集群企业跨区域发展的机制及模式研究
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摘要
基于国际产业大转移、我国传统产业集群发展的困境,及企业跨区域发展方兴未艾的现实背景,及当前关于集群研究多停留在集群内部,并将集群整体作为研究对象的理论背景,本论文选择“集群企业跨区域发展的机制及模式研究”作为研究题目。通过本论文研究,试图回答三个问题:(1)跨区域发展将对集群企业带来怎样的结果即集群企业跨区域发展的效应是什么?(2)集群企业的跨区域发展将怎样受权变因素的影响即集群企业的跨区域发展的权变机制是怎样的?(3)集群企业跨区域发展模式选择是否有一定规律性?为了回答上述三个问题,本论文在理论研究的基础上,还采用了问卷调查及数据处理分析、企业调查等研究方式。具体讲,本论文主要对下面三个内容进行了展开研究。
内容一:集群企业跨区域发展的效应研究。集群企业跨区域发展后,将在本地和异地形成两个网络:本地网络和异地网络。两个网络都将产生正面效应和负面效应。两种效应共同作用,将企业的经营绩效产生影响。本文在现有理论基础上,提出假设,归纳模型,设计问卷,并主要以浙江杭州、宁波、绍兴、台州和金华等地典型产业集群发放问卷,收集有效问卷327份,并用SPSS10.0和AMOS5.0软件进行数据分析,验证假设。其后,并用验证性案例进行佐证。
内容二:集群企业跨区域发展的权变机制模型研究。企业集群跨区域发展过程,受到一些调节变量因素,即权变因素的影响。本文分析了最重要的两个权变因素:环境不确定型和技术能力。采用同内容一相同的研究方法,研究分别在高不确定环境、低不确定环境、企业技术能力较高、企业技术能力较低四种情况下,本地及异地网络特征对集群企业绩效的影响状况。
内容三:集群企业跨区域发展的模式研究。本部分内容在企业调查基础上,对10家跨区域企业进行分析。本文总结了四种跨区域发展模式:资源利用型、市场拓展型、异地孵化型、战略重心外移型,本内容还对集群企业跨区域发展过程中的影响因素及整合机制展开了研究。
通过对上面三个内容研究,得出了主要下列结论。
结论一:本地网络特征、异地网络特征对企业绩效总体讲有显著影响。这种影响既有正面的,也有负面的。其中正面效应主要包括有:降低生产成本、资源获取、市场机会、降低市场风险、市场响应、市场定位;负面效应主要包括有:当地套牢、增加协调成本、资源流失、管理难度加大。
结论二:环境不确定性是影响网络特征与企业绩效之间关系中的权变变量。环境不确定性包括技术环境不确定性、市场环境不确定性、竞争环境不确定性。在高不确定性技术环境和高不确定性市场环境中,集群企业与本地供应商、客户的业务联系密切(关系强度大),而与异地供应商、客户保持较弱的联系(关系强度小);或与本地供应商、客户的业务联系广泛(网络规模大),而与异地供应商、客户保持较精练的联系(网络规模小)均可有效地促进企业的整体绩效。与本异地供应商、客户保持相反的网络特征,也可有效地促进企业的整体绩效。但在高不确定性及确定性两种不同的竞争环境下,集群企业与同行之间在上述不同网络特征下关系对绩效的影响并不明显。
结论三:内部技术能力是网络特征与企业绩效之间关系中的权变因素。对于内部技术能力强的企业,集群企业与本地供应商、客户、同行保持较弱的关系强度(关系强度小),而与异地供应商、客户建立较密切的关系强度(关系强度大),能够促使企业提高整体绩效;集群企业与本地供应商、客户、同行保持较精练的联系(网络规模小),而与异地供应商、客户建立较密切的联系(网络规模大),也能够促使企业提高整体绩效。对于内部技术能力较差的企业,相反网络特征对企业绩效更有利。
结论四:根据发展的实际需要,集群企业可以采取不同的跨区域发展模式,包括:资源利用型、市场拓展型、异地孵化型和战略重心外移型。同时,集群企业进行跨区域发展模式选择时需要综合考虑区位、内部和外部多种因素的影响。
结论五:在集群企业原驻地和迁入地之间进行跨区域整合(包括:纵向分工协作、横向合作互补、资源共享和集体学习),是促进集群企业更好、更快发展的有效途径。
本文将理论研究和实证研究相结果,探讨了集群企业跨区域发展过程的有关问题,主要有以下几点创新。
创新一:“跨”出集群,从微观层面研究集群企业的跨区域发展。现有产业集群研究多停留在集群区域内部,少有对跨区域发展的研究。同时,现有研究基本上采用的都是“就集群而论集群”的分析方法,将集群作为一个基本分析单位进行研究,而缺乏微观主体——集群企业研究的视角。本研究在一定程度上充实和发展了产业集群的相关研究。
创新二:从网络视角提出集群企业跨区域发展的分析框架。本文从网络视角提出集群企业跨区域发展的分析框架,具体研究集群企业跨区域发展的机制(包括效应和权变机制),并进一步总结集群企业跨区域发展的典型模式,为集群企业的跨区域发展提供理论借鉴。
创新三:从正面效应和负面效应两个方面探讨了网络特征对集群企业跨区域发展的绩效的影响机制,并加以实证检验。
创新四:从企业外部环境特征和内部技术能力两方面,探讨网络特征影响企业绩效的权变机制。本文将总体样本以环境不确定性的技术、市场和竞争不确定性及企业技术能力的高低进行分组,分别对两组样本进行本地、异地网络特征与企业绩效关系的拟合研究。
创新五:归纳了集群企业跨区域发展的典型模式。本文将集群企业跨区域发展划分为四种模式:资源利用型、市场拓展型、异地孵化型和战略重心外移型。并分析了企业跨区域发展模式的影响因素及整合机制。
Based on the multiple processes background of the international industry transfer, difficulties for China's traditional industrial clustering,emerging cross-regional developments of the industrial clusters,and the theoretical background of the current studies on the cluster remaining,the mechanism and mode of Cluster enterprises in the cross-regional developments is becoming a new and very important process to study and thus to be chosen for the main title of this doctorial paper.
Three questions are attempted to answei through this thesis:(1) What effects do the trans-regional developments bring to cluster enterprise?(2) Which conditioning factors will affect the trans-regional development of cluster enterprise?(3) Whether there will be certain regularity about the mode of trans-regional development of cluster enterprise.In order to answer these three questions,on the base of theoretical summarizing and researching,this paper will use a questionnaire to survey the characteristics of the processing analysis.Specifically,in this paper,the research is mainly brought out in the form of the following three contents.
