若干生态参数数字图像测量方法研究
|
摘要
为增加森林公益效能及其相关研究某些因子的测量方法类型,节约研究成本,提高常用办公设备使用效率,本文提出了应用计算机、数码相机和扫描仪等常用办公设备测量年轮宽度、郁闭度和侵蚀速率的数字图像测量方法,采用公认的测量仪器对各方法进行了精度检验和测试,并完成了各方法的初步应用。
与年轮分析系统相比,年轮宽度数字图像测量方法(FSDI法)的精度可达94.28%以上,能满足年轮宽度相关研究的精度要求,测量效率比年轮分析系统低1.1～1.5倍,设备成本是年轮分析系统的1/10～1/15。在冀北山地对该方法进行了初步应用,研究表明:5～9月份的平均气温、降水量是该地区树木生长的主要限制因子,与研究区域所属中温带半湿润半干旱大陆性季风型高原山地气候区的气候特点相吻合,5～9月份平均气温和总降雨量的重建值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.917、0.822,利用年轮指数重建了冀北山地1940～1955年5～9月份平均气温和降雨量。
采用冠层分析仪对郁闭度数字图像测量法(FLDI法)进行了精度检验,研究表明:鱼眼镜头获取的冠层图像能准确记录林冠信息,Photoshop软件用于郁闭度计算无系统偏差,精度可达95%以上;距地面90～130cm高度范围内其测量结果稳定,且在该范围内便于设备操作;从林冠测量选区中分离林木主干影像后,仅对针叶林和存有明显林冠空隙的林分测郁闭度测量影响较大;郁闭度数字图像测量方法的效率是冠层分析仪的1/3,设备成本是冠层分析仪的1/9～1/15;经不同人员测试,该方法稳定系数可达到92.86%。应用该法完成了方山土桥沟流域各固定样地郁闭度测量,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱区水土保持抗旱造林及径流林业技术试验示范项目积累了基础数据。
在人工模拟降雨条件下,对侵蚀速率近景摄影测量方法(CREP法)进行了实验研究,该方法测量侵蚀针出露(掩埋)高度的精度可达到97%以上,土壤侵蚀量解算精度可达到92.77%。在北京市延庆水土保持科技园区内对该方法进行了初步应用研究,在5次降雨观测试验中,其最低测量精度为89.35%,侵蚀针布设密度对测量精度有明显影响,侵蚀针用于土壤侵蚀速率监测,每行不少于5根,间距不应大于1m。
In order to find more measure of monitoring and evaluation of forest public welfare and correlative key factors,cut down research cost,improve the efficiency of common office equipment,this research proposed a method which use common office equipment like computer camera and scanner to measure the width of tree ring,forest canopy density and soil erosion rates.The paper using recognized equipment examined precision,and completed the initial application.
Compared to Tree Ring Analysis system,the measurement accuracy of digital images photogrammetry of tree ring width is as high as 94.28%,and can satisfy the demand of correlative research.The efficiency of the new method is 1.1～1.5 times of the TRAS method and the cost is 1/10～1/15 of the TRAS method.The initial application of the new method made in mountain area in northern Hebei province shows that:the average temperature and rainfall in the basin act as the limiting factors of tree growth during May and Sep,which is in accordance with climate characteristics of the studied semi-arid sub-humid continental monsoon type climate plateaus climatic zones.And the correlation coefficients of the reconstruction value and actual value of average temperature and total rainfall from May to Sep is 0.917 and 0.822.Using the tree-ring index we rebuilt the average value air temperature and rainfall from May to September in Jibei Mountain and prolonged the datum of sixteen years from 1940 to 1955 of average value air temperature and rainfall.
Using Canopy Analysis System test the precision of digital images photogrammetry of canopy closure the result show:the canopy images obtained by fish-eye camera can record canopy information accurately,the usage of Photoshop software to calculate the degree of forest canopy system hasn't any system deviation and the accuracy of the new method can be as high as 95%.In height range of 90～130cm,the measurement results is almost exactly the same,and the operation of equipment is more convenient in this range. When the tree trunk image was separated from the canopy measurement zone,only coniferous forest and low canopy closure forest has a greater impact on the measurement results.Different testers' results in independent tests shows that the stability coefficient of the new method can achieve as high as 92.86%.The observation of canopy closure of fixed plots were finished using the new method in Fangshantuqiaogou basin.Those measure accumulate the basic data for the pilot demonstration projects of soil and water conservation of semi-arid area of Loess Plateau hilly,anti-drought,afforestation and drought runoff forestry technology.
In the artificial simulation of rainfall conditions,the experiment of digital close range photogrammetry of soil erosion rate show that:the accuracy of pin erosion exposed (buried) a high degree can be achieved more than 97%and the soil erosion accuracy 92.77%.In Yanqing,Beijing Science and Technology Park of Soil and Water Conservation, we carried out the initial application of the new method.In a total of 5 times of rainfall observation experiments,compared to measured value,the accuracy can achieve 89.35%. the accuracy of measuring are not effected obviously by different erosion pins laid the density.Using erosion pins for the monitoring soil erosion,the distance should be controlled under 1m and the number of erosion pin of each line should be more than 5.
与年轮分析系统相比,年轮宽度数字图像测量方法(FSDI法)的精度可达94.28%以上,能满足年轮宽度相关研究的精度要求,测量效率比年轮分析系统低1.1～1.5倍,设备成本是年轮分析系统的1/10～1/15。在冀北山地对该方法进行了初步应用,研究表明:5～9月份的平均气温、降水量是该地区树木生长的主要限制因子,与研究区域所属中温带半湿润半干旱大陆性季风型高原山地气候区的气候特点相吻合,5～9月份平均气温和总降雨量的重建值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.917、0.822,利用年轮指数重建了冀北山地1940～1955年5～9月份平均气温和降雨量。
采用冠层分析仪对郁闭度数字图像测量法(FLDI法)进行了精度检验,研究表明:鱼眼镜头获取的冠层图像能准确记录林冠信息,Photoshop软件用于郁闭度计算无系统偏差,精度可达95%以上;距地面90～130cm高度范围内其测量结果稳定,且在该范围内便于设备操作;从林冠测量选区中分离林木主干影像后,仅对针叶林和存有明显林冠空隙的林分测郁闭度测量影响较大;郁闭度数字图像测量方法的效率是冠层分析仪的1/3,设备成本是冠层分析仪的1/9～1/15;经不同人员测试,该方法稳定系数可达到92.86%。应用该法完成了方山土桥沟流域各固定样地郁闭度测量,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱区水土保持抗旱造林及径流林业技术试验示范项目积累了基础数据。
在人工模拟降雨条件下,对侵蚀速率近景摄影测量方法(CREP法)进行了实验研究,该方法测量侵蚀针出露(掩埋)高度的精度可达到97%以上,土壤侵蚀量解算精度可达到92.77%。在北京市延庆水土保持科技园区内对该方法进行了初步应用研究,在5次降雨观测试验中,其最低测量精度为89.35%,侵蚀针布设密度对测量精度有明显影响,侵蚀针用于土壤侵蚀速率监测,每行不少于5根,间距不应大于1m。
In order to find more measure of monitoring and evaluation of forest public welfare and correlative key factors,cut down research cost,improve the efficiency of common office equipment,this research proposed a method which use common office equipment like computer camera and scanner to measure the width of tree ring,forest canopy density and soil erosion rates.The paper using recognized equipment examined precision,and completed the initial application.
Compared to Tree Ring Analysis system,the measurement accuracy of digital images photogrammetry of tree ring width is as high as 94.28%,and can satisfy the demand of correlative research.The efficiency of the new method is 1.1～1.5 times of the TRAS method and the cost is 1/10～1/15 of the TRAS method.The initial application of the new method made in mountain area in northern Hebei province shows that:the average temperature and rainfall in the basin act as the limiting factors of tree growth during May and Sep,which is in accordance with climate characteristics of the studied semi-arid sub-humid continental monsoon type climate plateaus climatic zones.And the correlation coefficients of the reconstruction value and actual value of average temperature and total rainfall from May to Sep is 0.917 and 0.822.Using the tree-ring index we rebuilt the average value air temperature and rainfall from May to September in Jibei Mountain and prolonged the datum of sixteen years from 1940 to 1955 of average value air temperature and rainfall.
