旅游系统管理及其与旅游可持续发展的关系研究
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摘要
1998-2005年CSSCI数据库的旅游发文数年增长率为17.14%,旅游引文数年增长率为36.62%,有力地证明了旅游研究越来越成为学术热点。鉴于旅游研究没有公认的概念体系和学科基础理论,旅游实践出现了许多非可持续性问题并面临着严峻的挑战,本文以系统管理理论在旅游中的应用为主线,以战略子系统——作业子系统——协调子系统为基本框架创建旅游系统管理理论。旅游系统的开放性将旅游系统管理与旅游可持续发展纳入了一个统一的分析框架。本研究主要目的在于探讨旅游系统运转的促进机理、系统特质的表现形态、系统竞争的参与方式和系统价值增值的实现途径,并实证检验旅游系统管理与旅游可持续发展的关系,分析被试人口及组织特征对各研究变量的均值差异性。
理论研究采用跨学科和规范分析的研究方法,将发散思维与收敛思维相结合,以系统哲学观念、系统分析技术和系统管理方式对旅游研究进行整合。研究结果表明:旅游系统是由旅游动力子系统、旅游产品供给子系统、旅游价值链协调子系统和旅游目的地协调子系统四要素构成的,这反映了旅游系统的集合性。旅游系统具有动力结构、产品供给结构、行业结构、空间结构和客源结构,这反映了旅游系统的层次性。旅游动力子系统位于旅游系统管理的决策层,旅游产品供给子系统位于操作层,旅游价值链子系统和旅游目的地子系统位于控制层,共同促进旅游系统的运转,这反映了旅游系统的相关性。旅游系统的核心是向旅游者提供高质量的完整旅游经历,旅游系统中最大的变量是旅游者的行为变量。
实证研究以针对游客、旅游企业和旅游专家的三套、522份调查问卷为研究对象,利用SPSS 11.5进行信度分析、描述性统计、主成分分析、因素分析、相关分析、回归分析和方差分析等。研究结果表明:旅游产品供给系统的内部构成对旅游经历质量都有显著的正向影响;旅游价值链系统管理的内部构成对环境质量、公平发展和旅游经历有显著的正向影响,对居民生活和生态意识的影响不显著;目的地系统管理的内部构成对环境质量、公平发展、生态意识、居民生活有显著的正向影响,对旅游经历的影响不显著;游客、旅游企业职工、旅游专家被试人口及组织特征对旅游系统管理和旅游可持续发展的感知有影响。
论文的主要创新如下:
(1)基于系统管理理论和STD理论,拓展了旅游、旅游系统、旅游活动等旅游学科的基础概念;利用系统比较方法澄清了旅游产品概念的混淆状况;给出了旅游动力系统、旅游阅历产品、目的地阅历产品、旅游产品供给系统等新概念。
(2)基于系统哲学观念和矛盾的对立统一规律,采用规范分析的方法,提出旅游动力系统是由旅游者、旅游产业、目的地政府、客源地政府、旅游社区五大适应性主体活动的根本动力构成的系统;基于一般系统结构理论,讨论了旅游动力系统要素之间形成的关系环可以为各旅游分支学科提供理论依据和研究边界;借鉴马斯洛的人类需要层次理论提出了旅游动力系统结构演化的规律,并以我国国家旅游局近8年、403条工作文件为对象进行了实证研究。
(3)基于服务营销理论提出衡量旅游产品供给质量的四个因素是核心性产品、便利性产品、支持性产品和扩展性产品;针对旅游学科概念体系的混淆状况,创造性地将高等教育系统与旅游系统进行系统比较、大学与目的地进行系统比较,从理论上初步给出了旅游学科核心概念体系;基于系统分析技术给出了旅游作业子系统的四套优化技术。实证研究发现,旅游产品供给系统是由社会交往、游客体验、阅历保障和阅历完整4个因素构成的。
(4)基于系统管理方式和价值链/供应链管理理论,提出了以旅游批发商为核心企业的旅游供应链是一种客源支配型的供应链,在目的地管理组织和旅游批发商的合作推动下,具有促进STD的潜力;分析了在我国团体包价旅游的业务流程中存在着公平的和隐蔽的两条资金流,比以往研究更深入地揭示了我国团体包价旅游低价甚至“零负团费”运营的秘密。实证研究发现,旅游价值链系统管理是由供应链策略、价值链战略和价值提供物3个因素构成的。
(5)基于系统管理方式和区域旅游规划理论,提出了目的地系统是一个具有耗散结构的系统,讨论了目的地系统管理框架的构建程序包括系统的创建决策、系统的设计、系统的运转和控制以及系统运转结果的检查和评价四个阶段;基于系统的整体性原理和综合性原理,以广州市和海南省为案例,提出以特定空间区域旅游中存在的具体问题为立足点,着眼于实现STD的目标,通过构建途径-目标系统分析模型,可以制定特定目的地的系统管理策略。实证研究发现,目的地系统管理是由生态管理、客源地管理、资源整合和目的地竞争4个因素构成的。
(6)基于系统管理理论和企业系统管理理论提出了旅游系统管理理论,讨论了旅游系统管理与STD的关系及作用,它们之间是一种包容关系,旅游系统管理是实施STD战略的重要部分,是实现STD目标的首要途径,但是,旅游系统管理与STD在层次和范围上是不同的,旅游系统管理起着条件与基础的作用,STD起着导向的作用。
The yearly increase rate of tourism research literature is 17.14%,and the yearly increase rate of tourism citation is 36.62%from CSSCI database during from 1998 to 2005,what proved powerfully that tourism research had been becoming academic hotspot.In view of the facts that no common concept systems and no common discipline basic theory in the tourism research,and emerging many unsustainable problems and facing the stern challenges in the tourism practice,this paper presented Tourism System Management Theory taking the application of System Management Theory in tourism as the master line,and taking strategic subsystem,operation subsystem and harmony subsystem as the basic framework.The openness of tourism system integrates Tourism System Management theory and Sustainable Tourism Development theory into a unified analysis framework.The primary purpose of this research lied in exploring the promotion mechanism of the tourism system's operation,the performance shape of the system's special characteristics,the participation way of the system's competition,and the realization way of the system's value increment. Furthermore,this paper revealed the relationship of Tourism System Management and Sustainable Tourism Development through the empirical evidence.