Content one:the studies on effect about the trans-regional developments of the clustered enterprises.By trans-regional developing,cluster enterprises will obtain two networks:the local network and the remote network.The two networks will have positive effects and negative effects.The enterprise performance will be affected by the two effects together.In this paper,based on the existing theories,we designed a summarized model,and a questionnaire to follow.Then,we issued the questionnaires among the firms in the typical industrial clusters of the area of Hangzhou,Ningbo, Shaoxing,Taizhou and Jinhua,and got 327 valid questionnaires.The data was analyzed by the soft wares of SPSS10.0 and AMOS5.0.Then,the results of the date analyzing were verified with confirmatory evidence cases subsequently.
Content two:the research on contingency mechanism model of trans-regional development about cluster businesses.In the process of trans-regional developments, clustered enterprises will be affected by some conditioning variable factors,namely contingency factors.The two most important contingency factors were analyzed in this paper:Environmental uncertainty and technological capabilities.Based on the same research methods like content one,the study impact from the local and remote network characteristics to the cluster performance in the following situations:In high-uncertainty environment,low-uncertainty environment,companies with high and low technology technological capabilities.
Content three:Study on the model of trans-regional development of cluster enterprises.Based on investigations,the analyzing focusd on ten trans-regional enterprises.This article is summarized by four types of cross-regional development patterns:The resource-integrating type,the market-accessing type,the heterogeny type,and the strategy relocation type.Moreover,the industrial clustering influencing factors,division and cooperative mechanisms were analyzed for local networks and remote networks.
Through the study of the three above contents,the main following conclusions were drawed.
Conclusion one:the local and different places network characteristics have significant impacts to the corporate performance.This effect has aspects of both positive and negative.The main positive effects include:Lower production costs, resource acquisition,market opportunities,market risk reducing,market response, market positioning.The main negative effects include:The local holding-up, increased coordinating costs,wastage of resources,more management difficulties.
Conclusion two:Environmental uncertainty is contingency variables in relationship between network characteristics and corporate performance. Environmental uncertainties includes uncertainty of technological environments, uncertainty of market environments,uncertainty of competitive environments.In high uncertainty of technology environments and high uncertainty of market environments, the cluster companies having closed contact(strength relationship)with local suppliers, business customers,and weak contact(small relationship intensity)with remote supplier,customer,or having wide contacts with local suppliers,customers(large network scale),and weak contact with the remote suppliers,customers(small scale network),it can be effective in promoting the overall performance.Having opposite characteristics of network with supplier and customer will also have effective in promoting the overall performance.However,in high uncertainty and certainty competitive environments,the above mentioned characteristics are not obvious to performance.
