烟幕全遮蔽能力的理论与实验研究
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摘要
本课题来源于齐齐哈尔建华机械研究所和国家自然科学基金重点项目(编号:50336010)的一部分,目的是研究烟幕形成以后的遮蔽能力和有效遮蔽面积,并研制全遮蔽能力检测系统,以便针对烟幕遮蔽的目标实现有效识别,为电子干扰提供仿真技术、理论模型以及实验平台。
烟幕干扰是应用最为广泛的一种光电无源干扰方式,它通过在空中施放大量气溶胶微粒,来改变光辐射的大气传输特性,从而掩盖要保护的目标。由于烟幕的消光机理研究是烟幕技术发展的基础,因此西方国家(特别是美国)发展烟幕器材非常重视基础理论研究。国内对于现代烟幕技术的研究起步较晚,对烟幕技术的研究工作主要建立在大量实验的基础上,对烟幕消光机理方面的探讨还比较少。由于基础研究工作的缺乏,使得我国烟幕的理论研究处于落后状态,烟幕材料的选择缺乏理论指引,配方往往靠实验与经验确定,这在一定程度上限制了我国烟幕技术的发展。
发烟剂的全遮蔽能力值TOP(Total Obscuring Power),是国内外烟幕技术领域表征发烟剂生成的烟幕对人眼视觉产生遮蔽能力的特征参数。但是影响烟幕遮蔽能力的因素是非常复杂的,测试环境的湿度、温度、时间以及烟幕的沉降速度等因素都会影响TOP的测量结果。论文主要围绕烟幕遮蔽能力的测量与评价,结合烟幕对可见光全遮蔽能力检测系统的研制,对该系统所涉及的全遮蔽能力测量原理、测量方法、光散射理论、测量模型及测量不确定度等内容进行了深入地研究,主要完成了以下几方面的研究工作:
1.烟幕遮蔽特性研究。详尽分析了烟幕对人眼、微光成像系统、被动红外成像系统以及成像制导系统的遮蔽效果,并针对烟幕的透过率模型、吸收系数模型、全遮蔽能力计算模型进行了分析比较。
2.烟幕全遮蔽能力检测系统设计。基于辐照度测量法以人眼视觉对比度阈值为基准研制烟幕全遮蔽能力检测系统。在温度26℃、相对湿度60%的条件下对磷烟幕的TOP进行了检测,所得到的测试结果与经验值相比较误差小于4%。
3.不同粒径分布情况下,烟幕可见光全遮蔽能力测量结果分析。不同烟幕成分、相对温度、湿度以及烟幕形成时间、状态等因素都会影响烟幕的粒径分布,进而影响烟幕粒子的有效吸光面积和有效散射面积。针对不同的粒径分布模型和计算结果,利用Mie理论进行建模,提出了TOP对不同粒径分布的响应函数,进而提高了检测系统的针对性和测量结果的可靠性。
4.对1-3μm、3-5μm、8-14μm三个红外波段以及10.6μm激光的TOP数学模型的扩展应用和参数检测。考虑到随着防红外烟幕技术的发展,针对目前许多研究人员积极探寻红外辐射穿透烟幕能力的现状,以及本测量系统的局限性,对烟幕可见光全遮蔽能力检测系统进行红外波段的扩展和试验研究。
5.烟幕图像有效面积边缘检测算法研究。通过分析目标与背景的辐射特性,计算所获得红外图像的信噪比;利用形态生态学的方法,实现了烟幕有效遮蔽面积的计算,并进行了仿真试验。
本论文的研究内容为分析烟幕配方以及发展高效能的烟幕干扰材料提供了理论基础,在进一步完善理论模型和提高系统精度的基础上,可以推进统一表征烟幕遮蔽能力的工作,进而制定出发烟剂遮蔽能力的测试标准。
This research derived partly from the co-operation between Qiqihaer JianHua Machinery Research Institute and the key project of National Natural Science Foundation(Serial Number:50336010). Its intention is to study the obscuring effect and effectual obscurant area following the formation of the smoke and to develop the examining system of Total Obscuring Power. Therefore it is possible to distinguish objects from the smoke obscuring condition and provide simulation technology, theory model and experimental platform for electronic interference.
