fault data of four power grids in south China unveiled Self-Organized Criticality (SOC) in time series of power systems fault. Since cascading outage, precipitation related extreme climate (thunder storm, hurricanes, storm, ice storm) and other events (land slide, wild fire) contribute much to power system fault, it is speculated that the power system fault derives its SOC from cascading outage and SOC of precipitation related extreme climate and other events. The speculation is consistent to the power systems fault burst out in 2008 ice storm in China.
It is pointed out that the main impact of global warming upon electric power systems arise from extreme climate since intensity and frequency of extreme climate will increase notably with enhanced global surface temperature. Whereas, global warming should not be blamed alone for frequent blackout due to extreme ice storm. Precipitation following power law distribution seems conflict to the presumption that ice accretion following lognormal distribution hold in design criteria of overhead transmission lines. Therefore, the risk of overhead transmission line undergo structural failure during ice storm is much higher than expected. It is pointed out that by allocating maintenance resource to vulnerable section based on analysis on spatial and temporal biased distribution of power system fault, the system reliability during extreme climate can be enhanced efficiently and cost effectively.
引文
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