Conclusion three:The internal technical capacity can be contingency factors in relationship between network characteristics and performance.With strong internal technical capacity,cluster enterprises have weak relationship with local suppliers, customers,and closer relationship with the remote suppliers,customers(intensity relationship) will improve the overall performance of enterprises.Cluster enterprises having concise contacts with the local suppliers,customers,peer(small network scale), and having closer contact with the remote supplier,customer(large network scale)will also be able to improve the overall performance of enterprises.To enterprise with weak technical capabilities,opposite network characteristics will be more favorable to promote business performance.
Conclusions four:According to the actual needs of the development,the cluster enterprises will have different modes of cross-regional development,including:the resource-integrating type,the market-accessing type,the heterogeny type,and the strategy relocation type.At the same time,modes of cross-regional development of cluster businesses should be considered as location,internal and external factors.
Conclusion five:The cross-regional integration of Cluster enterprises between the original place and the moved place(including:vertical division of labor cooperation, complementarity of horizontal cooperation,resource sharing and collective learning) are effective ways to promote clusters business performance and faster development.
The main innovation in this paper may be the following:
Innovation one:The research of this paper is from a crossed view of trans-regional for clustered enterprise from micro-level and "cross" instead of the cluster itself.Many studies about the existing industrial clusters has always been remaining in the cluster region,few of the former researching focused on the cross-regional development.At the same time,existing studies are basically "on terms of cluster clustering" analysis method to the cluster as a basic unit of analysis,and lack of micro object-the perspective of cluster enterprises.To some extent,this study has enriched and developed the related research of industrial clusters.
Innovation two:The emphasizing of network perspective in the researching process.Analysis framework about cross-regional development of cluster enterprise made from network perspective in this article,about cross-regional business cluster development mechanism(including effect and contingency mechanism),and further sum up the typical pattern.It will be a theoretical reference to more research.
Innovation three:Impact mechanisms are analyzed and tested about the network characteristics to performance of cross-regional development of cluster enterprises,in the point-view of positive effects and negative effects.
Innovation four:The exploring of the contingency mechanism about the network characteristics affecting performance from both the enterprise features of the external environment and the internal technical capacity.In this paper,the sample are divided high and low condition according uncertainty environment and technological capability.Then fitting researches were carried out about relationship between local, remote network characteristics and performance.
Summing up the typical model about the cross-regional development of clustered enterprises,this cross-regional development of the cluster enterprises is divided into four modes:the resource-integrating type,the market-accessing type,the heterogeny type,and the strategy relocation type.Influencing factors and integration mechanisms were analyzed about development.
