南海陆架坡风致混合及长期混合观测方法研究
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摘要
南海是西北太平洋最大的边缘海,蕴涵着丰富的能量以及各种各样的海洋动力过程,局地风场和潮流产生的内波破碎一般会导致强混合。近岸海洋混合是研究水团物理特征、近岸环流、营养盐通量、近岸环境污染物分布的重要物理过程。南海陆架坡提供了一个很好的实验平台用于研究风致混合及各种决定陆架坡混合变化的动力过程。虽然风致内波、风致混合对海洋内部能量、物质输运等方面的重要作用得到了人们的认可,但是受限于目前的观测手段,很难得到连续的混合观测资料,特别是在极端天气状况下的集成观测数据,使得强风场向海洋内部输运能量、产生强混合的过程仍没有得到很深入的研究。
在本论文中,我们主要解决的问题包括如下两个大的方面:(1)根据在南海陆架坡得到的连续小尺度观测资料、流场资料等,分析强风暴天气情况下海洋的响应,包括海洋混合的变化过程、海洋内波的能量传播等,目的在于研究风致混合随着时间、空间的演变过程以及产生机制。(2)为了在各种天气情况下进行长时间、连续混合观测,本论文利用一种新的观测仪器提出在惯性-对流子域内计算混合参数的新方法。
2005年8月在南海陆架坡处19o37' N, 112o04' E进行了一次集成海洋混合观测,包括锚系ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)流场资料、由小尺度垂向剖面仪TurboMap II观测得到的湍动能耗散率ε剖面以及由温盐链得到的温盐资料。这是第一次在南海通过直接观测获取的高分辨率ε分布结果,并且这次观测是在一次风暴天气过程中进行的。通过观测发现,在混合层内风前、风后的平均湍动能耗散率分别为1. 5×10?6Wkg ?1和2. 0×10?6Wkg ?1,并没有发生明显变化,但是平均混合层由风前的12m增加到了风后的22m,即经过风暴之后强混合层厚度大约增加了10m,而且强混合经过风暴后可以穿透到60m或者更深的水层内。风暴过境期间激发了近惯性内波,能持续1.5个惯性周期或者更长的时间。通过旋转谱分析发现近惯性频率内波能量具有下传的趋势,通过垂向模态分解得出高模态近惯性内波更有效地生成剪切不稳定,是海洋内部强混合的能量来源。
为了能更好地研究各种极端天气情况下海洋的响应,特别是小尺度混合过程的长期变化规律,如何能获取连续的长期观测资料是最大的瓶颈,文中介绍了一种新的混合观测仪器χpod,用于实现混合资料的长期连续观测。利用2005年在赤道太平洋锚系系统TAO上得到的高分辨率、长期观测资料,在惯性-对流子域内通过温度梯度谱的尺度分析估算了热耗散率和湍动能耗散率。得到的结果与通过高波数范围内的温度梯度谱尺度分析得到的混合参数结果进行了比较,结果发现在这两种波数范围内计算的数值在90%置信区间内吻合得比较好,相差在5倍以内。我们建议具有2Hz的采样频率的温度观测资料就可以估算出合理的热耗散率及相关的其他混合参数,远远低于120Hz采样频率,因此大大降低了长时间观测对于数据存储的要求。
The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the broadest marginal seas adjacent to the Northwest Pacific, which contains a variety of oceanic dynamic processes. Breaking of internal waves due to local wind field and tidal currents usually leads to strong turbulent mixing which is an important physics processes to study the water mass properties, continental shelf circulation, nutrition flux and pollution distribution. The continental shelf in the SCS provides a good platform to explore the enhanced mixing by strong wind and the corresponding influences on the dynamic processes in the ocean side when a storm passes by. Despite the importance of internal waves and mixing induced by wind to the energy flux and mass transportation is acknowledged, it is difficult to obtain continous measurements of mixing restricted by means of the present observation, especially for the integrated observation under extreme weather conditions. Thus, the energy propagation and enhanced mixing induced by strong wind is still to open.
In this paper, we addressed two major questions as follows: (1) Based on the observation obtained on the shelf in the SCS, including small-scale measurements, moored ADCP data and temperature data, we analyzed the processes of ocean mixing indueced by the passing strom, as well as how the engery of internal wave spread to generate turbulent mixing and the evolution of the ehanhacd mixing. (2) In order for long term and continous observation of small-scale processes under a variety of weather conditions, a newly built instrument and computation method are introduced in this paper.
An integrated observation in August 2005 was unfolded on the SCS shelf at 19o37' N, 112o04' E , including current obtained by mooring ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate by TurboMap II and temperature by thermistor chains. It is the first time to get the direct continuous measurements with high time resolution in the SCS, especially under a storm weather condition. The enhanced mixing depth increased about 10 m after the storm, and the average dissipation rates in the mixed layer of pre-storm and post-storm were 1. 5×10?6Wkg ?1 and 2. 0×10?6Wkg ?1 , respectively. The enhanced mixing can penetrate more than 60 m deep after the storm. Near-inertial currents were excited by the storm and lasted more than 1.5 inertial periods. The energy of near-inertial internal waves generated more shear instabilities in higher modes which are considered as the source of the enhanced mixing.
In order for better understanding the response in the ocean side to a variety of extreme weather conditions, in particular the evolution of small-scale mixing processes, how to obtain continuous long-term measurements is the biggest bottleneck. A newly built instrument,χpod, is introduced and obtained a series of data of 4-month at equatorial Pacific Ocean. Estimates of dissipation rates of thermal variance and turbulent kinetic energy are made by scaling temperature gradient spectra in the inertial-convective subrange from well-resolved measurements on the equatorial ocean mooring. These are compared to estimates derived from scaling spectra at high wavenumbers. It is found that these values agree to within a factor of 5 on a 90% confidence level. We suggest that reasonable estimates of thermal variance can be made from temperature measurements resampled at 2 Hz, significantly slower than the 120 Hz data sampled for this study, thereby reducing data storage requirements for long deployments.