The smoke interference is a most widely-used passive photoelectric interference method. It discharges lots of aerosol particles in the air in order to change the atmospheric transmissible characteristic of ray radiation and to protect the object. Because the research of mechanism in the light elimination of the smoke is the basis of the development of the smoke technology, the western countries, especially the USA, attach importance to the basic theory research while developing smoke equipments. The research of modern smoke technology in our country got off to a late start, and the research is mainly based on large amounts of experiments. So the probe on mechanism in the light elimination of the smoke is very little. For the lack of basic research, the backwardness of the theory research, the choices of the smoke materials need theoretical guidance. Formulas were always determined by experiments and experiences, and this situation, to some extent, restricted the development of smoke technology in our country.
The TOP(Total Obscuring Power) value of the smoke issuing reagent is one characteristic parameter which shows the smoke obscuring effect on human vision by the smoke in the domain of smoke technology at home and abroad. The factors which affect smoke TOP are complicated. The humidity and temperature of the testing surroundings, testing time, subsiding velocity of the smoke and other factors will affect the testing results of TOP value of the smoke. Based on the measurement and evaluation of TOP value, and with analysis to the development of the TOP value testing system of visible light, this thesis deeply elaborates TOP testing theory, TOP testing method, light scattering theory, testing model, uncertainty in the testing process and other contents which involved in the system. Some finished research works are listed below:
1. Research of the smoke obscuring characteristics. The obscuring effect of smoke was analyzed in details to human eyes, low light level imagery system, passive IR imagery system and imagery guided system. And some models were compared and analyzed, such as the model of penetrating rate, the model of absorbing coefficient, and the calculating model of total obscuring power of the smoke.
2. Testing system design of TOP of the smoke. A TOP testing system of the smoke has been developed based on the irradiance testing method and vision contrasting scope of human eyes. Under the condition of 26℃and 60% relative humidity, a test of TOP with phosphoric smoke showed that the error was less than 4% compared to the empirical value.
3. Testing results analysis of TOP of visible light through smoke on the condition of different particle size distribution. The different composition of smoke, relative humidity and temperature, and formation time and state of the smoke had an effect on the particle size distribution and on the effective light-absorption area and scattering area. In view of different models of particle size distribution and calculating results, the model was established based on the Mie theory, the responding function of TOP to different particle size distribution was also provided. Therefore the direction of the testing system and the reliability of the testing results were improved.
4. Expanding application and parameter test of TOP mathematical model to three IR wave band,1-3μm、3-5μm、8-12μm and laser 10.6μm. Considering the development of IR-proof smoke technology and the limitation of this testing system, it is possible to expand IR wave band and do some experimental research on TOP testing system of visible light through smoke under the condition that lots of researchers are positively exploring the penetration capacity of IR through smoke.
5. Calculating method research on the edge of effective area of the smoke image. By analyzing the radioactive characteristic of the object and the background, the SNR of received IR image was calculated, and then the effective obscuring area of the smoke was also calculated by the method of morphologic ecology. Finally, the simulation experiment was done based on the analysis results mentioned above.
This thesis provides theoretic basis which are important for analyzing the smoke formula and developing effective smoke interference material. On the basis of the perfect theory model and the improved system precision, the unified smoke obscuring power was improved and the test standard of the obscuring power of smoke issuing reagent may be established.