The fundamental research carried on the integration to tourism research by system philosophy idea, system analysis technology and system management way,with combination interdisciplinary research and canonical parse,with combination radiation thought and convergence thought.The study indicated:The tourism system was comprised of four essential factors,such as,tourism dynamic subsystem,tourism product supplies subsystem,tourism value chain coordinated subsystem,and tourist destination coordinated subsystem. This characteristic reflected the aggregative of the tourism system;The tourism system had dynamic structure, product supplies structure,industry structure,spatial structure and tourist source structure.This characteristic reflected the hierarchical of the tourism system;Tourism dynamic subsystem located at the decision-making level,tourism product supplies subsystem located at the operation level,tourism value chain subsystem and tourist destination subsystem both located at the control levels of tourism System Management,promoted the tourism system's revolution together;The characteristic reflected the tourism system's relevance.The core of the tourism system is providing the high quality complete tourism experiences to the tourists.The biggest variable of the tourism system is the tourists' behavior variable.
The empirical research took three sets,522 pieces of questionnaires faced to tourists,tourism businesses and tourism experts as the study tools,carried on descriptive statistics,principal component analysis,factor analysis,correlation analysis and regression analysis using SPSS 11.5.The study indicated:The internal constitutions of tourism product supply system have significant positive influence on tourist experiences;The internal constitutions of tourism value chain management have significant positive influence on environment quality,equity development,tourist experiences and ecology consciousness,but not on resident lives;The internal constitutions of destination management have significant positive influence on environment quality, equity development,ecology consciousness and resident lives,but not on tourist experiences.
The principal innovations of this paper are as follows:
(1)Extended the foundation concepts of the touism discipline,such as,tourism,tourism system,tourist activity,and so on,based on System Management Theory and STD Theory;Clarified the confusion condition of Tourism Product concept using system comparison method;Gave some new concepts,such as,tourism dynamic system,tourism complete experience product,destination experience product,tourism product supply system,and so on.