Using Canopy Analysis System test the precision of digital images photogrammetry of canopy closure the result show:the canopy images obtained by fish-eye camera can record canopy information accurately,the usage of Photoshop software to calculate the degree of forest canopy system hasn't any system deviation and the accuracy of the new method can be as high as 95%.In height range of 90～130cm,the measurement results is almost exactly the same,and the operation of equipment is more convenient in this range. When the tree trunk image was separated from the canopy measurement zone,only coniferous forest and low canopy closure forest has a greater impact on the measurement results.Different testers' results in independent tests shows that the stability coefficient of the new method can achieve as high as 92.86%.The observation of canopy closure of fixed plots were finished using the new method in Fangshantuqiaogou basin.Those measure accumulate the basic data for the pilot demonstration projects of soil and water conservation of semi-arid area of Loess Plateau hilly,anti-drought,afforestation and drought runoff forestry technology.
In the artificial simulation of rainfall conditions,the experiment of digital close range photogrammetry of soil erosion rate show that:the accuracy of pin erosion exposed (buried) a high degree can be achieved more than 97%and the soil erosion accuracy 92.77%.In Yanqing,Beijing Science and Technology Park of Soil and Water Conservation, we carried out the initial application of the new method.In a total of 5 times of rainfall observation experiments,compared to measured value,the accuracy can achieve 89.35%. the accuracy of measuring are not effected obviously by different erosion pins laid the density.Using erosion pins for the monitoring soil erosion,the distance should be controlled under 1m and the number of erosion pin of each line should be more than 5.
引文
1.Akkemk.Dendroclimatology of umbrella pine(Pinuspine L.)in Istanbul,Turkey[J].Tree-Ring Bulletin,2000,56:17-20.
2.Barber V A,Juday G P,Finney B P,et al.Reconstruction of summer temperatures in interior Alaska from tree-ring proxies:Evidence for changing synoptic climate regimes[J].Climatic Change,2004,63:91-120.
3.Benson J F,Willis K G.Valuing informal recreation on the forestry commission estate[J].QuarterlyJournal ofForestry,1993,16(3):63-65.
4.Briffa K R,Bartholin T S,Eckstein D,et al.A 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia[J].Nature,1991,346:434-439.
5.Briffa K R,Osborn T J,Schweingruber F H.Large-scale temperature inferences from tree rings:areview[J].Global and Planetary Change,2004,40:11-26.
6.Brown N,Jennings S,Wheeler P,etal.An improved method for the rapid assessment of forest under storey light environments[J].The Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,37(6):1044-1053.
7.Bunnell F L,Vales D J.Comparison ofmethods for estimating forest overstory cover:differences among techniques[J].Can J For Res,1990,20:101-107.
8.Chen J M,Black T A,Adams R S.Evaluation of hemispherical photography for determining plant area index and geometry of forest stand[J].Agric For Meteorol,1991,56:129-143.
9.Comeau P G,Gendron F,Letchford T.A comparison of several methods for estimating light under a paper birch mixed wood stand[J].Can J For Res,1998,28:1843-1850.
10.Cook E R.A time series analysis approach to tree-ring standardization[D].Tucson:Univ of Arizona,1985.
11.Cook E R,Kairiukstis L A.Methods of Dendrochronology:Applications in the Environmental Sciences[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1990:1-200.
12.Cook J G,Stutzman T W,Bowers CW,et al.Spherical densiometers produce biased estimates of forest canopy cover[J].Wildl Soc Bui,1995,23(4):711-717.
13.Cook E T,Bird M,Peterson M,Barbetti B,Buckley R D,Arrigo R,Francey&P.Tans.Climate change in Tasmania inferred from a 1089-year tree-ring chronology of Huon pine[J].Science,1991,253:1266-1268.
14.Costanza R.The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,389:253-260.
15.Cotton C L.Winter habitat use and activity patterns of northern Flying Squirrels in sub-boreal forests[R].B.S.Loyola College in Maryland,the University of Northern British Columbia,1999.
16.Cousin I,Nicoulland B,Coutandeur C.Influence of rock fragment on the water retention and waterpercolation in acalcareoussoil[J].Catena,2003,53:97-114.
17.DArrigo R D,Jacoby G C.Northern North American tree_ring evidence for regional temperature changes after major volcanic events[J].Climatic Change,1999,41:1-15.
18.Daily Ged Nature' s Service.Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Washington D C: Island Press,1997.
19.Darryl E,Granger,James W,etal.Spatially averaged longtime erosion rates measured from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides in alluvial sediment.The Journal of Geology,1996,104:249-257.
20.Davis L R,Waterhouse M J,Armleder H M.A comparison of the breeding bird communities in serai stages of the Engelmann Spruce-Sub-alpine FirZone in east central British Columbia[EB/OL].http://www.for.gov.be.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Wp/Wp39.Htm,1999.
21.Douglass A E.A method for estimating rainfall by the growth of trees[J].In:Huntington,E.ed.The climatic factors as illustrated in arid America.Lancaster,Pennsylvania:Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication.1914,192:101-121.
22.Douglass A E.Evidence of climatic effects in the annual rings of trees[J].Ecology,1920,1:24-32.
23.Dudley N.Evaluation of forest quality towards a landscape scale assessment[R/OL]//IUCN and WWF.Interim Report,1999:18-25[2006-08-29].http://www.iucn.org/themes/forests/quality.
24.Englund S R,O B'rien J J,Clark D B.Evaluation of digital and film hemispherical photography and spherical densiometry for measuring forest light environments[J].Can J For Res,2000,30:1999-2005.
25.Epstein E,Grant W J,Struchtemeyer R A.Effects of stones on runoff,erosion and soil moisture[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Amer.Proc,1966,30:638-640.
26.Feng X H,Epstein S.Carbon isotopes of trees from arid environments and implication for reconstructing atmospheric CO_2concentration[J].Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59:2599-2608.
27.FialaA C S,Garman S L,Gray A N.Comparison of five canopy cover estimation techniques in the Western Oregon Cascades[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,232:188-197.
28.Firtts H C.Tree Ring and climate[M].London:Accdemic Prees.1976:150.
29.Foster G R,Meyer L D.Aelosed form soil erosion equation for upland areas[J].In H.W.Shen(ed.)SymPosinm of Sedimentation,Colorado,1972,12:1-12.
30.Fritts H C.Tree Ring and Climate[M].Academia Press.London.1976.332-333,534.
31.Fritts H C.Reconstruction Large-scale Climate Patterns fromTree Ring Data[M].USA:The University of Arizona Press,1991.
32.Ganey J L,Block W M.A comparison of two techniques for measuring canopy closure[J].West J Appl For,1994,9(1):21-23.
33.Garrison G A.Uses and modifications for “moosehorn”crown closure estimation[J].For,1949,47:733-735.
34.Glenn W H.ValuingPublic Goods Withthe Contingent ValuationMethod:A Critique of Kanhneman and Knetsch[J].Journal of Environmental Economics andManagement,1992,23:248-257.
35.Gouet V,Montesinos P,Deriche R,et al.Evaluation de detecteurs depoints Dint' Eretpourla couleur.In reconnaissance desformeset intelligence artificielle,2000:257-266.
36.Hans W L,Mats N,Tina M.Summer moisture variability in east central Sweden since the mid-eighteenth century recorded in tree rings[J].Geografiska Annaler,2004,86A:277-287.
37.Harris CG.Stephens M J.A combined corner and edge detector[M].Proceedings fourth alvey vision conference,M anchester,1988:147-151.
38.Heipke C A Review of the State-of-art for Topographic Application:Digitail Photogrammetric Workstations[M].GIM International,2001.
39.Helava U V.Digital Comparator Correlator System[M].Proceedings on Fast Processing of Photogrammetric Date,Interlaken,Switzerland,1987.
40.Helava U V.Digital Correlation in Photogrammetric Instruments[M].International Archives of Photogrammetry,1976.
41.Herbert T J.Area projections of fisheye photographic lenses[J].Agric For Meteoro,1987,39:215-223.
42.Holms R L.computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement[J].Tree-Ring Bulletin,1963,43:69-75.
43.Hughes M K,P.M.Kelly,J.R.Pilcher&V.C.LaMarcher Jr.Climate from tree rings[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982.
44.Hughes M K,Wu X,Shao X,et al.A preliminary reconstruction of rainfall in North-Central China since A.D.1600 from tree-ring density and width[J].Quaternary Research,1994,42:88-99.
