西方公共行政正义研究
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摘要
公共行政又称政府管理或行政管理,是指以政府为核心的国家行政组织运用公共权力,依法对社会公共事务进行管理,为社会提供公共物品和公共服务,促进公共利益的活动。公共行政学从1887年产生发展至今,公共行政理论和范式的演进和发展已越来越突显出公共行政的价值诉求。从伦理的角度对公共行政价值进行审视与研究,既是公共行政伦理学研究的根本任务,也是公共行政实践发展的现实要求。
本文认为,公共行政权力是公共行政得以产生和有效运作的客观基础和逻辑起点。公共行政的过程就是公共权力在公共行政中的运行过程,公共行政权力的基本特征表现为合法性、有效性、公共性及其与私人性的内在冲突。公共行政正义就是公共权力的合法性和有效性的充分体现,是对公共权力公共性的张扬和私人性的抑制,是公共权力服务于公共利益,指向共同的善即正义的外在表现。如果公共行政不能体现公共权力的这种根本性质,公共行政便会失却其正义性。由政府行政的公共权力出发论证公共行政正义价值是文本理论构建的基础,也是研究的重点。
如果说提出“公共行政正义”的概念是逻辑建构意义上的,那么本文的中心任务是对“公共行政正义”的伦理学解读。本文中的公共行政正义作为公共行政首要的、核心的价值,对其进行伦理学解读不仅是为了“建立一套超越政治、历史等差异的公共行政伦理的规范性标准”的尝试([美]特里·L·库珀(Terry L.Cooper).行政伦理学应关注的四大问题[J].国家行政学院学报,2005.3.),也是对公共行政本身所具有的正义多元性的一种伦理学分析。本文从公共行政权力的三个基本特征出发解读公共行政正义的三个维度。第一个维度是以公共行政权力的合法性为基础的公共行政正义的义务论伦理维度。第二个维度是以公共行政权力的有效性为基础的公共行政正义的目的论伦理维度。第三个维度是以公共行政权力的公共性及其内在矛盾的消解为基础的公共行政正义的德性论维度。
公共行政的复杂性也决定了对于公共行政正义的伦理解读必然是多维度的,任何单一的维度都不能获得对公共行政正义全面的认识,只有将公共行政正义的义务论维度、目的论维度和德性论维度融合、统一起来,才能正确地理解和把握公共行政正义的内涵,才能有效地为现实的公共行政提供一种“规范性标准”。我国正处在构建社会主义和谐社会的历史进程中,政府公共行政担负着实现官僚制与超越官僚制的双重任务,中国公共行政的行政生态决定了批判地学习与借鉴西方公共行政的正义追求是必须的,因为,一个正义的政府公共行政必将有效地主导社会的稳定与和谐发展。
Public administration can be described as government management or administration management.It refers to the activities of the state government-centred administrative organization,in relation to the pursuing of public good by exercising public power,legally directing public affairs of the society,and offering public goods and services to the society.The development of public administration theory and paradigms has increasingly featured the value appeals of public administration since the public administration discipline came into being in 1887.Examining and researching public administration values in an ethical perspective is not only the fundamental task for the study of public administration ethics, but also the actual requirements for the development of public administration practices.
In this thesis,public administration power is defined as the objective foundation and logical start of the creation and effective operation of public administration.The process of public administration is a process of operating public power in dealing with public administrative affairs. Public administration power is therefore legal,valid and public.Public administration justice is demonstrated in the legality and validity of public power,in the advocating of its public feature and suppressing of its private features.It is therefore the external demonstration of public power in serving public interests.If public administration cannot demonstrate this basic nature of public power,it will lose its justice.Starting from discussing the nature of public power of any government administration, this thesis takes it as fundamental to argue for and examinine the value of public administration justice,on which the thesis establishes its theoretical structure.
Having put forward the concept of public administration justice in a logically delibered structure,this thesis is to illustrate public administration in an ethical perspective.The illustration of public administration justice as the primary and main value of public administration is not only to set up a set of regulatory standards for public administration ethics beyond the differences of politics,history and etc, but also an attempt to provide ethical analyses about the diverse idea of public administration justice.This thesis is to examine the three perspectives of public administration justice based on the three features of public power.The first perspective that is based on the legality of public power is deontological.The second one that is based on the validity of public power is a teleological perspective.The third one that is perspective based on the settlement of the inner issues of public power is a virtue ethical perspective.
A hermeneutical study of public administration justice will be surely involved several perspectives because of the complexity of public administration,and it is impossible to acquire a full understanding about public administration in any single perspective.Only by means of combining deontology,teleology and virtual ethics perspectives of public administration justice,can the connotation of public administration be fully appreciated and its regulatory standards can be effectively provided for actual public administration.China is in the process of creating the harmonious society of socialism.Chinese government public administration bears a dual task in this,both establishing an effective bureaucratic system and surpassing it.A critical study and examination of public administration justice as pursued in the West is necessary for us because of the particular nature of Chinese public administration.In this sense,only a just government public administration can lead to a stable and harmonious society.