(2)Presented that tourism dynamic system was a system which was constituted with the ultimate dynamic of the five adaptive agent activities,such as,tourists,tourism industries,destination management organizations, origin managenmt organizations,tourism communities,using the canonical parse method,based on the system philosophy idea and the unity and opposites of contradictory law;Discussed the relational links formed by the tourism dynamic system constitutions might provide theory warranties and research boundaries for the various tourism branch disciplines based on General System Structure Theory;Presented the evolving law of the tourism dynamic system structure profited from Maslow's Humanity Need Levels Theory,and conducted the empirical study taking China's National Tourism Administration work documents in recent 8 years as the sample.
(3)Presented the four essential factors of measuring the supply quality of tourism product were core product,facilitate product,supporting product and extended product based Service Marketing Theory;In view of the tourism discipline concept systems' confusion condition,creatively carried on the comparison between a higher education system and a tourism system,the comparison between a university and a destination, theoretically gave the tourism discipline core concept system initially;Gave four sets of optimization techniques of tourism operation subsystem based system analysis technology;The empirical study discoveried that tourist product supply system was composed of four factors,such as,social intercourse,visitor experience, experiences safeguard and experiences integrity.
(4)presented tourism supply chain which took tour wholesaler as core enterprise was a kind of tourist-source-controlling supply chain,which had the potential of promoting STD,based on system management way and Value Chain/Supply Management Theory;Analyzed that there were two fund flows,one was fair,another was hided,in the operation process of inclusive tourism in China,and revealed out the operation secret of low price or even "zero-commission" inclusive tourism;The empirical study discoveried that tourism value chain management was composed of three factors,such as,value chain strategy,supply chain strategy and value provider.
(5)presented that destination system had a dissipative structure and discussed that the constructing procedure of a destination system management framework included four stages of the system's foundation decision-making,system's design,system's revolution and control as well as the inspection and appraises of the system revolution results based system management way and Regional Tourism Planning Theory; Presented the specific destination system management strategy through constructing approach-target system analysis model with Taking Guangzhou city and Hainan province as cases based on system's integrity principle and comprehensive principle.The empirical study discoveried that destination management was composed of four factors,such as ecology management,origin management,destination competition and resource integration.