内容一:集群企业跨区域发展的效应研究。集群企业跨区域发展后,将在本地和异地形成两个网络:本地网络和异地网络。两个网络都将产生正面效应和负面效应。两种效应共同作用,将企业的经营绩效产生影响。本文在现有理论基础上,提出假设,归纳模型,设计问卷,并主要以浙江杭州、宁波、绍兴、台州和金华等地典型产业集群发放问卷,收集有效问卷327份,并用SPSS10.0和AMOS5.0软件进行数据分析,验证假设。其后,并用验证性案例进行佐证。
内容二:集群企业跨区域发展的权变机制模型研究。企业集群跨区域发展过程,受到一些调节变量因素,即权变因素的影响。本文分析了最重要的两个权变因素:环境不确定型和技术能力。采用同内容一相同的研究方法,研究分别在高不确定环境、低不确定环境、企业技术能力较高、企业技术能力较低四种情况下,本地及异地网络特征对集群企业绩效的影响状况。
内容三:集群企业跨区域发展的模式研究。本部分内容在企业调查基础上,对10家跨区域企业进行分析。本文总结了四种跨区域发展模式:资源利用型、市场拓展型、异地孵化型、战略重心外移型,本内容还对集群企业跨区域发展过程中的影响因素及整合机制展开了研究。
通过对上面三个内容研究,得出了主要下列结论。
结论一:本地网络特征、异地网络特征对企业绩效总体讲有显著影响。这种影响既有正面的,也有负面的。其中正面效应主要包括有:降低生产成本、资源获取、市场机会、降低市场风险、市场响应、市场定位;负面效应主要包括有:当地套牢、增加协调成本、资源流失、管理难度加大。
结论二:环境不确定性是影响网络特征与企业绩效之间关系中的权变变量。环境不确定性包括技术环境不确定性、市场环境不确定性、竞争环境不确定性。在高不确定性技术环境和高不确定性市场环境中,集群企业与本地供应商、客户的业务联系密切(关系强度大),而与异地供应商、客户保持较弱的联系(关系强度小);或与本地供应商、客户的业务联系广泛(网络规模大),而与异地供应商、客户保持较精练的联系(网络规模小)均可有效地促进企业的整体绩效。与本异地供应商、客户保持相反的网络特征,也可有效地促进企业的整体绩效。但在高不确定性及确定性两种不同的竞争环境下,集群企业与同行之间在上述不同网络特征下关系对绩效的影响并不明显。
结论三:内部技术能力是网络特征与企业绩效之间关系中的权变因素。对于内部技术能力强的企业,集群企业与本地供应商、客户、同行保持较弱的关系强度(关系强度小),而与异地供应商、客户建立较密切的关系强度(关系强度大),能够促使企业提高整体绩效;集群企业与本地供应商、客户、同行保持较精练的联系(网络规模小),而与异地供应商、客户建立较密切的联系(网络规模大),也能够促使企业提高整体绩效。对于内部技术能力较差的企业,相反网络特征对企业绩效更有利。
结论四:根据发展的实际需要,集群企业可以采取不同的跨区域发展模式,包括:资源利用型、市场拓展型、异地孵化型和战略重心外移型。同时,集群企业进行跨区域发展模式选择时需要综合考虑区位、内部和外部多种因素的影响。
结论五:在集群企业原驻地和迁入地之间进行跨区域整合(包括:纵向分工协作、横向合作互补、资源共享和集体学习),是促进集群企业更好、更快发展的有效途径。
本文将理论研究和实证研究相结果,探讨了集群企业跨区域发展过程的有关问题,主要有以下几点创新。
创新一:“跨”出集群,从微观层面研究集群企业的跨区域发展。现有产业集群研究多停留在集群区域内部,少有对跨区域发展的研究。同时,现有研究基本上采用的都是“就集群而论集群”的分析方法,将集群作为一个基本分析单位进行研究,而缺乏微观主体——集群企业研究的视角。本研究在一定程度上充实和发展了产业集群的相关研究。
创新二:从网络视角提出集群企业跨区域发展的分析框架。本文从网络视角提出集群企业跨区域发展的分析框架,具体研究集群企业跨区域发展的机制(包括效应和权变机制),并进一步总结集群企业跨区域发展的典型模式,为集群企业的跨区域发展提供理论借鉴。
创新三:从正面效应和负面效应两个方面探讨了网络特征对集群企业跨区域发展的绩效的影响机制,并加以实证检验。
创新四:从企业外部环境特征和内部技术能力两方面,探讨网络特征影响企业绩效的权变机制。本文将总体样本以环境不确定性的技术、市场和竞争不确定性及企业技术能力的高低进行分组,分别对两组样本进行本地、异地网络特征与企业绩效关系的拟合研究。
创新五:归纳了集群企业跨区域发展的典型模式。本文将集群企业跨区域发展划分为四种模式:资源利用型、市场拓展型、异地孵化型和战略重心外移型。并分析了企业跨区域发展模式的影响因素及整合机制。
Based on the multiple processes background of the international industry transfer, difficulties for China's traditional industrial clustering,emerging cross-regional developments of the industrial clusters,and the theoretical background of the current studies on the cluster remaining,the mechanism and mode of Cluster enterprises in the cross-regional developments is becoming a new and very important process to study and thus to be chosen for the main title of this doctorial paper.
Three questions are attempted to answei through this thesis:(1) What effects do the trans-regional developments bring to cluster enterprise?(2) Which conditioning factors will affect the trans-regional development of cluster enterprise?(3) Whether there will be certain regularity about the mode of trans-regional development of cluster enterprise.In order to answer these three questions,on the base of theoretical summarizing and researching,this paper will use a questionnaire to survey the characteristics of the processing analysis.Specifically,in this paper,the research is mainly brought out in the form of the following three contents.
Content one:the studies on effect about the trans-regional developments of the clustered enterprises.By trans-regional developing,cluster enterprises will obtain two networks:the local network and the remote network.The two networks will have positive effects and negative effects.The enterprise performance will be affected by the two effects together.In this paper,based on the existing theories,we designed a summarized model,and a questionnaire to follow.Then,we issued the questionnaires among the firms in the typical industrial clusters of the area of Hangzhou,Ningbo, Shaoxing,Taizhou and Jinhua,and got 327 valid questionnaires.The data was analyzed by the soft wares of SPSS10.0 and AMOS5.0.Then,the results of the date analyzing were verified with confirmatory evidence cases subsequently.
