中国野生动物养殖业可持续发展策略研究
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摘要
野生动物养殖业是在野外资源逐年下降的背景下发展起来的新型产业,主要任务是通过人工养殖提供社会需求的野生动物产品,发展特色经济的同时,减少对野外资源的开发,对濒危物种进行有效的迁地保护。本文根据目标和功能将野生动物养殖业分为生产型、驯化型和保护型,并分别以具有代表性的养殖业为对象,对各类型养殖业的历史、现状、问题进行充分调研,重点研究束缚行业发展的体制问题、机制问题、技术问题等,根据行业的实际情况和我国的国情,探讨了各类型养殖业的可持续发展对策。本论文同时还研究了目前我国野生动物养殖业的动物福利状况及其对养殖业的影响,并提出我国现阶段实施野生动物福利的对策。
生产型养殖业主要指养殖对象驯化比较完全,在人工环境下能够顺利地完成生长、发育、繁殖的生物学周期,遗传性状上有别于野外种群,可以稳定地提供某种产品的养殖业。一般有较大的养殖规模,产品产量和质量具有不断提升的潜力,技术上和管理流程上具有鲜明的行业特色,且有配套产业。本文以毛皮动物养殖业为重点,总结出生产型养殖业突出的问题包括:1)体制上缺乏强有力的行业组织和服务体系;2)贸易方式为依赖中间商的传统方式;3)养殖过程中缺乏科学技术的支撑;4)战略上缺乏品牌意识和品种意识。推动生产型养殖业的发展对策包括:1)实行合作社的养殖模式,从体制上保证行业整体协调性和竞争力;2)构建综合服务体系,保障养殖生产各个环节的各项需求;3)在服务体系的带动下,积极推进拍卖贸易方式的进程;4)组建全国的毛皮行业协会,协调各养殖场主合作社的关系,减少国内竞争,提高国际竞争能力;5)抓住市场波动,利用市场低谷的机会进行行业调整,解决积累的问题。
驯化型养殖是在驯化过程中所开展的养殖活动,主要目的是把原来生活在野外的野生动物驯化成为能在人工环境下顺利地完成生长、发育、繁殖的生物学周期并提供产品的一种类型,是生产型养殖的前奏。驯化型养殖一般应仅限于较小范围,还缺乏完整的产业链,不具有大规模推广的可能性,是养殖技术研发最集中的阶段。驯化型野生动物养殖业具有试验性和风险性,不具有全民参与性,阶段性技术不具推广性。林蛙养殖业是驯化型野生动物养殖业的代表突出的问题包括:1)以自然生态系统为平台的半人工养殖模式效率较低且有潜在的生态风险;2)全人工养殖的发展进程中不能正确对待驯化型养殖的试验性和风险性的特点,存在过早推广、过热投资的现象。驯化型养殖业的发展对策包括:1)谨慎发展以自然生态系统为平台的半人工养殖模式,暂时冻结东北林蛙的半人工养殖许可,经过科学的生态风险评估后再作最后决定;2)建立合适的机制,大力推动全人工养殖模式的技术突破;3)全人工养殖技术发展的操作模式是:在政府的扶持下,先驱企业和科研单位合作攻关,形成知识产权;先驱企业与科研单位共同以出售知识产权的方式把技术向养殖企业推广,从而使双方获得经济和技术回报,政府从产业发展中获得社会效益。
保护型养殖业是指以迁地保护为主要目的野生动物养殖业。其主要目标是人为提供合适的环境,使得从野外救护的动物能够顺利繁殖,扩大种群,同时实施科学、严格的遗传管理和行为管理,使养殖对象仍然具备适应野外坏境的潜力,为野外再引入提供动物储备。保护型野生动物养殖业要求在人工控制条件下扩大种群数量;通过遗传管理尽量降低遗传多样性丢失的速度;通过行为管理保持行为上具有野外适应能力。保护型养殖业的主体是城市动物园、野生动物园和野生动物驯养繁育中心,存在的主要问题有:1)动物园和野生动物园保存了大量的物种,积累了宝贵的养殖经验,但是空间限制性大、每个物种的种群数量较小、濒危物种的种群管理能力较低和普遍缺乏行为管理;2)野生动物驯养繁育中心是野生动物迁地保护的最佳模式,但是救助的物种数量少,资金短缺。保护型养殖业的发展对策包括:1)在保护功能上应区别对待动物园和野生动物繁育中心,对动物园实行濒危物种养殖准入制度,把物种迁地保护的重心放在野生动物繁育中心;2)提倡保护型养殖主体的多元化,推动实施“以虎养虎”模式,实现自主发展。
人工饲养野生动物的福利近年来引起广泛关注,我国野生动物养殖业的动物福利问题包括:1)饲养管理的一般性流程中缺乏动物福利理念;2.)公众的动物福利观念淡薄;3)缺乏动物福利有关立法和科学指导。动物福利发展对策包括:a.教育公众关心动物福利问题;b.科学了解动物的福利需求,加强科学指导能力;c.通过人工选择改造动物行为,使福利需求更容易满足;d.推进法律、法规和行业规范的建设;e.推进野生动物福利制度建设进程时应积极努力,但不能操之过急。
Wildlife farming is an industry newly emerged under the situation that wild resources declined constantly.Its major mission is to provide wildlife products and reduce exploitation pressure on wild resources through captive breeding.In our research,wildlife farming was divided into 3 categories according to the goals and functions:productive farming, domestication farming and conservation farming.The history,current status and problems of each category of wildlife farming represented by typical species were investigated.Policy issues,mechanical issues and technical issues restricting each of the farming categories were analyzed.A series of contermeasures to cope with these problems were proposed as well.The impact of animal welfare on the wildlife farming and countermeasures to improve animal welfare were also addressed.