45.Inge J,Stefan F,Kris N,et al.R ew of methods for in shu leaf area index determination:Part I.Theories,s lsors and hemispherical photography[J].Agric For Meteorol,2004,121:19-35.
46.Jain S K,Kumar S,Varghese J.Estimation of soil erosion for a Himalayan watershed using GIS technique[J].Water Resources Management,2001,15:41-54.
47.Jennings S B,Brown N D,SheilD.Assessing forest canopies and understorey illumination:canopy closure,canopy cover and other measures[J].Forestry,1999,72:59-73.
48.Joansson T.Estimating canopy density by the vertical tube method[J].For Eco Manage,1985(11):139-144.
49.KlikA,Sokol W,Steindel F.Automated erosion wheel Anewmeasuring device for field erosion plots[J].Journal of Soil and WaterConservation,2004,(3):116-121.
50.Konecny G,Pape D.Correlation Techniques and Decices,Photo.Eng.And Rem.Sens.1981,47:323-333.
51.Konecny G.Methods and Possibilities for Digital Differential Rectification[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1976.
52.Korhonen L,Korhonen K T,Rautiainen M,et al.Estimation of forest canopy cover:a comparison of field measurement techniques[J].Silva Fennica,2006,40(4):577-588.
53.KubikK.Digital Elevation Models Review and Putlook[M].ISPRSB3,1988.
54.Lai D,Pavich M,Gu Z Y,et al.Recent erosion history of asoil profile on cosmogenic in-situ radionuclides 14C and10Be.Geophysical Monography,1996,95:371-376.
55.Larsen C P S,MacDonald G M.Relations between tree-ringwidths,climate,and annual area burned in the boreal forest of Alberta[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1995,25:1746-1755.
56.LI-COR Inc.Instruction manua:LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer[R].L-i Cor Inc,Lincoln, Nebraska,USA.1992.
57.Machado J L,Reich P B.Evaluation of several measures of canopy openness as predictors of photosynthetic photon flux density in deeply shaded conifer-dominated forest understory[J].Can J For Res,1999,29(9):1438-1444.
58.Makinen H,Nojd P,Kahle HP,et al.Large-scale climatic variability and radial increment variation ofPicea abies(L.)Karst.in central and northern Europe.Trees,2003,17:173-184.
59.Mann M E,Bradley R S,Hughes M K.Northern hemisphere temperature during the last millennium:inferences,uncertainties and limitations.Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:759-762.
60.May C A,Petersburg M L,Gutierez R J.Mexican spotted owlnest and roost site habitat in northern Arizona[J].Journal of wild life management,2004,68(4):1054-1064.
61.Mcmilan C.W.Application of Automatic Image Analysis to Wood Science[J].Wood Science,1982(14):97-105.
62.Mehuys G R,Stolzy L H,Letey J,Weeks L V.Effect of stones on the hydraulic conductivity of relatively dry desert soils[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Proceeding,1975,39:37-42.
63.MEKO D M.Applications of box-Jenkins methods of times series analysis to the reconstruction of drought from tree rings[D].Tucson:Univ of Arizona,1981.
64.Meyer L D.Evolution of the universal soil loss equation of Soil and Water Conservation[J].1984,39:99-104.
65.Nearing M A,Foster G R,Lane L J,Finker S C,A Process-Based Soil Erosion Model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction ProjectTechnology,Transactions of the ASAE,1989,32(5):1587-1593.
66.OB' rien R A.Comparison of overstory canopy cover estimates on forest survey plots[R].Research Paper INT-417.Ogden,UT:USDA Forest Service,1989.
67.Olson T C,Wischmeier W H.Soil erodibility evaluations for soils on the runoff and erosion stations[J].Soil Science Society of American Proceedings,1963,27(5):590-592.
68.Overpeck J K,Hughen D,Hardy R,Bradley R,Case M,Douglas B,Finney K,Gajewski G,Jacoby A,Jennings S,Lamoureux A,Lasca G,MacDonald J,Moore M,Retelle S.Smith,A,Wolfe&G Zielinski.Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries[J].Science,1997,278:1251.
69.Palmer J G,XiongLM.New Zealand climate over the last 500 years reconstructed fromLiboce drusbidwilliiHook.f.tree-ring chronologies.The Holocene,2004,14:282-289.
70.Parker M L,Henoch W E S.The use of Engelmann spruce late-wood density for dendrochronological purposes[J].CanadianJoumal of Forest Research,1971,1:90-98.
71.Paul A K,Peter T S,Grissino-MayerHD.Occurrence of sustained droughts in the interior Pacific Northwest(A.D.1733-1980)inferred from tree-ring data.Journal of Climate,2004,17:140-150.
72.Peck A J,Watson J D,Hydraulic conductivity and flow in non-uniform soil.In:Workshop on soil Physics and field heterogeneity[J].CSIRO Div.of Environmental Mechanics,Canberra,1979,31-39.
73.Petersen G W,Gunningham R L,Matelaki R P.Moisture characteristics of Pennsylvania soil[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc.,1968,32:866-870.
74.Pierce J L.Meyer G A,Jull A J T.Fire-induced erosion and millennial scale climate change in northern ponderosa pine forests.Nature,2004,432:87-90.
75.Piere Soille,Laurent Misson.Tree ring area measurements using morphological image analysis[J].Canadian journal of Forest Research,2001,7:1074-1083.
76.Pimentel D.Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits[J].Science,1995,267:1117-1123.
77.Raffalli-Delerce G,Masson-Delmotte V,Dupouey J L,et al.Reconstruction of summer droughtsusingtree-ring cellulose isotopes:a calibration studywith living oaks from Brittany(western France)[J].Tellus,2004,56B:160-174.
78.Rautiainen M,Stenberg P,Nilson T.Estimating canopy cover in Scots pine stands[J].Silva Fennica,2005,39(1):137-142.
79.Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Prediction rainfall erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)[Z].USDA Agricultural Handbook No.703,1997.
80.Richard C.Existence Values in Benefit-costAnalysis and Damage Assessment[J].Land Economics,1992,68(4):405-417.
81.Robert J.Loughran.The measurement of soil erosion[J].Progress in Physical Geography,1989,13:216-233.
82.Sampson R N.Forestry opportunities in the United States tomitigate the effects of global warming Water[J],Air andSoil Pollction,1992,64:83-120.
83.Sauer T J,Sally D L.Hydraulic and physical properties of stone soils in a small watershed[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2002,66:1947-1956.
84.Schume H,Grabner M,EckmulIner O.The influence of an altered groundwater regime on vessel properties of hybridpoplar[J].Trees,2004,18:184-194.
85.Schut G H.Review of Interpolation Methods for DTMS[M].Invited paper,ASP.Comm.Ⅲ,Helsinki,1976.
86.Schweingruber F H.Tree rings:basics and applications of dendrochronology[M].Dordrecht,Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1988.
87.Seip K.WTP for Environmental Goods in Norway:A Contingent Valuation Study with Real Payment[J].Environmental and Resources Economics,1992,2:91-106.
88.Sheppard P R,Graumlich L J,Conkey L E.Reflected-light image analysis of conifer tree rings for reconstructing climate[J].The Holocene,1996,61:62-68.
89.Sidorchuk A.Dynamic and static models of gully erosion.Special Issue:Soil Erosion Modeling at the Catchment Scale[J].Catena,1999,37(3-4).401-414.
90.Smith V K.Nonmarket Valuation of Environmental Resources:An Interpretive Appraisal[J].Land Economics,1993,69(1):1-26.
91.Stahle D W,Cleaveland M K& J.G.Hehr.A 450 year drought reconstruction for Arkansas,United States[J].Nature,1985,316:530-532.
92.Stumpf K A.The estimation of forest vegetation cover descriptions using a vertical densitometer[EB/OL].(1993) http://www.grsgis.com/publications/saf_93.html.
93.Taylor B,Kaj J,Jacquie K,et al.Dendrogeomorphological assessment of movement at Hilda rock glacier,Banff National Park,Canadian Rocky Mountains.Geografiska Annaler,2004,86A:1-9.
94.Theford R D.An image analysis for determining densitometric and rins-width time series[J].Canadian journal of Forest RP-Arch,1991,21:1544-1549.
