脑电信号同步：方法及应用研究
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摘要
脑电的同步被认为是脑功能区域整合或绑定的表现。高级脑功能需要具有特定功能的多区域神经系统间进行不同层次的整合和协调来完成。多年的动物实验证明：大脑信息整合和信息处理的主要潜在机制是各神经网络的同步振荡。脑电中的同步现象，尤其是脑电中高频段的同步振荡，被认为是建立不同脑区之间信息交流的一个关键部分。
头表上记录到的脑电信号是大脑皮层及皮层下大量神经元或神经网络的同步活动的反映，因此，在宏观水平下，可以应用脑电(EEG)来研究这种机制，即在一定时间分辨率下，通过研究局部范围和全局范围分布的脑电信号的同步，估计出局部皮层之间和整体皮层内部生物电活动的概貌。
脑电同步问题涉及的内容比较广泛，本文主要从研究方法入手，较为系统的分析、比较、总结及改进现有的相关研究方法，并将这些方法应用于视觉信息处理机制(视通路、视觉空间注意、视听同步分析)的研究。本论文所做主要工作如下：
1．基于128道高分辨脑电测量技术，采用基于傅里叶变换的事件相关脑电线性相干处理技术，通过测量大脑对图形形状知觉(任务1)、图形形状和空间位置知觉(任务2)两种任务的事件相关电位，并基于电极数大致相同的原则，从枕叶至额叶把头表分成了7个区，然后计算了枕叶与其它各区在不同频段的相干系数。结果发现：在γ1频段(28-39Hz)，任务2时的平均相干系数值显著大于任务1时的相应值，并且满足这一条件(任务2的相干系数大于任务1的相干系数)的电极对数，显著地多于其它频段。同时还发现在枕叶与额叶间，任务2的相干系数大于任务1的相干系数的所对应的电极对数，显著地多于其它区域，而且平均相干系数的差异也具有显著性。结合视觉双通路理论，这一结果从相干性角度表明，背侧通道的参与强化了枕叶与额叶之间的信息沟通，而这种沟通主要在γ1频段。
2．上下视野的视觉信息处理对于研究人脑的功能具有重要意义，脑电的同步是脑功能区域整合或绑定的一个潜在机制，可用来研究上下视野的差异问题。这种差异通过计算不同任务时左右视觉区电极ERP的非线性关联得到反映。这些结果一致的支持人的下视野是优势视野的观点。
3．提出了一种基于分段Prony的研究相位同步的方法。分段Prony方法(piecewise Prony method，PPM)是将EEG信号分解为具有指数上升或下降幅度正弦波的组合，从而获得脑电各频率成分的幅度、频率和相位信息，并以此为基础计算两通道信号的相位差，然后用香侬熵来度量两路信号间的相位同步程度。论文中该方法与其它方法的数值比较结果，说明了PPM具有较好的抗噪性能，具有较高的频率和相位分辨率，基于PPM的相位同步分析方法是非平稳信号的相位同步检测的有效工具。该方法用于实际脑电信号获得的结果与生理事实一致，也证实了该方法在研究脑电同步性方面的有效性。
4．研究了视听觉脑区在认知过程中的同步性。通过设计视听觉同时刺激模式下的脑电实验，采用128导脑电采集系统记录脑电数据，并运用希尔伯特(Hilbert)相位同步算法对视听觉区域的事件相关脑电位(ERP)进行处理。研究结果表明，此实验条件下，枕叶与颞叶脑区间的同步指数明显大于枕叶与顶叶间的同步指数。同时研究也表明人在感知和认知事物时，相关的脑区间会自动产生神经活动的同步化。
EEG Synchronization is considered the conformity or binding of the brainfunctional areas. Advanced brain function requires many relevant brain regions with aspecific function between the nervous system at different levels to achieve integrationand coordination. Years of animal experiments proved that the major potentialmechanisms of information integrating and information processing for the brain are thesynchronization oscillation of the neural network. Synchronization phenomenon of EEG,especially in the high frequency band, EEG synchronization oscillation, is considered akey part of the establishment of communicating information between different brainregions
EEG recorded on the scalp is the synchronous reflection of the synchronousactivities of many neurons or neural networks in the brain. Therefore, at the macro level,EEG is available to study such a mechanism. That is, at a certain temporal resolution, bystudying the local scope and global scope of the distribution of EEG synchronization,estimate the general picture of biological activity profile of electricity of the localcortical cortex and the overall cortical internal.
