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振动故障远程诊断中的分形压缩及分形诊断技术研究
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摘要
振动故障诊断是目前机械设备维护管理的基本措施之一,而振动故障远程诊断可以充分利用异地专家的知识与经验来解决现场无法解决的复杂故障问题,从而大大提高诊断的专业化水平。研究先进的信息压缩技术以及故障诊断方法,对于提高远程故障诊断的信息传输效率和故障诊断准确性有着非常重要的现实意义。分形理论作为数学思想的新发展,可以用于刻画对象的自相似性和不规则性,在处理非线性系统时具有独特的优点,因而已经成为研究非线性现象的重要工具。本文在分析了信息压缩与故障诊断方法研究现状的基础上,阐述了分形理论基本原理,并将分型理论应用于数据压缩与故障诊断中。针对振动故障信号的特点,提出了相应的分形压缩及分形故障诊断算法,通过转子试验台模拟试验以及实际故障振动数据进行了算法的验证,分析了几种典型故障的维数谱特征,为振动故障远程诊断的实现奠定了基础。
     论文的主要工作包括:
     1.在对分形压缩的理论基础进行分析研究的基础上,提出了适用于振动信号压缩的分段自仿射模型及算法,分析了模型中相关参数的取值规律,仿真算例及实测信号分析结果表明:该算法具有较高的数据压缩比和很好的信号重构精度,验证了模型的有效性;
     2.在分析形态滤波器基本原理的基础上,针对振动信号中可能会夹杂的各类干扰,通过数值仿真和实例分析,详细分析研究了结构元素的形状、高度和宽度以及信号的采样频率对形态学滤波器滤波性能的影响,并根据实验数据得出了应用于振动信号处理的形态滤波器结构元素的设计策略;
     3.在分析关联维数算法的基础上,对重构相空间的参数选择以及无标度区的确定两个问题进行了探讨。在对振动信号相关积分双对数点列的分布规律进行分析的基础上,提出了分形无标度区的曲线-直线-曲线拟合自动识别方法以及一种能客观计算振动信号时间序列关联维数的改进算法,并就噪声对信号关联维数计算结果的影响进行了分析,将该算法应用于转子试验台振动信号中,计算及分析结果验证了算法的有效性,表明关联维数可以作为设备状态的量化指标和故障特征量以完成故障诊断;
     4.在分析多重分形的常见定义和一般算法的基础上,提出基于广义相关积分来计算多重分形谱的相关算法,该算法是单分形G-P关联维数算法在广义维数谱计算中的一种推广,并将该算法应用于实测振动信号中。计算及分析结果表明:与单一的关联维数相比,振动信号的多重分形谱对振动信号的特征表述更加全面和准确,可以敏感地反映设备运行状态的变化,从而为振动故障诊断提供了一种更有效的方法。
The vibration fault diagnosis is one of basic measures for mechanical device maintenance management, while vibration fault remote diagnosis can fully use the remote experts' knowledge and experience to solve some scene inextricability complex faults, thus greatly enhances the specialized level of diagnosis. The studies on advanced data compression technologies and fault diagnosis methods, have the very vital practical significance for improving the efficiency of information transmission and the accuracy of fault diagnosis in process of remote fault diagnosis. As a new development of mathematical, fractal theory can be used to characterize self-similarity and irregularity of object, and has unique advantages in the handling of nonlinear system, thus already became one of important tools to research nonlinear phenomenons. In this paper, the present situations of the data compression and fault diagnosis methods have been analyzed, while fractal theory was elaborated in the basic principle, and introduced into process of data compression and fault diagnosis respectively. In view of the vibration fault signal's characteristic, the corresponding fractal compression algorithm and the fractal fault diagnosis algorithm were proposed, and these algorithms were confirmed by vibration data sampled in simulation experiments of rotor test platform as well as the actual faults. In tests, multifractal dimension spectrum characteristics of several typical faults have been analyzed, to bottom for the realization of vibration fault remote diagnosis.
     The main contribution can be summarized as follows:
     1.A piecewise self-affine fractal model was explored for data compression of vibration signal based on the analysis of the theoretical basis on fractal compression. Applications of the model to actual vibration signals as well as simulation signals have been given with good results obtained in respect of data compression ratio and signal reconstruction precision, where estimation of the model parameters has been analyzed.
     2.Based on the analysis of the basic principles of morphological filter, with respect to different types of interference possibly included in the vibration signals, the influences of the shape, width and amplitude of the structure element on the performance of morphological filters, and the influences of the vibration signals sampling rate on the size of structure element have been analyzed by numerical simulation and measured examples. By the analysis results, the general rule for shape, size of structure element on the design of morphological filter is elicited, which can be applied for de-noising and filtering of rotating machinery vibration signals.
     3.Based on the analysis of the correlation dimension algorithm, the selection of the parameter of reconstructed phase space, as well as identification of scaleless bands were discussed. Then, an algorithm by curve-line-curve fitting piecewise is proposed for fractal scaleless band automatic identification, which is based on the study of the correlation integral algorithm and the distribution rule of the correlation integral series for vibration signal. While an improved algorithm, which can objectively calculate the correlation dimension of vibration signal time series was also proposed with analysis of the noise infulence on the vibration signal correlation dimension calculation results. Final, the correlation dimension calculation and analysis were acted on the rotor measured vibration signals, the results verified the effectiveness of the algorithm and indicated that the correlation dimension can be used as the quantitative index and fault eigenvalue to indicated the equipment status in fault diagnosis.
     4.After analysis of the common definitions and general algorithms of multifractal, a new multifractal spectrum algorithm based on generalized correlation integral was proposed. The new algorithm is promotion of single-fractal correlation dimension G-P algorithm on the calculation of multifractal spectrum. By application on measured vibration signals, the result of calculation and analysis showed that compared to single correlation dimension, the multifractal spectrum of vibration signals can state the characteristic of vibration signals more comprehensive and accurate, be sensitive to reflect changes in the operational status of equipment, to provide a more effective method on vibration fault diagnosis.
引文
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