95.Torlegard K,Ostman A,Lindgren R.A Comparative Test of Photogrammetrically Sampled DEMS[J].Archices of Photog and RS,1984,25,PartA 3b:1065-1082.
96.Vales D J,Bunnell F L.Comparison of methods for estimateing forest overstory cover//Observer effects[J].Can J For Res,1988,18:606-609.
97.Valverde T,Silvertown J.Canopy closure rate and forest structure[J].Ecology,1997,78(5):1555-1562.
98.WILES G C,D' ARRIGO R D,JACOBY G C.Temperature changes along the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest coast modeled from coastal tree rings[J].Can J Forest Res,1996,26(3):474-481.
99.Wilson A T.12C/13C in cellulose and lignin as palae other mometers[J].Nature,1977,265:133-135.
100.Wischmeier W.H,Smith D.D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses—A Guide to Conservation Planning,In:USDA Agriculture Handbook,Washington D.C,1978:537.
101.Wimmer R,M Grabner.Effects of climate on vertical resin duct density and radial growth of Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.) Karst.)[J].Trees,1997,11:271-276.
102.Woodward D E.Method to predict cropland ephemeral gully erosion.Special Issue:Soil Erosion Modeling at the Catchment Scale[J].Catena,1999,37(3-4):393-399.
103.Young,R.A,C.A.Onstad,D.D.Bosch and W.P.Anderson,AGNPS:A Nonpoint-Source Pollution Model for Evaluating AgriculturalWatershed.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44:168-173.
104.Zhang Z.A flexible new technique for camera calibra-tion[J].IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence,2000,22(11):133O-1334.
105.Zhang Qibin,Cheng Guodong,Yao Tandong,et al.A 2326-year tree-ring record of climate variability on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(14):1739-1742.
106.Zhou Q,Robson M,Pilesjo P.On the ground estimation of vegetation cover in Australian rangclands[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,9:1815-1820.
107.Zhu JJ,Matsuzaki T,Gonda Y.Optical stratification porosity as a measure of vertical canopy structure in a Japanese coastal forest[J].For Ecol Man,2003,173:89-104.
108.白清俊.流域土壤侵蚀预报模型的回顾与展望[J].人民黄河,1999,21(4):18-21.
109.白云庆,郝文康,蒋伊尹,等.测树学[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1987.
110.白占国,万国江.贵州碳酸岩区域的侵蚀速率及环境效应研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水士保持通报,1998,4(1):1-7.
111.北京林业大学主编,植物生理学[M],中国林业出版社,1981.
112.北京林业大学主编.统计学原理与林业统计学[M].中国林业出版社,1988:157-158.
113.卜兆基,孙金庄,周伏建,等.水土流失定量遥感方法及其应用研究[J].土壤学报,1997,34(3):235-245.
114.蔡强国,陆兆熊,王贵平.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型[J].地理学报,1996(2):108-116.
115.曹慧娟.植物学[M].中国林业出版社,2001:176.
116.陈继东,纪晓林,屈柏林,等.应用hemiview冠层分析系统估测人工复层林郁闭度,河北林业科技2007(4):5-7.
117.陈建明,井晓平,黄宗虎,等.莫高窟壁画近景摄影测量与图像数字处理[J].敦煌研究,1996(3):163-188.
118.陈健.自动测蚀轮:一种新的土壤侵蚀测量装置[J].水土保持科技情报,2005(2):5-7.
119.陈清平,李爱善,洪亮,等.近景摄影测量技术在铁路桥隧设计中的应用[J].地理空间信息,2004,2(4):17-19.
120.陈秀颜.综合评价森林资源的方法[J].林业经济,1982(6):46-48.
121.陈应发.条件价值法-国外最重要的森林游憩价值评估方法[J].生态经济,1996(5):35-37.
122.陈永宗,景可,蔡强国.黄土高原现代侵蚀与治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
123.程效军,罗武.基于非量测数字相机的近景摄影测量[J].铁路航测,2002(1):9-11.
124.程效军,数字近景摄影测量在工程中的应用研究[D].上海:同济大学,2002.
125.程致远,梁卓成,林瑞芳,等.核试验释放核素239、240Pu在湖泊沉积物中的分布[C].中国矿物岩石地球化学学会全国第四届矿物岩石地球化学讨论会摘要汇编,北京:地震出版社,1991:421-422.
126.戴君虎,邵雪梅,崔海亭,等.太白山树木年轮宽度资料对过去生态气要素的重建[J].第四纪研究2003,24(4):428-435.
127.丁军,赵明泽,陈祖军.利用近景摄影测量进行安丙家族墓文物考古测绘[J].工程勘察,2002,(4):54-56.
128.杜文峰,王凤臻,李庆.提高郁闭度调查精度的几点建议[J].林业资源管理,1999(3):62-64.
129.杜晓明,蔡体久,琚存勇.采用偏最小二乘回归方法估测森林郁闭度[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):273-277.
130.范玮熠,王孝安.树木年轮稳定碳同位素与气候变化的关系研究进展[J],陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(专辑):148-151.
131.费本华.气候变化与树木年轮结构关系研究进展[J].世界林业研究,1998,11(6):48-51.
132.费里德曼SJ等著,张祖勋译.摄影测量过程自动化[M].北京:测绘出版社,1984.
133.冯仲科,殷嘉俭,贾建华,等.数字近景摄影测量用于森林固定样地测树的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2001,23(5):16-19.
134.高尚玉,鲁瑞洁,强明瑞,等.140年来腾格里沙漠南缘树木年轮记录的降水量变化[J].科学通报,2006,51(3):326-331.
135.谷树忠.森林环境价值核算[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2002:46-51.
136.宫鹏,梅雪良,G.S.Biging,张祖勋.利用数字摄影测量探测橡树草原变化[J].遥感学报,1999(04):42-46.
137.韩其燕.树木年轮参数图像检测方法研究[D].西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2007.
138.黄炎和,陈明华,黄鑫全.土壤侵蚀量的标签定位测定方法初探[J].福建水土保持,1998,(2):51-53.
139.何海.使用winDENDRO测量树轮宽度及交叉定年方法[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,12:39-45.
140.何吉成,王丽丽,邵雪梅.漠河樟子松树轮指数与标准化植被指数的关系研究[J].第四纪研究,2005,25(2):252-257.
141.何利平.森林生态效益评价研究存在的问题与建议[J].山西科技,2006(5):75-787.
142.侯爱敏,彭少麟,周国逸.树木年轮对气候变化的响应研究及其应用[J].生态科学,1999,18(3):16-23.
143.侯爱敏.树木年轮研究中的计算机辅助研究[J].资源生态环境网络研究动态,2000,11(3):5-8.
144.侯元兆.中国森林资源核算研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.
145.胡国钰.AdobePhotoshop6.0基础教程[M].北京:希望电子出版社,2001.
146.胡良军,李锐,杨勤科.基于GIS的区域水土流失评价研究[C].全国区域水土流失快速调查与管理信息系统学术研讨会论文集,1999.42-45.
147.胡晓荣.树木年轮自动识别与提取[D].南京林业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
148.黄荣凤,赵有科,吕建雄,等.侧柏年轮宽度和年轮密度对气候变化的响应[J].林业科学,2006,42(7):78-82.
149.江忠善,宋文经.黄河中游黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域产沙量计算[C].第一次河流泥沙国际学术讨论会文集,北京:光华出版社,1980:63-72.
150.江忠善,王志强,刘志.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀空间变化定量研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):1-10.
151.姜凤歧,朱教君,曾德慧,等.防护林经营学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003:131-135.
152.蒋高明,黄银晓,万国江,等.树木年轮δ13C值及其对我国北方大气CO2浓度变化的指示意义[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(2):155-160.
153.康兴成.阿尔泰山区树木年轮与气候、冰川变化相互关系的探讨[J].冰川冻土,1983,5(4):57-62.
154.孔繁文,戴广翠,何乃蕙,等.森林环境资源核算与政策[M].北京:中国环境出版社,1994.
155.兰涛,夏冰,贺善安.马尾松的生长与气候关系的年轮分析[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(4):422-424.
156.郎奎建.林业生态工程10种森林生态效益计量理论和方法[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(1)1-7.
157.李博.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
158.李崇贵,石强,赵宪文,等.用岭估计研究以RS和GIS为基础的森林郁闭度估测[J].林业科学,2001,7(5):24-30.