(6)Founded Tourism System Management Theory and discussed that the relationship and roles between tourism system management and STD strategy based on System Management Theory and Enterprise System Management Theory.Tourism System Management is an important part implemented the STD strategy and the most important way realized the STD goals.However,tourism System Management is different in level and scope,that is,Tourism System Management plays a role of condition or foundation,however,STD plays a role of guideline.
理论研究采用跨学科和规范分析的研究方法,将发散思维与收敛思维相结合,以系统哲学观念、系统分析技术和系统管理方式对旅游研究进行整合。研究结果表明:旅游系统是由旅游动力子系统、旅游产品供给子系统、旅游价值链协调子系统和旅游目的地协调子系统四要素构成的,这反映了旅游系统的集合性。旅游系统具有动力结构、产品供给结构、行业结构、空间结构和客源结构,这反映了旅游系统的层次性。旅游动力子系统位于旅游系统管理的决策层,旅游产品供给子系统位于操作层,旅游价值链子系统和旅游目的地子系统位于控制层,共同促进旅游系统的运转,这反映了旅游系统的相关性。旅游系统的核心是向旅游者提供高质量的完整旅游经历,旅游系统中最大的变量是旅游者的行为变量。
实证研究以针对游客、旅游企业和旅游专家的三套、522份调查问卷为研究对象,利用SPSS 11.5进行信度分析、描述性统计、主成分分析、因素分析、相关分析、回归分析和方差分析等。研究结果表明:旅游产品供给系统的内部构成对旅游经历质量都有显著的正向影响;旅游价值链系统管理的内部构成对环境质量、公平发展和旅游经历有显著的正向影响,对居民生活和生态意识的影响不显著;目的地系统管理的内部构成对环境质量、公平发展、生态意识、居民生活有显著的正向影响,对旅游经历的影响不显著;游客、旅游企业职工、旅游专家被试人口及组织特征对旅游系统管理和旅游可持续发展的感知有影响。
论文的主要创新如下:
(1)基于系统管理理论和STD理论,拓展了旅游、旅游系统、旅游活动等旅游学科的基础概念;利用系统比较方法澄清了旅游产品概念的混淆状况;给出了旅游动力系统、旅游阅历产品、目的地阅历产品、旅游产品供给系统等新概念。
(2)基于系统哲学观念和矛盾的对立统一规律,采用规范分析的方法,提出旅游动力系统是由旅游者、旅游产业、目的地政府、客源地政府、旅游社区五大适应性主体活动的根本动力构成的系统;基于一般系统结构理论,讨论了旅游动力系统要素之间形成的关系环可以为各旅游分支学科提供理论依据和研究边界;借鉴马斯洛的人类需要层次理论提出了旅游动力系统结构演化的规律,并以我国国家旅游局近8年、403条工作文件为对象进行了实证研究。
(3)基于服务营销理论提出衡量旅游产品供给质量的四个因素是核心性产品、便利性产品、支持性产品和扩展性产品;针对旅游学科概念体系的混淆状况,创造性地将高等教育系统与旅游系统进行系统比较、大学与目的地进行系统比较,从理论上初步给出了旅游学科核心概念体系;基于系统分析技术给出了旅游作业子系统的四套优化技术。实证研究发现,旅游产品供给系统是由社会交往、游客体验、阅历保障和阅历完整4个因素构成的。
(4)基于系统管理方式和价值链/供应链管理理论,提出了以旅游批发商为核心企业的旅游供应链是一种客源支配型的供应链,在目的地管理组织和旅游批发商的合作推动下,具有促进STD的潜力;分析了在我国团体包价旅游的业务流程中存在着公平的和隐蔽的两条资金流,比以往研究更深入地揭示了我国团体包价旅游低价甚至“零负团费”运营的秘密。实证研究发现,旅游价值链系统管理是由供应链策略、价值链战略和价值提供物3个因素构成的。
(5)基于系统管理方式和区域旅游规划理论,提出了目的地系统是一个具有耗散结构的系统,讨论了目的地系统管理框架的构建程序包括系统的创建决策、系统的设计、系统的运转和控制以及系统运转结果的检查和评价四个阶段;基于系统的整体性原理和综合性原理,以广州市和海南省为案例,提出以特定空间区域旅游中存在的具体问题为立足点,着眼于实现STD的目标,通过构建途径-目标系统分析模型,可以制定特定目的地的系统管理策略。实证研究发现,目的地系统管理是由生态管理、客源地管理、资源整合和目的地竞争4个因素构成的。
(6)基于系统管理理论和企业系统管理理论提出了旅游系统管理理论,讨论了旅游系统管理与STD的关系及作用,它们之间是一种包容关系,旅游系统管理是实施STD战略的重要部分,是实现STD目标的首要途径,但是,旅游系统管理与STD在层次和范围上是不同的,旅游系统管理起着条件与基础的作用,STD起着导向的作用。
The yearly increase rate of tourism research literature is 17.14%,and the yearly increase rate of tourism citation is 36.62%from CSSCI database during from 1998 to 2005,what proved powerfully that tourism research had been becoming academic hotspot.In view of the facts that no common concept systems and no common discipline basic theory in the tourism research,and emerging many unsustainable problems and facing the stern challenges in the tourism practice,this paper presented Tourism System Management Theory taking the application of System Management Theory in tourism as the master line,and taking strategic subsystem,operation subsystem and harmony subsystem as the basic framework.The openness of tourism system integrates Tourism System Management theory and Sustainable Tourism Development theory into a unified analysis framework.The primary purpose of this research lied in exploring the promotion mechanism of the tourism system's operation,the performance shape of the system's special characteristics,the participation way of the system's competition,and the realization way of the system's value increment. Furthermore,this paper revealed the relationship of Tourism System Management and Sustainable Tourism Development through the empirical evidence.