Productive farming is the farming of fully domesticated species that animals are able to grow,develop and reproduce under artificial conditions,and are distinctive from wild counterparts in genetics and possessing a steady potential to produce targeting products. Generally,productive farming has considerable scale,potential of increasing the quality and quantity of products,distinctive feature in technological and management processes,and complement industries.This research concentrated on fur farming for addressing restrictive issues in productive farming:1) lack of industrial organization and service system;2) trade depending on entrepreneur;3) technical foam;4) lack of brand and breed consciouseness.Five countermeasures to cope with these restrictions were proposed,including:1) adopt cooperative mode in the farming to enhance the coordination and competitive power;2) construct comprehensive service systems to ensure high quality support of all productive steps;3) promote the process of auction of far products under the service system;4) set up a nation wide association of fur industry to coordinate all cooperatives to reduce vicious domestic competition and improve international competitive power;5) rectify the industrial structure of fur farming and solve historical problems by using advantage of market dynamics.
Domestication farming is the farming that focuses on domesticating wild species targeting at the realization of captive breeding and producing products.It is an initial phase of productive farming.Domestication farming is usually small in scale and incomplete of production chain. Techniques are developed substantially but cannot be spread extensively due to their immaturity.All breeding trials are tentative and riskful and not applicable to large-scale practice.Brown frog farming is typical domestication farming.Prominent problems include:1) Semi-artificial breeding based on natural ecosystem is low in efficiency and high in potentials of ecological risks;2) complete artificial breeding is far from maturation but spread extensively and attracted huge quantity of investments resulting in high risks.Countermeasures to cope with the blindfold spreading trend include:1) assess the ecological risks of natural ecosystem-based semi-artificial breeding scientifically,and temporarily stop the approval of such farming until ecological risks are fully assessed;2) set up proper mechanism to promote technical breakthroughs for comple(?)e artificial breeding;3) the developing mode of complete artificial breeding should be such that forerunner investors and research institutions cooperate in technical development under the support of government;forerunner investors and research institutions achieve economic re(?)urns through selling intellectual property rights,and government achieve social benefits.
Conservation farming is the framing focusing on ex situ conservation.Its major mission is to provide suitable environment allowing wild animals breed and recover in captivity. Meantime,reasonable genetic and behavior management is applied to ensure the capability of adaptation to the wild environment required for reintroduction.Conservation farming requires to improve the population size in captivity,reduce the rate of genetic diversity loss through genetic management and maintain the adaptive capability to the wild environment.Zoos, wildlife-safaris,and wildlife breediag centers are typical institutions undertaking conservation farming of wildlife.Main problems in the farming include:1) zoos and wildlife safaris are usually lack of space to carry relatively large population of each species and insufficient in genetic management and behavioral management,although a large number of species are reared and valuable experience accumulated;2) wildlife breeding centers are successful mode of ex situ conservation,but lack of capability to rescue large number of species due to short of funding and space.Countermeasures include:1) apply admittance policy for endangered species breeding for zoos and wildlife safaris and enhancing the development of wildlife breeding centers to make them play a major role in the ex situ conservation;2) adopt the mode of "feeding-the-tiger with-the-tiger" to achieve independent development.