159.李崇贵,蔡体久.森林郁闭度对蓄积量估测的影响规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2006,34(1):15-17.
160.李德民,杜景林,试用油松人工林径阶冠幅面积曲线法求算林分郁闭度,辽宁林业科技,1996(5):20-21.
161.李德仁,郑肇葆.解析摄影测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992.
162.李江风,袁玉江,由希尧.树木年轮水文学研究与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
163.李俊清.森林生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
164.李林,汪青春,朱西德,秦宁生,李栋梁,等.利用树木年轮重建柴达木地区5-6月地温[J].高原气象,2005,24(3):331-337.
165.李欣,蒋彤纳,单玉龙.应用近景摄影测量方法测制龙门桥石像等值线图[J].测绘信息与工程,2003,28(4):22-23.
166.李永宁,张宾兰,秦淑英,等.郁闭度及其测定方法研究与应用[J].世界林业研究,2008,21(1):40-46.
167.李裕国.森林资源管理和监测新技术例解Ⅱ——微细网点板航片郁闭度判读应用例[J].林业勘查设计,1995(3):5-11.
168.刘宝元,张科利,焦菊英.土壤可蚀性及其在侵蚀预报中的应用[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(4):346-350.
169.刘大伟,孙国清,庞勇,等.利用LANDSATTM数据对森林郁闭度进行遥感分级估测[J].应用技术,2006:41-32.
170.刘洪滨,邵雪梅.采用秦岭冷杉年轮宽度重建陕西镇安1755年以来的初春温度[J].气象学报,2000,58(2),223-233.
171.刘洪滨,邵雪梅.秦岭南坡佛坪1789年以来1-4月平均温度重建[J].应用气象学报,2003,14(2):188-196.
172.刘洪滨,吴祥定.采用树轮图像分析方法研究历史时期气候变化的可行性[J].地理研究,1996,(6):44-52.
173.刘宏友.MATLAB6基础及应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2002.
174.刘建,何维明,房志玲.东灵山油松林和辽东栎林下土壤资源和光资源的空间特征[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2954-2960.
175.刘禹,吴祥定,邵雪梅,等.树轮密度、稳定同位素对过去100年陕西黄陵的季节性温度和降水的恢复[J].中国科学,1997,27(3):271-277.
176.刘志铭,万勇,张建慧.等.非量测数码相机在砼管片变形检测中的应用[J].测绘通报,2001,(6):40-41.
177.陆兆熊.国际土壤侵蚀研究工作的最新动态[J].地理研究,1987,6(1):86-91.
178.吕军,屠其璞,钱君龙.树木年轮碳稳定同位素在气象中的应用[J].气象,2001,27(1):9-13.
179.罗晓华,向成华,森林生态效益研究现状[J].四川林业科学,2006,27(2):42-46.
180.骆克任.社会经济定量研究与SPSS和SAS的应用[M].电子工业出版社,2002:246-270.
181.马利民,刘禹,赵建夫.贺兰山油松年轮中稳定碳同位素含量和环境的关系[J].环境科学,2003,24(5):49-53.
182.马鑫.AdobePhotoshopCS中文版教程[M].北京:清华出版社,2005.
183.孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
184.米锋.森林生态效益评价的研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(6)77-83.
185.牟金泽,熊贵枢.陕北小流域产沙量预报及水土保持措施拦沙计算[C].第一次河流泥沙国际学术讨论会文集,北京:光华出版社,1980:63-72.
186.南秋菊,华珞.国内外土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,24(2):86-95.
187.潘地林.AutoCAD2005实用教程[M],合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2005.
188.戚大伟,等.图象处理技术在木材年轮检测中的应用[J].东北林业大学学报,1994(3):106-111.
189.钱君龙,吕军,屠其璞,等.用树轮α-纤维素δ13C重建天目山地区近160年气候[J].中国科学,2001,D辑,31(4):333-341.
190.邱荣祖,方金武.山地林到路面土壤侵蚀及其防治措施的研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,3(4):50-55
191.邱荣祖,王玉明,康文和.山地林到路面土壤侵蚀研究[J].森林工程,1997,13(4):44-46.
192.邱志惠.AutoCAD实用教程(修订版2004\2005中英文双语版)[M].陕西:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005.
193.任伟中,寇新建,凌浩美.数字化近景摄影测量在模型试验变形测量中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(3):436-440.
194.日本林野厅,杨惠民译.森林公益效能计量调查——绿色效益调查[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1982.
195.史培军,刘宝元,张科利.土壤侵蚀过程与模型研究[J].资源科学,1999,21(5):9-18.
196.邵锡惠.我院近景摄影测量的回顾与展望[J].解放军测绘学院学报,1994,11(2):117-121.
197.邵雪梅,吴祥定.华山树木年轮年表的建立[J].地理学报,1994,49(2):174-181.
198.沈长泗,陈金敏,张志华,等.采用树木年轮资料重建山东沂山地区200多年来的湿润指数[J].地理研究,1988,17(2):150-156.
199.孙雪文,高德武,李日新,等.ArcViewGIS支持下的林地郁闭度的快速精确测定方法[J].黑龙江水专学报,2005,32(3):89-90.
200.谭炳香,李增元,陈尔学,等.Hyperion高光谱数据森林郁闭度定量估测研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):95-101.
201.汤立群,陈国祥,蔡名扬.黄土丘陵区小流域产沙数学模型[J].河海大学学报,1990,18(6):10-16.
202.陶诗言.一套国内最新的有关气候变化的专著[J].地理学报,1997,52(5):477-478.
203.王丽丽,邵雪梅,黄磊.黑龙江漠河兴安落叶松与樟子松树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应[J].2005,29(3):380-385.
204.王丰元.计算机视觉在道路交通事故现场勘查中的应用研究[D].北京:中国农业大学车辆工程学院博士学位论文,1997.
205.王红梅,钱育华,朱振海,等.船行波的近景摄影测量及其模拟[J].期测绘学报,1999,28(4):360-364.
206.王婷,于丹,李江风,等.树木年轮宽度与气候变化关系研究进展,植物生态学报,2003,27(1)23-33.
207.王星宇.黄土地区流域产沙数学模型[J].泥沙研究,1987(3):41-46.
208.王秀美,曾卓乔.数字摄影测量技术在森林调查中的应用研究[J].林业资源管理,2001(01):32-36.
209.王雪峰.立体视觉技术在林业测定应用中的方法初探[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2001.
210.王之卓.摄影测量原理[M].北京:测绘出版社,1979.
211.王之卓.摄影测量原理续编[M].北京:测绘出版社,1986.
212.魏明果,刘德富,刘运长,等.普通数码相机数字摄影测量的数理模型研究[J].武汉水利电力大学(宜昌)学报,2000,22(2):174-178.
213.吴祥定,邵雪梅.中国秦岭地区树木年轮密度对气候响应的初步分析[J].应用气象学报,1994,5(2):253-256.
214.吴祥定.邵雪梅.中国树木年轮气候学研究动态与展望[J].地球科学进展,1993,8(6):31-35.
215.吴祥定,孙力,程志刚.若干西藏高原上树木年轮年表的建立[J].科学通报,1988,8:616-619.
216.吴祥定.树木年轮与气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.
217.肖强,叶文景,朱珠,等.利用数码相机和测定叶面积的简Photoshop软件非破坏性便方法[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(6):711-714.
218.谢昆青,李志尧.树木年轮研究的扫描图像分析方法及其在环境演变中的应用[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(3):259-269.
219.熊奎山.人工同龄纯林理论郁闭度测定计算的研究[J].甘肃林业科技,1999,24(3):1-6.
220.许录平.数字图像处理[M],北京:科学出版社,2007.
221.杨华,孟宪宇,刘燕,等,单株立木图像信息的提取与解算,北京林业大学学报,2005,27(1):51-54.
222.杨化超,邓喀中,张书毕,等.数字近景摄影测量技术在矿山地表沉陷监测中的应用研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2008,13(3).
223.杨建英,韩成军,叶海英,等.华北地区公路土质边坡土壤侵蚀实验研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(4):121-125.
224.杨劲峰,陈清,韩晓日,等.数字图像处理技术在蔬菜叶面积测量中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2002,18:155-158.
225.杨武德,王兆骞,眭国平,等.红壤坡地土壤侵蚀定位土芯Eu示踪法研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持通报,1998,4(1):61-65.