The fundamental research carried on the integration to tourism research by system philosophy idea, system analysis technology and system management way,with combination interdisciplinary research and canonical parse,with combination radiation thought and convergence thought.The study indicated:The tourism system was comprised of four essential factors,such as,tourism dynamic subsystem,tourism product supplies subsystem,tourism value chain coordinated subsystem,and tourist destination coordinated subsystem. This characteristic reflected the aggregative of the tourism system;The tourism system had dynamic structure, product supplies structure,industry structure,spatial structure and tourist source structure.This characteristic reflected the hierarchical of the tourism system;Tourism dynamic subsystem located at the decision-making level,tourism product supplies subsystem located at the operation level,tourism value chain subsystem and tourist destination subsystem both located at the control levels of tourism System Management,promoted the tourism system's revolution together;The characteristic reflected the tourism system's relevance.The core of the tourism system is providing the high quality complete tourism experiences to the tourists.The biggest variable of the tourism system is the tourists' behavior variable.
The empirical research took three sets,522 pieces of questionnaires faced to tourists,tourism businesses and tourism experts as the study tools,carried on descriptive statistics,principal component analysis,factor analysis,correlation analysis and regression analysis using SPSS 11.5.The study indicated:The internal constitutions of tourism product supply system have significant positive influence on tourist experiences;The internal constitutions of tourism value chain management have significant positive influence on environment quality,equity development,tourist experiences and ecology consciousness,but not on resident lives;The internal constitutions of destination management have significant positive influence on environment quality, equity development,ecology consciousness and resident lives,but not on tourist experiences.
The principal innovations of this paper are as follows:
(1)Extended the foundation concepts of the touism discipline,such as,tourism,tourism system,tourist activity,and so on,based on System Management Theory and STD Theory;Clarified the confusion condition of Tourism Product concept using system comparison method;Gave some new concepts,such as,tourism dynamic system,tourism complete experience product,destination experience product,tourism product supply system,and so on.
(2)Presented that tourism dynamic system was a system which was constituted with the ultimate dynamic of the five adaptive agent activities,such as,tourists,tourism industries,destination management organizations, origin managenmt organizations,tourism communities,using the canonical parse method,based on the system philosophy idea and the unity and opposites of contradictory law;Discussed the relational links formed by the tourism dynamic system constitutions might provide theory warranties and research boundaries for the various tourism branch disciplines based on General System Structure Theory;Presented the evolving law of the tourism dynamic system structure profited from Maslow's Humanity Need Levels Theory,and conducted the empirical study taking China's National Tourism Administration work documents in recent 8 years as the sample.
(3)Presented the four essential factors of measuring the supply quality of tourism product were core product,facilitate product,supporting product and extended product based Service Marketing Theory;In view of the tourism discipline concept systems' confusion condition,creatively carried on the comparison between a higher education system and a tourism system,the comparison between a university and a destination, theoretically gave the tourism discipline core concept system initially;Gave four sets of optimization techniques of tourism operation subsystem based system analysis technology;The empirical study discoveried that tourist product supply system was composed of four factors,such as,social intercourse,visitor experience, experiences safeguard and experiences integrity.
(4)presented tourism supply chain which took tour wholesaler as core enterprise was a kind of tourist-source-controlling supply chain,which had the potential of promoting STD,based on system management way and Value Chain/Supply Management Theory;Analyzed that there were two fund flows,one was fair,another was hided,in the operation process of inclusive tourism in China,and revealed out the operation secret of low price or even "zero-commission" inclusive tourism;The empirical study discoveried that tourism value chain management was composed of three factors,such as,value chain strategy,supply chain strategy and value provider.
(5)presented that destination system had a dissipative structure and discussed that the constructing procedure of a destination system management framework included four stages of the system's foundation decision-making,system's design,system's revolution and control as well as the inspection and appraises of the system revolution results based system management way and Regional Tourism Planning Theory; Presented the specific destination system management strategy through constructing approach-target system analysis model with Taking Guangzhou city and Hainan province as cases based on system's integrity principle and comprehensive principle.The empirical study discoveried that destination management was composed of four factors,such as ecology management,origin management,destination competition and resource integration.
(6)Founded Tourism System Management Theory and discussed that the relationship and roles between tourism system management and STD strategy based on System Management Theory and Enterprise System Management Theory.Tourism System Management is an important part implemented the STD strategy and the most important way realized the STD goals.However,tourism System Management is different in level and scope,that is,Tourism System Management plays a role of condition or foundation,however,STD plays a role of guideline.
引文
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