Welfare of captive wildlife is recognized global wide in recent years.The problems of animal welfare in wildlife farms in China include:1).welfare conceptions are absent in management processes;2).welfare conceptions are not fully recognized by public;3). legislation and scientific instruction are weak in all aspects of animal welfare. Countermeasures include:a) perform systematic public education;b) improve the understanding of welfare requirement of each species and apply scientific directions in practice; c) change animal behavior mode by extensive artificial selection so as to lower the welfare requirement;d) enhanceg legislation and constructions of trade regulations;e) actively promote the welfare conception and practice,but avoiding precipitance.
生产型养殖业主要指养殖对象驯化比较完全,在人工环境下能够顺利地完成生长、发育、繁殖的生物学周期,遗传性状上有别于野外种群,可以稳定地提供某种产品的养殖业。一般有较大的养殖规模,产品产量和质量具有不断提升的潜力,技术上和管理流程上具有鲜明的行业特色,且有配套产业。本文以毛皮动物养殖业为重点,总结出生产型养殖业突出的问题包括:1)体制上缺乏强有力的行业组织和服务体系;2)贸易方式为依赖中间商的传统方式;3)养殖过程中缺乏科学技术的支撑;4)战略上缺乏品牌意识和品种意识。推动生产型养殖业的发展对策包括:1)实行合作社的养殖模式,从体制上保证行业整体协调性和竞争力;2)构建综合服务体系,保障养殖生产各个环节的各项需求;3)在服务体系的带动下,积极推进拍卖贸易方式的进程;4)组建全国的毛皮行业协会,协调各养殖场主合作社的关系,减少国内竞争,提高国际竞争能力;5)抓住市场波动,利用市场低谷的机会进行行业调整,解决积累的问题。
驯化型养殖是在驯化过程中所开展的养殖活动,主要目的是把原来生活在野外的野生动物驯化成为能在人工环境下顺利地完成生长、发育、繁殖的生物学周期并提供产品的一种类型,是生产型养殖的前奏。驯化型养殖一般应仅限于较小范围,还缺乏完整的产业链,不具有大规模推广的可能性,是养殖技术研发最集中的阶段。驯化型野生动物养殖业具有试验性和风险性,不具有全民参与性,阶段性技术不具推广性。林蛙养殖业是驯化型野生动物养殖业的代表突出的问题包括:1)以自然生态系统为平台的半人工养殖模式效率较低且有潜在的生态风险;2)全人工养殖的发展进程中不能正确对待驯化型养殖的试验性和风险性的特点,存在过早推广、过热投资的现象。驯化型养殖业的发展对策包括:1)谨慎发展以自然生态系统为平台的半人工养殖模式,暂时冻结东北林蛙的半人工养殖许可,经过科学的生态风险评估后再作最后决定;2)建立合适的机制,大力推动全人工养殖模式的技术突破;3)全人工养殖技术发展的操作模式是:在政府的扶持下,先驱企业和科研单位合作攻关,形成知识产权;先驱企业与科研单位共同以出售知识产权的方式把技术向养殖企业推广,从而使双方获得经济和技术回报,政府从产业发展中获得社会效益。
保护型养殖业是指以迁地保护为主要目的野生动物养殖业。其主要目标是人为提供合适的环境,使得从野外救护的动物能够顺利繁殖,扩大种群,同时实施科学、严格的遗传管理和行为管理,使养殖对象仍然具备适应野外坏境的潜力,为野外再引入提供动物储备。保护型野生动物养殖业要求在人工控制条件下扩大种群数量;通过遗传管理尽量降低遗传多样性丢失的速度;通过行为管理保持行为上具有野外适应能力。保护型养殖业的主体是城市动物园、野生动物园和野生动物驯养繁育中心,存在的主要问题有:1)动物园和野生动物园保存了大量的物种,积累了宝贵的养殖经验,但是空间限制性大、每个物种的种群数量较小、濒危物种的种群管理能力较低和普遍缺乏行为管理;2)野生动物驯养繁育中心是野生动物迁地保护的最佳模式,但是救助的物种数量少,资金短缺。保护型养殖业的发展对策包括:1)在保护功能上应区别对待动物园和野生动物繁育中心,对动物园实行濒危物种养殖准入制度,把物种迁地保护的重心放在野生动物繁育中心;2)提倡保护型养殖主体的多元化,推动实施“以虎养虎”模式,实现自主发展。
人工饲养野生动物的福利近年来引起广泛关注,我国野生动物养殖业的动物福利问题包括:1)饲养管理的一般性流程中缺乏动物福利理念;2.)公众的动物福利观念淡薄;3)缺乏动物福利有关立法和科学指导。动物福利发展对策包括:a.教育公众关心动物福利问题;b.科学了解动物的福利需求,加强科学指导能力;c.通过人工选择改造动物行为,使福利需求更容易满足;d.推进法律、法规和行业规范的建设;e.推进野生动物福利制度建设进程时应积极努力,但不能操之过急。
Wildlife farming is an industry newly emerged under the situation that wild resources declined constantly.Its major mission is to provide wildlife products and reduce exploitation pressure on wild resources through captive breeding.In our research,wildlife farming was divided into 3 categories according to the goals and functions:productive farming, domestication farming and conservation farming.The history,current status and problems of each category of wildlife farming represented by typical species were investigated.Policy issues,mechanical issues and technical issues restricting each of the farming categories were analyzed.A series of contermeasures to cope with these problems were proposed as well.The impact of animal welfare on the wildlife farming and countermeasures to improve animal welfare were also addressed.