226.杨银科,刘禹,史江峰,等.树木年轮密度实验方法及其在内蒙古准格尔旗树轮研究中的应用[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):639-645.
227.尹国康,陈钦峦.黄土高原小流域特性指标与产沙统计模式[J].地理学报,1989,44(1):31-45.
228.尹训钢,刘洪滨,邵雪梅.用树木年轮重建过去气候模型程序的流程分析[C].气候变化规律及其数值模拟研究论文集,北京:气象出版社,1996:118-119.
229.游先祥.遥感原理及在资源环境中的应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003.
230.于承新,徐芳,黄桂兰,等.近景摄影测量在钢结构变形监测中的应用[J].山东建筑工程学院学报,2000,15(4):1-7.
231.袁玉江.李江风.新疆伊犁地区树轮年表特征初探[J].干旱区地理,1993,16(3):49-50.
232.袁玉江,邵雪梅,魏文寿,等.乌鲁木齐河山区树木年轮-积温关系及≥5.7℃积温的重建[J].生态学报,2005,25(4):756-762.
233.张超.树木影像特征提取与立体匹配技术研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2003.
234.张登荣,赵元洪,徐鹏炜.水土流失遥感方法与土地资源评价[M].北京:原子能出版社,1996:1-15.
235.张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
236.张光辉.土壤侵蚀模型研究现状与展望[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):389-396.
237.张光辉.土壤水蚀预报模型研究进展[J].地理研究,2001,20(3):274-231.
238.张剑清,潘励,王树根.摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
239.张建国,余建辉.生态林业的效益观—林业综合效益初步[J].林业经济问题,1994,(3):1.
240.张垒法,何金田,陈渝仁.提高植物叶片面积测量精度的方法[J].河南农业大学学报,2002,36(1):91-94.
241.张青.树木图像匹配与重构关键技术的研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2003.
242.张志华,李冀,GraumlichLJ,等.用树木密度及宽度资料重建吉术萨尔县的季节降水和最到温度[J].气象学报,1998,56(1):77-86.
243.张宗祜.黄土高原区域环境地质问题及治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
244.张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量的发展、思考与对策[J].测绘软科学研究,1999(2):15-20.
245.张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1996.
246.张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学的发展及应用[J].测绘通报,1997(6):30-40.
247.章毓晋.图像处理和分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999:19-21.
248.赵廷宁,祁有祥,尚润阳,等.基于R2V和Auto CAD的树木年代学方法及其在冀北山地的初步应用[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(3):87-91.
249.赵彤堂,李凤鸣,刘清玉,等.儿种测定郁闭度方法的比较[J].中南林业凋查规划,1995,52(2):42-44.
250.赵文美,程培峰,姜亚芬,等.数码相机在山区道路测量中应用的探讨[J].森林工程,2004,20(5):70-72.
251.赵形堂,李凤鸣,刘清玉,等.几种测定郁闭度方法的比较[J].中南林业调查规划,1995(2):42-44.
252.郑恩亮,王兆宝.近景摄影测量在矿山测量中的应用[J].有色金属(矿山部分),1999,(5)42-43.
253.郑粉莉,刘峰,杨勤科,等.土壤侵蚀预报模型研究进展[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(6):16-18.
254.郑淑霞,上官周平.树木年轮与气候变化关系研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(6):100-107.
255.郑淑霞,上官周平.近70年来黄土高原典型植物δ13C值变化研究[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(2):289-295
256.郑淑霞,上官周平.辽东栎叶片气孔密度及δ13C值的时空变异[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):30-36.
257.周冰冰.北京市森林资源价值[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
258.周佩华,田均良,刘普灵,等.黄土高原土壤侵蚀与稀土元素示踪研究[J].水土保持研究,1997,4(2):2-9.
259.周心澄.国内外关于防护林体系效益研究动态综述[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(2):79-84.
260.周正朝,上官周平.土壤侵蚀模型研究综述[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):52-55.
261.朱海峰,王丽丽,邵雪梅,等.雪岭云杉树轮宽度对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2004,59(6):863-870.
262.朱教君,康宏樟,胡理乐.应用全天空照片估计林分透光孔隙度(郁闭度)[J].生态学杂志, 2005,24(10):1234-1240.
263.朱教君.透光分层疏透度测定及其在次生林结构研究中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(8):1229-1233.
264.朱西德,秦宁生,李栋梁,等.利用树木年轮重建柴达木地区5-6月地温[J].高原气象,2005,24(3):331-337.
265.朱援祥,赵学荣,王勤.数码相机在焊接结构收缩变形测量中的应用[J].焊接,2003(5):16-18.
2.Barber V A,Juday G P,Finney B P,et al.Reconstruction of summer temperatures in interior Alaska from tree-ring proxies:Evidence for changing synoptic climate regimes[J].Climatic Change,2004,63:91-120.
3.Benson J F,Willis K G.Valuing informal recreation on the forestry commission estate[J].QuarterlyJournal ofForestry,1993,16(3):63-65.
4.Briffa K R,Bartholin T S,Eckstein D,et al.A 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia[J].Nature,1991,346:434-439.
5.Briffa K R,Osborn T J,Schweingruber F H.Large-scale temperature inferences from tree rings:areview[J].Global and Planetary Change,2004,40:11-26.
6.Brown N,Jennings S,Wheeler P,etal.An improved method for the rapid assessment of forest under storey light environments[J].The Journal of Applied Ecology,2000,37(6):1044-1053.
7.Bunnell F L,Vales D J.Comparison ofmethods for estimating forest overstory cover:differences among techniques[J].Can J For Res,1990,20:101-107.
8.Chen J M,Black T A,Adams R S.Evaluation of hemispherical photography for determining plant area index and geometry of forest stand[J].Agric For Meteorol,1991,56:129-143.
9.Comeau P G,Gendron F,Letchford T.A comparison of several methods for estimating light under a paper birch mixed wood stand[J].Can J For Res,1998,28:1843-1850.
10.Cook E R.A time series analysis approach to tree-ring standardization[D].Tucson:Univ of Arizona,1985.
11.Cook E R,Kairiukstis L A.Methods of Dendrochronology:Applications in the Environmental Sciences[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1990:1-200.
12.Cook J G,Stutzman T W,Bowers CW,et al.Spherical densiometers produce biased estimates of forest canopy cover[J].Wildl Soc Bui,1995,23(4):711-717.
13.Cook E T,Bird M,Peterson M,Barbetti B,Buckley R D,Arrigo R,Francey&P.Tans.Climate change in Tasmania inferred from a 1089-year tree-ring chronology of Huon pine[J].Science,1991,253:1266-1268.
14.Costanza R.The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,389:253-260.
15.Cotton C L.Winter habitat use and activity patterns of northern Flying Squirrels in sub-boreal forests[R].B.S.Loyola College in Maryland,the University of Northern British Columbia,1999.
16.Cousin I,Nicoulland B,Coutandeur C.Influence of rock fragment on the water retention and waterpercolation in acalcareoussoil[J].Catena,2003,53:97-114.
17.DArrigo R D,Jacoby G C.Northern North American tree_ring evidence for regional temperature changes after major volcanic events[J].Climatic Change,1999,41:1-15.
18.Daily Ged Nature' s Service.Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems[M].Washington D C: Island Press,1997.
19.Darryl E,Granger,James W,etal.Spatially averaged longtime erosion rates measured from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides in alluvial sediment.The Journal of Geology,1996,104:249-257.
20.Davis L R,Waterhouse M J,Armleder H M.A comparison of the breeding bird communities in serai stages of the Engelmann Spruce-Sub-alpine FirZone in east central British Columbia[EB/OL].http://www.for.gov.be.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Wp/Wp39.Htm,1999.
21.Douglass A E.A method for estimating rainfall by the growth of trees[J].In:Huntington,E.ed.The climatic factors as illustrated in arid America.Lancaster,Pennsylvania:Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication.1914,192:101-121.
22.Douglass A E.Evidence of climatic effects in the annual rings of trees[J].Ecology,1920,1:24-32.
23.Dudley N.Evaluation of forest quality towards a landscape scale assessment[R/OL]//IUCN and WWF.Interim Report,1999:18-25[2006-08-29].http://www.iucn.org/themes/forests/quality.