烟幕干扰是应用最为广泛的一种光电无源干扰方式,它通过在空中施放大量气溶胶微粒,来改变光辐射的大气传输特性,从而掩盖要保护的目标。由于烟幕的消光机理研究是烟幕技术发展的基础,因此西方国家(特别是美国)发展烟幕器材非常重视基础理论研究。国内对于现代烟幕技术的研究起步较晚,对烟幕技术的研究工作主要建立在大量实验的基础上,对烟幕消光机理方面的探讨还比较少。由于基础研究工作的缺乏,使得我国烟幕的理论研究处于落后状态,烟幕材料的选择缺乏理论指引,配方往往靠实验与经验确定,这在一定程度上限制了我国烟幕技术的发展。
发烟剂的全遮蔽能力值TOP(Total Obscuring Power),是国内外烟幕技术领域表征发烟剂生成的烟幕对人眼视觉产生遮蔽能力的特征参数。但是影响烟幕遮蔽能力的因素是非常复杂的,测试环境的湿度、温度、时间以及烟幕的沉降速度等因素都会影响TOP的测量结果。论文主要围绕烟幕遮蔽能力的测量与评价,结合烟幕对可见光全遮蔽能力检测系统的研制,对该系统所涉及的全遮蔽能力测量原理、测量方法、光散射理论、测量模型及测量不确定度等内容进行了深入地研究,主要完成了以下几方面的研究工作:
1.烟幕遮蔽特性研究。详尽分析了烟幕对人眼、微光成像系统、被动红外成像系统以及成像制导系统的遮蔽效果,并针对烟幕的透过率模型、吸收系数模型、全遮蔽能力计算模型进行了分析比较。
2.烟幕全遮蔽能力检测系统设计。基于辐照度测量法以人眼视觉对比度阈值为基准研制烟幕全遮蔽能力检测系统。在温度26℃、相对湿度60%的条件下对磷烟幕的TOP进行了检测,所得到的测试结果与经验值相比较误差小于4%。
3.不同粒径分布情况下,烟幕可见光全遮蔽能力测量结果分析。不同烟幕成分、相对温度、湿度以及烟幕形成时间、状态等因素都会影响烟幕的粒径分布,进而影响烟幕粒子的有效吸光面积和有效散射面积。针对不同的粒径分布模型和计算结果,利用Mie理论进行建模,提出了TOP对不同粒径分布的响应函数,进而提高了检测系统的针对性和测量结果的可靠性。
4.对1-3μm、3-5μm、8-14μm三个红外波段以及10.6μm激光的TOP数学模型的扩展应用和参数检测。考虑到随着防红外烟幕技术的发展,针对目前许多研究人员积极探寻红外辐射穿透烟幕能力的现状,以及本测量系统的局限性,对烟幕可见光全遮蔽能力检测系统进行红外波段的扩展和试验研究。
5.烟幕图像有效面积边缘检测算法研究。通过分析目标与背景的辐射特性,计算所获得红外图像的信噪比;利用形态生态学的方法,实现了烟幕有效遮蔽面积的计算,并进行了仿真试验。
本论文的研究内容为分析烟幕配方以及发展高效能的烟幕干扰材料提供了理论基础,在进一步完善理论模型和提高系统精度的基础上,可以推进统一表征烟幕遮蔽能力的工作,进而制定出发烟剂遮蔽能力的测试标准。
This research derived partly from the co-operation between Qiqihaer JianHua Machinery Research Institute and the key project of National Natural Science Foundation(Serial Number:50336010). Its intention is to study the obscuring effect and effectual obscurant area following the formation of the smoke and to develop the examining system of Total Obscuring Power. Therefore it is possible to distinguish objects from the smoke obscuring condition and provide simulation technology, theory model and experimental platform for electronic interference.
The smoke interference is a most widely-used passive photoelectric interference method. It discharges lots of aerosol particles in the air in order to change the atmospheric transmissible characteristic of ray radiation and to protect the object. Because the research of mechanism in the light elimination of the smoke is the basis of the development of the smoke technology, the western countries, especially the USA, attach importance to the basic theory research while developing smoke equipments. The research of modern smoke technology in our country got off to a late start, and the research is mainly based on large amounts of experiments. So the probe on mechanism in the light elimination of the smoke is very little. For the lack of basic research, the backwardness of the theory research, the choices of the smoke materials need theoretical guidance. Formulas were always determined by experiments and experiences, and this situation, to some extent, restricted the development of smoke technology in our country.