EEG synchronization problem are involved in a wide range of research problems,in this article, starting from the research methods, more systematic analysis, comparison,conclusions and improvement the relevance of existing research methods and theirapplication to visual information processing mechanisms study including the two visualpathways, the spatial attention and the integration between visual and audio perception.The main works done in this thesis are as follows:
1. Based on the 128-channel high temporal-spatial resolution EEG and Fouriertransform, event-related coherence technique is adopted to study the cognitiveactivation patterns in the two visual pathways. In this study, two different ERPs, oneresponding to the task of form perception (task 1) and another evoked by both formdiscrimination and spatial location (task 2), are involved into calculation ofevent-related coherence. The coherence is calculated between occipital area and othersix areas in different EEG frequency bands. Those sub-areas located between occipital and frontal occipital are determined by the similarity of neighbored electrodes beforecoherence calculation. The results indicated that inγl band (28-39Hz) , both thecoherence and the electrode-pair density responding to simultaneously form perceptionand spatial location are statistically stronger than those in only form perception task,which was even more obvious in occipital and frontal area. These findings furthersuggest that the increasing of synchronization found inγl band is due to theparticipation of dorsal stream, which can strengthen the information exchangingbetween occipital and frontal occipital.
2. Information processing mechanism in the upper and lower visual fields plays animportant role to study brain functions. Synchronous activity of brain areas is a latentmechanism for the integration or binding of brain functional areas, and can be used tostudy the difference between the upper and lower eye fields. The difference of thesynchronization is revealed by calculating a nonlinear interdependence of ERP fromleft-right temporal electrode in the visual fields for different task. These results supportthat the lower visual field is superior to the upper visual field in the ability of processingvisual information.
3. A method based piecewise Prony method (PPM) was presented to research thephase synchronization. The piecewise Prony method (PPM) decomposes EEG signalinto a summation of sinusoidal components with decaying or growing envelope in orderto obtain the magnitude of the frequency components, frequency and phase information,and use this phase information to calculate difference of the phase of two-channel signal.And then, we can measure the degree of phase synchronization of two-channel signalsaccording to Shannon entropy. The method is firstly evaluated and compared with othermethods using simulated transient non-stationary data, and the simulated results showedthat PPM has better anti-noise performance, with higher frequency and phase resolution.The phase synchronization entropy based PPM is consistent with the physiologicalstates when this method is applied to a real rat EEG data. These results confirmed thatthis phase synchronization analytic method based PPM is robust to noise andnon-stationary, and it is a promising tool for EEG signal processing.
4. To study synchronization between visual area and audio area during cognitiveprocessing, an experiment of visual-audio simultaneous stimulus is designed to acquirecontinuous 128-channel EEG recordings. ERP evoked by stimulus is processed bymeans of Hilbert phase synchronization method. Under such trial condition, thesynchronous index between occipital area and temporal area is larger than the indexcalculated between occipital area and parietal area. Moreover, synchronous activity willoccur among other relevant brain areas automatically during the cognitive procedure.
头表上记录到的脑电信号是大脑皮层及皮层下大量神经元或神经网络的同步活动的反映，因此，在宏观水平下，可以应用脑电(EEG)来研究这种机制，即在一定时间分辨率下，通过研究局部范围和全局范围分布的脑电信号的同步，估计出局部皮层之间和整体皮层内部生物电活动的概貌。
脑电同步问题涉及的内容比较广泛，本文主要从研究方法入手，较为系统的分析、比较、总结及改进现有的相关研究方法，并将这些方法应用于视觉信息处理机制(视通路、视觉空间注意、视听同步分析)的研究。本论文所做主要工作如下：
1．基于128道高分辨脑电测量技术，采用基于傅里叶变换的事件相关脑电线性相干处理技术，通过测量大脑对图形形状知觉(任务1)、图形形状和空间位置知觉(任务2)两种任务的事件相关电位，并基于电极数大致相同的原则，从枕叶至额叶把头表分成了7个区，然后计算了枕叶与其它各区在不同频段的相干系数。结果发现：在γ1频段(28-39Hz)，任务2时的平均相干系数值显著大于任务1时的相应值，并且满足这一条件(任务2的相干系数大于任务1的相干系数)的电极对数，显著地多于其它频段。同时还发现在枕叶与额叶间，任务2的相干系数大于任务1的相干系数的所对应的电极对数，显著地多于其它区域，而且平均相干系数的差异也具有显著性。结合视觉双通路理论，这一结果从相干性角度表明，背侧通道的参与强化了枕叶与额叶之间的信息沟通，而这种沟通主要在γ1频段。
2．上下视野的视觉信息处理对于研究人脑的功能具有重要意义，脑电的同步是脑功能区域整合或绑定的一个潜在机制，可用来研究上下视野的差异问题。这种差异通过计算不同任务时左右视觉区电极ERP的非线性关联得到反映。这些结果一致的支持人的下视野是优势视野的观点。
3．提出了一种基于分段Prony的研究相位同步的方法。分段Prony方法(piecewise Prony method，PPM)是将EEG信号分解为具有指数上升或下降幅度正弦波的组合，从而获得脑电各频率成分的幅度、频率和相位信息，并以此为基础计算两通道信号的相位差，然后用香侬熵来度量两路信号间的相位同步程度。论文中该方法与其它方法的数值比较结果，说明了PPM具有较好的抗噪性能，具有较高的频率和相位分辨率，基于PPM的相位同步分析方法是非平稳信号的相位同步检测的有效工具。该方法用于实际脑电信号获得的结果与生理事实一致，也证实了该方法在研究脑电同步性方面的有效性。
4．研究了视听觉脑区在认知过程中的同步性。通过设计视听觉同时刺激模式下的脑电实验，采用128导脑电采集系统记录脑电数据，并运用希尔伯特(Hilbert)相位同步算法对视听觉区域的事件相关脑电位(ERP)进行处理。研究结果表明，此实验条件下，枕叶与颞叶脑区间的同步指数明显大于枕叶与顶叶间的同步指数。同时研究也表明人在感知和认知事物时，相关的脑区间会自动产生神经活动的同步化。