24.Englund S R,O B'rien J J,Clark D B.Evaluation of digital and film hemispherical photography and spherical densiometry for measuring forest light environments[J].Can J For Res,2000,30:1999-2005.
25.Epstein E,Grant W J,Struchtemeyer R A.Effects of stones on runoff,erosion and soil moisture[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Amer.Proc,1966,30:638-640.
26.Feng X H,Epstein S.Carbon isotopes of trees from arid environments and implication for reconstructing atmospheric CO_2concentration[J].Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta,1995,59:2599-2608.
27.FialaA C S,Garman S L,Gray A N.Comparison of five canopy cover estimation techniques in the Western Oregon Cascades[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,232:188-197.
28.Firtts H C.Tree Ring and climate[M].London:Accdemic Prees.1976:150.
29.Foster G R,Meyer L D.Aelosed form soil erosion equation for upland areas[J].In H.W.Shen(ed.)SymPosinm of Sedimentation,Colorado,1972,12:1-12.
30.Fritts H C.Tree Ring and Climate[M].Academia Press.London.1976.332-333,534.
31.Fritts H C.Reconstruction Large-scale Climate Patterns fromTree Ring Data[M].USA:The University of Arizona Press,1991.
32.Ganey J L,Block W M.A comparison of two techniques for measuring canopy closure[J].West J Appl For,1994,9(1):21-23.
33.Garrison G A.Uses and modifications for “moosehorn”crown closure estimation[J].For,1949,47:733-735.
34.Glenn W H.ValuingPublic Goods Withthe Contingent ValuationMethod:A Critique of Kanhneman and Knetsch[J].Journal of Environmental Economics andManagement,1992,23:248-257.
35.Gouet V,Montesinos P,Deriche R,et al.Evaluation de detecteurs depoints Dint' Eretpourla couleur.In reconnaissance desformeset intelligence artificielle,2000:257-266.
36.Hans W L,Mats N,Tina M.Summer moisture variability in east central Sweden since the mid-eighteenth century recorded in tree rings[J].Geografiska Annaler,2004,86A:277-287.
37.Harris CG.Stephens M J.A combined corner and edge detector[M].Proceedings fourth alvey vision conference,M anchester,1988:147-151.
38.Heipke C A Review of the State-of-art for Topographic Application:Digitail Photogrammetric Workstations[M].GIM International,2001.
39.Helava U V.Digital Comparator Correlator System[M].Proceedings on Fast Processing of Photogrammetric Date,Interlaken,Switzerland,1987.
40.Helava U V.Digital Correlation in Photogrammetric Instruments[M].International Archives of Photogrammetry,1976.
41.Herbert T J.Area projections of fisheye photographic lenses[J].Agric For Meteoro,1987,39:215-223.
42.Holms R L.computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement[J].Tree-Ring Bulletin,1963,43:69-75.
43.Hughes M K,P.M.Kelly,J.R.Pilcher&V.C.LaMarcher Jr.Climate from tree rings[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982.
44.Hughes M K,Wu X,Shao X,et al.A preliminary reconstruction of rainfall in North-Central China since A.D.1600 from tree-ring density and width[J].Quaternary Research,1994,42:88-99.
45.Inge J,Stefan F,Kris N,et al.R ew of methods for in shu leaf area index determination:Part I.Theories,s lsors and hemispherical photography[J].Agric For Meteorol,2004,121:19-35.
46.Jain S K,Kumar S,Varghese J.Estimation of soil erosion for a Himalayan watershed using GIS technique[J].Water Resources Management,2001,15:41-54.
47.Jennings S B,Brown N D,SheilD.Assessing forest canopies and understorey illumination:canopy closure,canopy cover and other measures[J].Forestry,1999,72:59-73.
48.Joansson T.Estimating canopy density by the vertical tube method[J].For Eco Manage,1985(11):139-144.
49.KlikA,Sokol W,Steindel F.Automated erosion wheel Anewmeasuring device for field erosion plots[J].Journal of Soil and WaterConservation,2004,(3):116-121.
50.Konecny G,Pape D.Correlation Techniques and Decices,Photo.Eng.And Rem.Sens.1981,47:323-333.
51.Konecny G.Methods and Possibilities for Digital Differential Rectification[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1976.
52.Korhonen L,Korhonen K T,Rautiainen M,et al.Estimation of forest canopy cover:a comparison of field measurement techniques[J].Silva Fennica,2006,40(4):577-588.
53.KubikK.Digital Elevation Models Review and Putlook[M].ISPRSB3,1988.
54.Lai D,Pavich M,Gu Z Y,et al.Recent erosion history of asoil profile on cosmogenic in-situ radionuclides 14C and10Be.Geophysical Monography,1996,95:371-376.
55.Larsen C P S,MacDonald G M.Relations between tree-ringwidths,climate,and annual area burned in the boreal forest of Alberta[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1995,25:1746-1755.
56.LI-COR Inc.Instruction manua:LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer[R].L-i Cor Inc,Lincoln, Nebraska,USA.1992.
57.Machado J L,Reich P B.Evaluation of several measures of canopy openness as predictors of photosynthetic photon flux density in deeply shaded conifer-dominated forest understory[J].Can J For Res,1999,29(9):1438-1444.
58.Makinen H,Nojd P,Kahle HP,et al.Large-scale climatic variability and radial increment variation ofPicea abies(L.)Karst.in central and northern Europe.Trees,2003,17:173-184.
59.Mann M E,Bradley R S,Hughes M K.Northern hemisphere temperature during the last millennium:inferences,uncertainties and limitations.Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:759-762.
60.May C A,Petersburg M L,Gutierez R J.Mexican spotted owlnest and roost site habitat in northern Arizona[J].Journal of wild life management,2004,68(4):1054-1064.
61.Mcmilan C.W.Application of Automatic Image Analysis to Wood Science[J].Wood Science,1982(14):97-105.
62.Mehuys G R,Stolzy L H,Letey J,Weeks L V.Effect of stones on the hydraulic conductivity of relatively dry desert soils[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Proceeding,1975,39:37-42.
63.MEKO D M.Applications of box-Jenkins methods of times series analysis to the reconstruction of drought from tree rings[D].Tucson:Univ of Arizona,1981.
64.Meyer L D.Evolution of the universal soil loss equation of Soil and Water Conservation[J].1984,39:99-104.
65.Nearing M A,Foster G R,Lane L J,Finker S C,A Process-Based Soil Erosion Model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction ProjectTechnology,Transactions of the ASAE,1989,32(5):1587-1593.
66.OB' rien R A.Comparison of overstory canopy cover estimates on forest survey plots[R].Research Paper INT-417.Ogden,UT:USDA Forest Service,1989.
67.Olson T C,Wischmeier W H.Soil erodibility evaluations for soils on the runoff and erosion stations[J].Soil Science Society of American Proceedings,1963,27(5):590-592.
68.Overpeck J K,Hughen D,Hardy R,Bradley R,Case M,Douglas B,Finney K,Gajewski G,Jacoby A,Jennings S,Lamoureux A,Lasca G,MacDonald J,Moore M,Retelle S.Smith,A,Wolfe&G Zielinski.Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries[J].Science,1997,278:1251.
69.Palmer J G,XiongLM.New Zealand climate over the last 500 years reconstructed fromLiboce drusbidwilliiHook.f.tree-ring chronologies.The Holocene,2004,14:282-289.
70.Parker M L,Henoch W E S.The use of Engelmann spruce late-wood density for dendrochronological purposes[J].CanadianJoumal of Forest Research,1971,1:90-98.
71.Paul A K,Peter T S,Grissino-MayerHD.Occurrence of sustained droughts in the interior Pacific Northwest(A.D.1733-1980)inferred from tree-ring data.Journal of Climate,2004,17:140-150.
72.Peck A J,Watson J D,Hydraulic conductivity and flow in non-uniform soil.In:Workshop on soil Physics and field heterogeneity[J].CSIRO Div.of Environmental Mechanics,Canberra,1979,31-39.
73.Petersen G W,Gunningham R L,Matelaki R P.Moisture characteristics of Pennsylvania soil[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc.,1968,32:866-870.
74.Pierce J L.Meyer G A,Jull A J T.Fire-induced erosion and millennial scale climate change in northern ponderosa pine forests.Nature,2004,432:87-90.
75.Piere Soille,Laurent Misson.Tree ring area measurements using morphological image analysis[J].Canadian journal of Forest Research,2001,7:1074-1083.