The TOP(Total Obscuring Power) value of the smoke issuing reagent is one characteristic parameter which shows the smoke obscuring effect on human vision by the smoke in the domain of smoke technology at home and abroad. The factors which affect smoke TOP are complicated. The humidity and temperature of the testing surroundings, testing time, subsiding velocity of the smoke and other factors will affect the testing results of TOP value of the smoke. Based on the measurement and evaluation of TOP value, and with analysis to the development of the TOP value testing system of visible light, this thesis deeply elaborates TOP testing theory, TOP testing method, light scattering theory, testing model, uncertainty in the testing process and other contents which involved in the system. Some finished research works are listed below:
1. Research of the smoke obscuring characteristics. The obscuring effect of smoke was analyzed in details to human eyes, low light level imagery system, passive IR imagery system and imagery guided system. And some models were compared and analyzed, such as the model of penetrating rate, the model of absorbing coefficient, and the calculating model of total obscuring power of the smoke.
2. Testing system design of TOP of the smoke. A TOP testing system of the smoke has been developed based on the irradiance testing method and vision contrasting scope of human eyes. Under the condition of 26℃and 60% relative humidity, a test of TOP with phosphoric smoke showed that the error was less than 4% compared to the empirical value.
3. Testing results analysis of TOP of visible light through smoke on the condition of different particle size distribution. The different composition of smoke, relative humidity and temperature, and formation time and state of the smoke had an effect on the particle size distribution and on the effective light-absorption area and scattering area. In view of different models of particle size distribution and calculating results, the model was established based on the Mie theory, the responding function of TOP to different particle size distribution was also provided. Therefore the direction of the testing system and the reliability of the testing results were improved.
4. Expanding application and parameter test of TOP mathematical model to three IR wave band,1-3μm、3-5μm、8-12μm and laser 10.6μm. Considering the development of IR-proof smoke technology and the limitation of this testing system, it is possible to expand IR wave band and do some experimental research on TOP testing system of visible light through smoke under the condition that lots of researchers are positively exploring the penetration capacity of IR through smoke.
5. Calculating method research on the edge of effective area of the smoke image. By analyzing the radioactive characteristic of the object and the background, the SNR of received IR image was calculated, and then the effective obscuring area of the smoke was also calculated by the method of morphologic ecology. Finally, the simulation experiment was done based on the analysis results mentioned above.
This thesis provides theoretic basis which are important for analyzing the smoke formula and developing effective smoke interference material. On the basis of the perfect theory model and the improved system precision, the unified smoke obscuring power was improved and the test standard of the obscuring power of smoke issuing reagent may be established.
引文
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77朱晨光.红外烟幕遮蔽率测试方法研究[J].红外技术. 2004,(4):81-84
78徐峰,蔡小舒,苏明旭,赵志军,李俊峰.独立模式算法求解颗粒粒径分布的研究.中国激光. 2004,31(2):223-228
79陈敏,孙东松,顾江,沈法华,夏海云.激光雷达探测的大气气溶胶空间二维分布.红外与激光工程. 2007,36(3):369-372
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81 Nussenzveig H M, Wiscombe W J. Efficiency factors in Mie scattering[J]. Physical Review Letters. 1980, 45(18):1490-1494
82 Mackowski D W, Mishchenko M I. Calculation of the T matrix and the scattering matrix for ensembles of spheres, J Opt Soc Am A. 1996, 13(11):2266-2278
83胡静,杨宗凯,杨代琴.烟雾粒子的识别及其激光散射特性的蒙特卡罗模拟[J].中国激光. 2002, 29(10):950-954
84李学彬,徐青山,胡欢陵.双散射角光学粒子计数器测量气溶胶折射率的新方法研究[J].光学学报. 2007, 27(3):391-394
85韩一平,杜云刚.非球形大气粒子对任意波束的电磁散射特性[J].光学学报. 2006, 26(4):630-633
86周留柱,顾学军,朱元,郭晓勇,赵文武,郑海洋,方黎,张为俊.气溶胶单粒子的检测效率与基质辅助激光解吸电离研究[J].中国激光. 2006, 33(1):97-101
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