本文认为,公共行政权力是公共行政得以产生和有效运作的客观基础和逻辑起点。公共行政的过程就是公共权力在公共行政中的运行过程,公共行政权力的基本特征表现为合法性、有效性、公共性及其与私人性的内在冲突。公共行政正义就是公共权力的合法性和有效性的充分体现,是对公共权力公共性的张扬和私人性的抑制,是公共权力服务于公共利益,指向共同的善即正义的外在表现。如果公共行政不能体现公共权力的这种根本性质,公共行政便会失却其正义性。由政府行政的公共权力出发论证公共行政正义价值是文本理论构建的基础,也是研究的重点。
如果说提出“公共行政正义”的概念是逻辑建构意义上的,那么本文的中心任务是对“公共行政正义”的伦理学解读。本文中的公共行政正义作为公共行政首要的、核心的价值,对其进行伦理学解读不仅是为了“建立一套超越政治、历史等差异的公共行政伦理的规范性标准”的尝试([美]特里·L·库珀(Terry L.Cooper).行政伦理学应关注的四大问题[J].国家行政学院学报,2005.3.),也是对公共行政本身所具有的正义多元性的一种伦理学分析。本文从公共行政权力的三个基本特征出发解读公共行政正义的三个维度。第一个维度是以公共行政权力的合法性为基础的公共行政正义的义务论伦理维度。第二个维度是以公共行政权力的有效性为基础的公共行政正义的目的论伦理维度。第三个维度是以公共行政权力的公共性及其内在矛盾的消解为基础的公共行政正义的德性论维度。
公共行政的复杂性也决定了对于公共行政正义的伦理解读必然是多维度的,任何单一的维度都不能获得对公共行政正义全面的认识,只有将公共行政正义的义务论维度、目的论维度和德性论维度融合、统一起来,才能正确地理解和把握公共行政正义的内涵,才能有效地为现实的公共行政提供一种“规范性标准”。我国正处在构建社会主义和谐社会的历史进程中,政府公共行政担负着实现官僚制与超越官僚制的双重任务,中国公共行政的行政生态决定了批判地学习与借鉴西方公共行政的正义追求是必须的,因为,一个正义的政府公共行政必将有效地主导社会的稳定与和谐发展。
Public administration can be described as government management or administration management.It refers to the activities of the state government-centred administrative organization,in relation to the pursuing of public good by exercising public power,legally directing public affairs of the society,and offering public goods and services to the society.The development of public administration theory and paradigms has increasingly featured the value appeals of public administration since the public administration discipline came into being in 1887.Examining and researching public administration values in an ethical perspective is not only the fundamental task for the study of public administration ethics, but also the actual requirements for the development of public administration practices.
In this thesis,public administration power is defined as the objective foundation and logical start of the creation and effective operation of public administration.The process of public administration is a process of operating public power in dealing with public administrative affairs. Public administration power is therefore legal,valid and public.Public administration justice is demonstrated in the legality and validity of public power,in the advocating of its public feature and suppressing of its private features.It is therefore the external demonstration of public power in serving public interests.If public administration cannot demonstrate this basic nature of public power,it will lose its justice.Starting from discussing the nature of public power of any government administration, this thesis takes it as fundamental to argue for and examinine the value of public administration justice,on which the thesis establishes its theoretical structure.
Having put forward the concept of public administration justice in a logically delibered structure,this thesis is to illustrate public administration in an ethical perspective.The illustration of public administration justice as the primary and main value of public administration is not only to set up a set of regulatory standards for public administration ethics beyond the differences of politics,history and etc, but also an attempt to provide ethical analyses about the diverse idea of public administration justice.This thesis is to examine the three perspectives of public administration justice based on the three features of public power.The first perspective that is based on the legality of public power is deontological.The second one that is based on the validity of public power is a teleological perspective.The third one that is perspective based on the settlement of the inner issues of public power is a virtue ethical perspective.
A hermeneutical study of public administration justice will be surely involved several perspectives because of the complexity of public administration,and it is impossible to acquire a full understanding about public administration in any single perspective.Only by means of combining deontology,teleology and virtual ethics perspectives of public administration justice,can the connotation of public administration be fully appreciated and its regulatory standards can be effectively provided for actual public administration.China is in the process of creating the harmonious society of socialism.Chinese government public administration bears a dual task in this,both establishing an effective bureaucratic system and surpassing it.A critical study and examination of public administration justice as pursued in the West is necessary for us because of the particular nature of Chinese public administration.In this sense,only a just government public administration can lead to a stable and harmonious society.
引文
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