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地裂缝对地铁隧道的影响机制及病害控制研究
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摘要
自从二十世纪五十年代以来,由于自然和人为因素的影响,西安市区出现了大量地裂缝,危害十分严重,其未来活动对在建的西安地铁构成重大安全隐患。因此,西安地铁隧道穿越地裂缝的问题成为了一个全新的重大工程难题,近年来引起了学术界和工程界的高度关注。本文以西安市重大工程—西安地铁隧道穿越地裂缝活动带为工程研究背景和依托,对西安地铁沿线地裂缝未来活动趋势和最大垂直位错量进行了分析与预测,采用大型模型试验和有限元数值模拟计算相结合的方法,对地裂缝活动作用下不同衬砌结构类型的地铁隧道结构变形破坏机制进行了系统研究,提出了地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的病害控制措施。本文主要研究工作和成果如下:
     (1)从区域构造运动、再次超采地下水对地裂缝活动的影响程度入手,分析了西安地裂缝未来百年的活动趋势。在现今活动速率和历史最大位错量及活动级别综合分析的基础上对地裂缝未来活动量进行了预测,得出了地铁设计使用期(100年)内西安地铁与地裂缝各交汇点附近地裂缝的最大垂直位错量,为西安地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的结构设防提供了重要参数。
     (2)通过大型模型试验和有限元数值模拟,揭示了地裂缝作用下不同衬砌结构形式(包括明挖箱形衬砌、浅埋暗挖马蹄形衬砌和盾构管片衬砌)的地铁隧道与地裂缝带正交和斜交条件下的变形破坏机制。
     (3)通过有限元数值模拟拟合得出了地铁隧道纵向变形曲线方程,其表达式为:y=A·x~3+B·x~2+C·x+D,其中A,B,C,D均为常数,为地裂缝作用下隧道纵向结构性能的理论分析与计算奠定了基础。
     (4)通过大型模型试验,揭示了地裂缝作用下地铁隧道围岩压力、位移以及地表沉降变形的变化规律,可为西安地铁沿线城市规划与建筑物设防提供参考。
     (5)针对西安地铁大多数线路斜交穿越地裂缝带的现状,采用有限元数值模拟方法揭示了地铁隧道与地裂缝斜交角度θ对地铁隧道衬砌结构变形破坏的影响规律。
     (6)根据衬砌类型、地铁隧道与地裂缝空间相交展布关系,在大型模型试验和数值模拟的基础上,首次提出了地裂缝作用下地铁隧道变形破坏模式,其中整体式衬砌隧道变形破坏模式为拉张-挤压破坏(正交)和拉张-扭剪破坏(斜交),盾构隧道变形破坏模式为直接剪切破坏(正交)和扭转-剪切破坏(斜交)。
     (7)基于大型模型试验和有限元数值模拟方法,建立了地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带结构纵向设防长度的计算方法,合理确定了西安地铁隧道正交与斜交穿越地裂缝带的纵向设防长度。建立了基于三维空间的地裂缝活动环境下分段式隧道运动位移模式和计算公式,确定了地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的抗裂设计预留位移量。
     (8)通过分段设缝的明挖箱形隧道和浅埋暗挖马蹄形隧道分别正交和斜交穿越地裂缝带穿的大型模型试验,对分段设变形缝的地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的适应性进行了研究,结果表明分段式柔性接头隧道能承受较大的剪切变形,相邻衬砌管段变形和次生应力均较小,同时多段设变形缝具有很好的消化地裂缝变形的效果,从而说明多段设变形缝加柔性接头连接的地铁隧道具有较强的适应地裂缝活动大变形的能力。
     (9)基于西安地铁工程穿越地裂缝带的特殊性和复杂性,在地裂缝活动可能引起的地铁工程病害分析的基础上,从结构、防水、地基基础处理、轨道调整等方面,提出了地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的病害控制措施,为西安地铁隧道成功穿越地裂缝带的结构设计提供重要参考和指导。
Since the 1950s,there has already occurred a large number of ground fissures in urbanarea of Xi'an successively in Northern China because of the natural and artificial factors,etc.,tremendous losses have been caused by ground fissure hazards.Above all,these active groundfissures make a serious threat on Xi'an metro construction.,so it is very great and importantchallenge for Xi'an metro to go through these active ground fissures,and recently becomemore and more attention to scholars and engineers.On the background of Xi'anmetrotransversing the active ground fissure zones,the future active tendency of the groundfissures in Xi'an are analysed and the maximum vertical active displacements of groundfissures in the design life time of metro tunnel as 100 years are estimated.With large-scalemodel test and FEM,the deformation and failure mechanisms of metro tunnel with differentstructural styles are studied under the action of active ground fissure,then the hazards controlmeasures of metro tunnel passing through the active ground fissures are proposed in thedissertation.The major works and results of this dissertation are as follows:
     (1) From the view of regional tectonic movement and excessive extraction of groundconfined water once again,the future active tendency of the ground fissures in Xi'an isanalyzed.The maximum vertical displacements of active ground fissures in the 100a life timeof metro tunnel are estimated based on the present active speed,historical maximumdisplacement (offset) and active grade of ground fissures,which can be adopted as importantparameters for tunnel structural design of Xi'an metro going through the active ground fissurezones.