Productive farming is the farming of fully domesticated species that animals are able to grow,develop and reproduce under artificial conditions,and are distinctive from wild counterparts in genetics and possessing a steady potential to produce targeting products. Generally,productive farming has considerable scale,potential of increasing the quality and quantity of products,distinctive feature in technological and management processes,and complement industries.This research concentrated on fur farming for addressing restrictive issues in productive farming:1) lack of industrial organization and service system;2) trade depending on entrepreneur;3) technical foam;4) lack of brand and breed consciouseness.Five countermeasures to cope with these restrictions were proposed,including:1) adopt cooperative mode in the farming to enhance the coordination and competitive power;2) construct comprehensive service systems to ensure high quality support of all productive steps;3) promote the process of auction of far products under the service system;4) set up a nation wide association of fur industry to coordinate all cooperatives to reduce vicious domestic competition and improve international competitive power;5) rectify the industrial structure of fur farming and solve historical problems by using advantage of market dynamics.
Domestication farming is the farming that focuses on domesticating wild species targeting at the realization of captive breeding and producing products.It is an initial phase of productive farming.Domestication farming is usually small in scale and incomplete of production chain. Techniques are developed substantially but cannot be spread extensively due to their immaturity.All breeding trials are tentative and riskful and not applicable to large-scale practice.Brown frog farming is typical domestication farming.Prominent problems include:1) Semi-artificial breeding based on natural ecosystem is low in efficiency and high in potentials of ecological risks;2) complete artificial breeding is far from maturation but spread extensively and attracted huge quantity of investments resulting in high risks.Countermeasures to cope with the blindfold spreading trend include:1) assess the ecological risks of natural ecosystem-based semi-artificial breeding scientifically,and temporarily stop the approval of such farming until ecological risks are fully assessed;2) set up proper mechanism to promote technical breakthroughs for comple(?)e artificial breeding;3) the developing mode of complete artificial breeding should be such that forerunner investors and research institutions cooperate in technical development under the support of government;forerunner investors and research institutions achieve economic re(?)urns through selling intellectual property rights,and government achieve social benefits.
Conservation farming is the framing focusing on ex situ conservation.Its major mission is to provide suitable environment allowing wild animals breed and recover in captivity. Meantime,reasonable genetic and behavior management is applied to ensure the capability of adaptation to the wild environment required for reintroduction.Conservation farming requires to improve the population size in captivity,reduce the rate of genetic diversity loss through genetic management and maintain the adaptive capability to the wild environment.Zoos, wildlife-safaris,and wildlife breediag centers are typical institutions undertaking conservation farming of wildlife.Main problems in the farming include:1) zoos and wildlife safaris are usually lack of space to carry relatively large population of each species and insufficient in genetic management and behavioral management,although a large number of species are reared and valuable experience accumulated;2) wildlife breeding centers are successful mode of ex situ conservation,but lack of capability to rescue large number of species due to short of funding and space.Countermeasures include:1) apply admittance policy for endangered species breeding for zoos and wildlife safaris and enhancing the development of wildlife breeding centers to make them play a major role in the ex situ conservation;2) adopt the mode of "feeding-the-tiger with-the-tiger" to achieve independent development.
Welfare of captive wildlife is recognized global wide in recent years.The problems of animal welfare in wildlife farms in China include:1).welfare conceptions are absent in management processes;2).welfare conceptions are not fully recognized by public;3). legislation and scientific instruction are weak in all aspects of animal welfare. Countermeasures include:a) perform systematic public education;b) improve the understanding of welfare requirement of each species and apply scientific directions in practice; c) change animal behavior mode by extensive artificial selection so as to lower the welfare requirement;d) enhanceg legislation and constructions of trade regulations;e) actively promote the welfare conception and practice,but avoiding precipitance.
引文
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