在本论文中,我们主要解决的问题包括如下两个大的方面:(1)根据在南海陆架坡得到的连续小尺度观测资料、流场资料等,分析强风暴天气情况下海洋的响应,包括海洋混合的变化过程、海洋内波的能量传播等,目的在于研究风致混合随着时间、空间的演变过程以及产生机制。(2)为了在各种天气情况下进行长时间、连续混合观测,本论文利用一种新的观测仪器提出在惯性-对流子域内计算混合参数的新方法。
2005年8月在南海陆架坡处19o37' N, 112o04' E进行了一次集成海洋混合观测,包括锚系ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)流场资料、由小尺度垂向剖面仪TurboMap II观测得到的湍动能耗散率ε剖面以及由温盐链得到的温盐资料。这是第一次在南海通过直接观测获取的高分辨率ε分布结果,并且这次观测是在一次风暴天气过程中进行的。通过观测发现,在混合层内风前、风后的平均湍动能耗散率分别为1. 5×10?6Wkg ?1和2. 0×10?6Wkg ?1,并没有发生明显变化,但是平均混合层由风前的12m增加到了风后的22m,即经过风暴之后强混合层厚度大约增加了10m,而且强混合经过风暴后可以穿透到60m或者更深的水层内。风暴过境期间激发了近惯性内波,能持续1.5个惯性周期或者更长的时间。通过旋转谱分析发现近惯性频率内波能量具有下传的趋势,通过垂向模态分解得出高模态近惯性内波更有效地生成剪切不稳定,是海洋内部强混合的能量来源。
为了能更好地研究各种极端天气情况下海洋的响应,特别是小尺度混合过程的长期变化规律,如何能获取连续的长期观测资料是最大的瓶颈,文中介绍了一种新的混合观测仪器χpod,用于实现混合资料的长期连续观测。利用2005年在赤道太平洋锚系系统TAO上得到的高分辨率、长期观测资料,在惯性-对流子域内通过温度梯度谱的尺度分析估算了热耗散率和湍动能耗散率。得到的结果与通过高波数范围内的温度梯度谱尺度分析得到的混合参数结果进行了比较,结果发现在这两种波数范围内计算的数值在90%置信区间内吻合得比较好,相差在5倍以内。我们建议具有2Hz的采样频率的温度观测资料就可以估算出合理的热耗散率及相关的其他混合参数,远远低于120Hz采样频率,因此大大降低了长时间观测对于数据存储的要求。
The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the broadest marginal seas adjacent to the Northwest Pacific, which contains a variety of oceanic dynamic processes. Breaking of internal waves due to local wind field and tidal currents usually leads to strong turbulent mixing which is an important physics processes to study the water mass properties, continental shelf circulation, nutrition flux and pollution distribution. The continental shelf in the SCS provides a good platform to explore the enhanced mixing by strong wind and the corresponding influences on the dynamic processes in the ocean side when a storm passes by. Despite the importance of internal waves and mixing induced by wind to the energy flux and mass transportation is acknowledged, it is difficult to obtain continous measurements of mixing restricted by means of the present observation, especially for the integrated observation under extreme weather conditions. Thus, the energy propagation and enhanced mixing induced by strong wind is still to open.
In this paper, we addressed two major questions as follows: (1) Based on the observation obtained on the shelf in the SCS, including small-scale measurements, moored ADCP data and temperature data, we analyzed the processes of ocean mixing indueced by the passing strom, as well as how the engery of internal wave spread to generate turbulent mixing and the evolution of the ehanhacd mixing. (2) In order for long term and continous observation of small-scale processes under a variety of weather conditions, a newly built instrument and computation method are introduced in this paper.
An integrated observation in August 2005 was unfolded on the SCS shelf at 19o37' N, 112o04' E , including current obtained by mooring ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate by TurboMap II and temperature by thermistor chains. It is the first time to get the direct continuous measurements with high time resolution in the SCS, especially under a storm weather condition. The enhanced mixing depth increased about 10 m after the storm, and the average dissipation rates in the mixed layer of pre-storm and post-storm were 1. 5×10?6Wkg ?1 and 2. 0×10?6Wkg ?1 , respectively. The enhanced mixing can penetrate more than 60 m deep after the storm. Near-inertial currents were excited by the storm and lasted more than 1.5 inertial periods. The energy of near-inertial internal waves generated more shear instabilities in higher modes which are considered as the source of the enhanced mixing.
In order for better understanding the response in the ocean side to a variety of extreme weather conditions, in particular the evolution of small-scale mixing processes, how to obtain continuous long-term measurements is the biggest bottleneck. A newly built instrument,χpod, is introduced and obtained a series of data of 4-month at equatorial Pacific Ocean. Estimates of dissipation rates of thermal variance and turbulent kinetic energy are made by scaling temperature gradient spectra in the inertial-convective subrange from well-resolved measurements on the equatorial ocean mooring. These are compared to estimates derived from scaling spectra at high wavenumbers. It is found that these values agree to within a factor of 5 on a 90% confidence level. We suggest that reasonable estimates of thermal variance can be made from temperature measurements resampled at 2 Hz, significantly slower than the 120 Hz data sampled for this study, thereby reducing data storage requirements for long deployments.
引文
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