     (2) With large-scale model tests and finite element numerical simulation method,thedeformation and failure mechanisms of metro tunnel with different lining styles includingopen-cut rectangle box,shallow bored horseshoe and shield segment lining are disclosuredunder the condition of metro tunnel intersecting orthogonally and obliquely active groundfissure zones.
     (3) Based on the results of numerical simulations for metro tunnel going through active ground fissures,the longitudinal deformation equation of metro tunnel under the action ofactive ground fissure is proposed as y=A·x~3+B·x~2+C·x+D,in which A,B,C,D isconstant,the equation can be used to analyze the longitudinal behaviors of metro tunneltheoretically.
     (4) The variation laws of soil pressure,displacement of surrounding rock of metro tunneland ground surface settlement under the action of active ground fissure are obtained throughthe large-scale model test,which can be provided as the reference to city lay-out and buildingdesign along the metro lines in Xi'an.
     (5) For the present problem of most Xi'an metro lines passing obliquely through manyactive ground fissure zones,the effect of intersection angle with active ground fissure ofmetro tunnel on metro tunnel lining structure is studied with FEM,and the deformation andfailure characteristics and ranges of influence zones of tunnel are determined.
     (6) According to lining types of metro tunnel and their spatial intersection with activeground fissure,the deformation and failure modes of metro tunnel under the action of activeground fissure are put forward firstly in this dissertation on the basis of large-scale model testsand numerical stimulations,namely,the failure modes of tunnel with integral lining aredivided into tensile-squeezing failure when intersecting orthogonally with active groundfissure and tensile-torsion shear failure when intersecting obliquely with active ground fissure;the failure modes of shield tunnel are divided into directly-shear failure when intersectingorthogonally with active ground fissure and torsion-shear failure when intersecting obliquelywith active ground fissure.
     (7) Based on the large-scale model test and FEM,the calculation method of longitudinaltreatment length of metro tunnel passing through active ground fissure is proposed andapplied to determine appropriately the structural longitudinal lengths of Xi'an metro in theactive ground fissure zones.Three dimension moving mode and calculation formula ofsegmented tunnel under the action of active ground fissure is developed,with which thereserved displacements for the anti-crack design of metro tunnel are obtained.
     (8) With large-scale model tests of open-cut box tunnel and shallow bored horseshoetunnel intersecting orthogonally and obliquely with active ground fissure zone individually, the adaptability of sectionalized tunnel passing through active ground fissure is studied,theresults show that the sectionalized tunnel with flexible joint can bear very large sheardeformation,and the deformation and secondary stress of adjacent sectionalized tunnel underthe action of ground fissure is small,meantime many sectionalized tunnels can eliminatepartly the effect of active ground fissure movement,have a good capability of adapting itselfto the large deformation.
     (9) According to the particularity and complexity of Xi'an metro going through theactive ground fissure zones,on the basis of analysis of metro engineering hazards induced bythe moving of ground fissure,metro hazards control measures are proposed from thefollowing aspects as structure,waterproof,foundation treatment,and track adjustment etc.,which can be provided as the reference to structure design of metro tunnel passing through theactive ground fissure zones.
引文
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