Content two:the research on contingency mechanism model of trans-regional development about cluster businesses.In the process of trans-regional developments, clustered enterprises will be affected by some conditioning variable factors,namely contingency factors.The two most important contingency factors were analyzed in this paper:Environmental uncertainty and technological capabilities.Based on the same research methods like content one,the study impact from the local and remote network characteristics to the cluster performance in the following situations:In high-uncertainty environment,low-uncertainty environment,companies with high and low technology technological capabilities.
Content three:Study on the model of trans-regional development of cluster enterprises.Based on investigations,the analyzing focusd on ten trans-regional enterprises.This article is summarized by four types of cross-regional development patterns:The resource-integrating type,the market-accessing type,the heterogeny type,and the strategy relocation type.Moreover,the industrial clustering influencing factors,division and cooperative mechanisms were analyzed for local networks and remote networks.
Through the study of the three above contents,the main following conclusions were drawed.
Conclusion one:the local and different places network characteristics have significant impacts to the corporate performance.This effect has aspects of both positive and negative.The main positive effects include:Lower production costs, resource acquisition,market opportunities,market risk reducing,market response, market positioning.The main negative effects include:The local holding-up, increased coordinating costs,wastage of resources,more management difficulties.
Conclusion two:Environmental uncertainty is contingency variables in relationship between network characteristics and corporate performance. Environmental uncertainties includes uncertainty of technological environments, uncertainty of market environments,uncertainty of competitive environments.In high uncertainty of technology environments and high uncertainty of market environments, the cluster companies having closed contact(strength relationship)with local suppliers, business customers,and weak contact(small relationship intensity)with remote supplier,customer,or having wide contacts with local suppliers,customers(large network scale),and weak contact with the remote suppliers,customers(small scale network),it can be effective in promoting the overall performance.Having opposite characteristics of network with supplier and customer will also have effective in promoting the overall performance.However,in high uncertainty and certainty competitive environments,the above mentioned characteristics are not obvious to performance.
Conclusion three:The internal technical capacity can be contingency factors in relationship between network characteristics and performance.With strong internal technical capacity,cluster enterprises have weak relationship with local suppliers, customers,and closer relationship with the remote suppliers,customers(intensity relationship) will improve the overall performance of enterprises.Cluster enterprises having concise contacts with the local suppliers,customers,peer(small network scale), and having closer contact with the remote supplier,customer(large network scale)will also be able to improve the overall performance of enterprises.To enterprise with weak technical capabilities,opposite network characteristics will be more favorable to promote business performance.
Conclusions four:According to the actual needs of the development,the cluster enterprises will have different modes of cross-regional development,including:the resource-integrating type,the market-accessing type,the heterogeny type,and the strategy relocation type.At the same time,modes of cross-regional development of cluster businesses should be considered as location,internal and external factors.
Conclusion five:The cross-regional integration of Cluster enterprises between the original place and the moved place(including:vertical division of labor cooperation, complementarity of horizontal cooperation,resource sharing and collective learning) are effective ways to promote clusters business performance and faster development.
The main innovation in this paper may be the following:
Innovation one:The research of this paper is from a crossed view of trans-regional for clustered enterprise from micro-level and "cross" instead of the cluster itself.Many studies about the existing industrial clusters has always been remaining in the cluster region,few of the former researching focused on the cross-regional development.At the same time,existing studies are basically "on terms of cluster clustering" analysis method to the cluster as a basic unit of analysis,and lack of micro object-the perspective of cluster enterprises.To some extent,this study has enriched and developed the related research of industrial clusters.
Innovation two:The emphasizing of network perspective in the researching process.Analysis framework about cross-regional development of cluster enterprise made from network perspective in this article,about cross-regional business cluster development mechanism(including effect and contingency mechanism),and further sum up the typical pattern.It will be a theoretical reference to more research.
Innovation three:Impact mechanisms are analyzed and tested about the network characteristics to performance of cross-regional development of cluster enterprises,in the point-view of positive effects and negative effects.
Innovation four:The exploring of the contingency mechanism about the network characteristics affecting performance from both the enterprise features of the external environment and the internal technical capacity.In this paper,the sample are divided high and low condition according uncertainty environment and technological capability.Then fitting researches were carried out about relationship between local, remote network characteristics and performance.
Summing up the typical model about the cross-regional development of clustered enterprises,this cross-regional development of the cluster enterprises is divided into four modes:the resource-integrating type,the market-accessing type,the heterogeny type,and the strategy relocation type.Influencing factors and integration mechanisms were analyzed about development.
引文
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