EEG Synchronization is considered the conformity or binding of the brainfunctional areas. Advanced brain function requires many relevant brain regions with aspecific function between the nervous system at different levels to achieve integrationand coordination. Years of animal experiments proved that the major potentialmechanisms of information integrating and information processing for the brain are thesynchronization oscillation of the neural network. Synchronization phenomenon of EEG,especially in the high frequency band, EEG synchronization oscillation, is considered akey part of the establishment of communicating information between different brainregions
EEG recorded on the scalp is the synchronous reflection of the synchronousactivities of many neurons or neural networks in the brain. Therefore, at the macro level,EEG is available to study such a mechanism. That is, at a certain temporal resolution, bystudying the local scope and global scope of the distribution of EEG synchronization,estimate the general picture of biological activity profile of electricity of the localcortical cortex and the overall cortical internal.
EEG synchronization problem are involved in a wide range of research problems,in this article, starting from the research methods, more systematic analysis, comparison,conclusions and improvement the relevance of existing research methods and theirapplication to visual information processing mechanisms study including the two visualpathways, the spatial attention and the integration between visual and audio perception.The main works done in this thesis are as follows:
1. Based on the 128-channel high temporal-spatial resolution EEG and Fouriertransform, event-related coherence technique is adopted to study the cognitiveactivation patterns in the two visual pathways. In this study, two different ERPs, oneresponding to the task of form perception (task 1) and another evoked by both formdiscrimination and spatial location (task 2), are involved into calculation ofevent-related coherence. The coherence is calculated between occipital area and othersix areas in different EEG frequency bands. Those sub-areas located between occipital and frontal occipital are determined by the similarity of neighbored electrodes beforecoherence calculation. The results indicated that inγl band (28-39Hz) , both thecoherence and the electrode-pair density responding to simultaneously form perceptionand spatial location are statistically stronger than those in only form perception task,which was even more obvious in occipital and frontal area. These findings furthersuggest that the increasing of synchronization found inγl band is due to theparticipation of dorsal stream, which can strengthen the information exchangingbetween occipital and frontal occipital.
2. Information processing mechanism in the upper and lower visual fields plays animportant role to study brain functions. Synchronous activity of brain areas is a latentmechanism for the integration or binding of brain functional areas, and can be used tostudy the difference between the upper and lower eye fields. The difference of thesynchronization is revealed by calculating a nonlinear interdependence of ERP fromleft-right temporal electrode in the visual fields for different task. These results supportthat the lower visual field is superior to the upper visual field in the ability of processingvisual information.
3. A method based piecewise Prony method (PPM) was presented to research thephase synchronization. The piecewise Prony method (PPM) decomposes EEG signalinto a summation of sinusoidal components with decaying or growing envelope in orderto obtain the magnitude of the frequency components, frequency and phase information,and use this phase information to calculate difference of the phase of two-channel signal.And then, we can measure the degree of phase synchronization of two-channel signalsaccording to Shannon entropy. The method is firstly evaluated and compared with othermethods using simulated transient non-stationary data, and the simulated results showedthat PPM has better anti-noise performance, with higher frequency and phase resolution.The phase synchronization entropy based PPM is consistent with the physiologicalstates when this method is applied to a real rat EEG data. These results confirmed thatthis phase synchronization analytic method based PPM is robust to noise andnon-stationary, and it is a promising tool for EEG signal processing.
4. To study synchronization between visual area and audio area during cognitiveprocessing, an experiment of visual-audio simultaneous stimulus is designed to acquirecontinuous 128-channel EEG recordings. ERP evoked by stimulus is processed bymeans of Hilbert phase synchronization method. Under such trial condition, thesynchronous index between occipital area and temporal area is larger than the indexcalculated between occipital area and parietal area. Moreover, synchronous activity willoccur among other relevant brain areas automatically during the cognitive procedure.
引文
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