76.Pimentel D.Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits[J].Science,1995,267:1117-1123.
77.Raffalli-Delerce G,Masson-Delmotte V,Dupouey J L,et al.Reconstruction of summer droughtsusingtree-ring cellulose isotopes:a calibration studywith living oaks from Brittany(western France)[J].Tellus,2004,56B:160-174.
78.Rautiainen M,Stenberg P,Nilson T.Estimating canopy cover in Scots pine stands[J].Silva Fennica,2005,39(1):137-142.
79.Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A,et al.Prediction rainfall erosion by water:A guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)[Z].USDA Agricultural Handbook No.703,1997.
80.Richard C.Existence Values in Benefit-costAnalysis and Damage Assessment[J].Land Economics,1992,68(4):405-417.
81.Robert J.Loughran.The measurement of soil erosion[J].Progress in Physical Geography,1989,13:216-233.
82.Sampson R N.Forestry opportunities in the United States tomitigate the effects of global warming Water[J],Air andSoil Pollction,1992,64:83-120.
83.Sauer T J,Sally D L.Hydraulic and physical properties of stone soils in a small watershed[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2002,66:1947-1956.
84.Schume H,Grabner M,EckmulIner O.The influence of an altered groundwater regime on vessel properties of hybridpoplar[J].Trees,2004,18:184-194.
85.Schut G H.Review of Interpolation Methods for DTMS[M].Invited paper,ASP.Comm.Ⅲ,Helsinki,1976.
86.Schweingruber F H.Tree rings:basics and applications of dendrochronology[M].Dordrecht,Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1988.
87.Seip K.WTP for Environmental Goods in Norway:A Contingent Valuation Study with Real Payment[J].Environmental and Resources Economics,1992,2:91-106.
88.Sheppard P R,Graumlich L J,Conkey L E.Reflected-light image analysis of conifer tree rings for reconstructing climate[J].The Holocene,1996,61:62-68.
89.Sidorchuk A.Dynamic and static models of gully erosion.Special Issue:Soil Erosion Modeling at the Catchment Scale[J].Catena,1999,37(3-4).401-414.
90.Smith V K.Nonmarket Valuation of Environmental Resources:An Interpretive Appraisal[J].Land Economics,1993,69(1):1-26.
91.Stahle D W,Cleaveland M K& J.G.Hehr.A 450 year drought reconstruction for Arkansas,United States[J].Nature,1985,316:530-532.
92.Stumpf K A.The estimation of forest vegetation cover descriptions using a vertical densitometer[EB/OL].(1993) http://www.grsgis.com/publications/saf_93.html.
93.Taylor B,Kaj J,Jacquie K,et al.Dendrogeomorphological assessment of movement at Hilda rock glacier,Banff National Park,Canadian Rocky Mountains.Geografiska Annaler,2004,86A:1-9.
94.Theford R D.An image analysis for determining densitometric and rins-width time series[J].Canadian journal of Forest RP-Arch,1991,21:1544-1549.
95.Torlegard K,Ostman A,Lindgren R.A Comparative Test of Photogrammetrically Sampled DEMS[J].Archices of Photog and RS,1984,25,PartA 3b:1065-1082.
96.Vales D J,Bunnell F L.Comparison of methods for estimateing forest overstory cover//Observer effects[J].Can J For Res,1988,18:606-609.
97.Valverde T,Silvertown J.Canopy closure rate and forest structure[J].Ecology,1997,78(5):1555-1562.
98.WILES G C,D' ARRIGO R D,JACOBY G C.Temperature changes along the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Northwest coast modeled from coastal tree rings[J].Can J Forest Res,1996,26(3):474-481.
99.Wilson A T.12C/13C in cellulose and lignin as palae other mometers[J].Nature,1977,265:133-135.
100.Wischmeier W.H,Smith D.D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses—A Guide to Conservation Planning,In:USDA Agriculture Handbook,Washington D.C,1978:537.
101.Wimmer R,M Grabner.Effects of climate on vertical resin duct density and radial growth of Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.) Karst.)[J].Trees,1997,11:271-276.
102.Woodward D E.Method to predict cropland ephemeral gully erosion.Special Issue:Soil Erosion Modeling at the Catchment Scale[J].Catena,1999,37(3-4):393-399.
103.Young,R.A,C.A.Onstad,D.D.Bosch and W.P.Anderson,AGNPS:A Nonpoint-Source Pollution Model for Evaluating AgriculturalWatershed.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44:168-173.
104.Zhang Z.A flexible new technique for camera calibra-tion[J].IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence,2000,22(11):133O-1334.
105.Zhang Qibin,Cheng Guodong,Yao Tandong,et al.A 2326-year tree-ring record of climate variability on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(14):1739-1742.
106.Zhou Q,Robson M,Pilesjo P.On the ground estimation of vegetation cover in Australian rangclands[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,9:1815-1820.
107.Zhu JJ,Matsuzaki T,Gonda Y.Optical stratification porosity as a measure of vertical canopy structure in a Japanese coastal forest[J].For Ecol Man,2003,173:89-104.
108.白清俊.流域土壤侵蚀预报模型的回顾与展望[J].人民黄河,1999,21(4):18-21.
109.白云庆,郝文康,蒋伊尹,等.测树学[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1987.
110.白占国,万国江.贵州碳酸岩区域的侵蚀速率及环境效应研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水士保持通报,1998,4(1):1-7.
111.北京林业大学主编,植物生理学[M],中国林业出版社,1981.
112.北京林业大学主编.统计学原理与林业统计学[M].中国林业出版社,1988:157-158.
113.卜兆基,孙金庄,周伏建,等.水土流失定量遥感方法及其应用研究[J].土壤学报,1997,34(3):235-245.
114.蔡强国,陆兆熊,王贵平.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型[J].地理学报,1996(2):108-116.
115.曹慧娟.植物学[M].中国林业出版社,2001:176.
116.陈继东,纪晓林,屈柏林,等.应用hemiview冠层分析系统估测人工复层林郁闭度,河北林业科技2007(4):5-7.
117.陈建明,井晓平,黄宗虎,等.莫高窟壁画近景摄影测量与图像数字处理[J].敦煌研究,1996(3):163-188.
118.陈健.自动测蚀轮:一种新的土壤侵蚀测量装置[J].水土保持科技情报,2005(2):5-7.
119.陈清平,李爱善,洪亮,等.近景摄影测量技术在铁路桥隧设计中的应用[J].地理空间信息,2004,2(4):17-19.
120.陈秀颜.综合评价森林资源的方法[J].林业经济,1982(6):46-48.
121.陈应发.条件价值法-国外最重要的森林游憩价值评估方法[J].生态经济,1996(5):35-37.
122.陈永宗,景可,蔡强国.黄土高原现代侵蚀与治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.
123.程效军,罗武.基于非量测数字相机的近景摄影测量[J].铁路航测,2002(1):9-11.
124.程效军,数字近景摄影测量在工程中的应用研究[D].上海:同济大学,2002.
125.程致远,梁卓成,林瑞芳,等.核试验释放核素239、240Pu在湖泊沉积物中的分布[C].中国矿物岩石地球化学学会全国第四届矿物岩石地球化学讨论会摘要汇编,北京:地震出版社,1991:421-422.
126.戴君虎,邵雪梅,崔海亭,等.太白山树木年轮宽度资料对过去生态气要素的重建[J].第四纪研究2003,24(4):428-435.
127.丁军,赵明泽,陈祖军.利用近景摄影测量进行安丙家族墓文物考古测绘[J].工程勘察,2002,(4):54-56.
128.杜文峰,王凤臻,李庆.提高郁闭度调查精度的几点建议[J].林业资源管理,1999(3):62-64.
129.杜晓明,蔡体久,琚存勇.采用偏最小二乘回归方法估测森林郁闭度[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):273-277.
130.范玮熠,王孝安.树木年轮稳定碳同位素与气候变化的关系研究进展[J],陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(专辑):148-151.
131.费本华.气候变化与树木年轮结构关系研究进展[J].世界林业研究,1998,11(6):48-51.
132.费里德曼SJ等著,张祖勋译.摄影测量过程自动化[M].北京:测绘出版社,1984.
133.冯仲科,殷嘉俭,贾建华,等.数字近景摄影测量用于森林固定样地测树的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2001,23(5):16-19.
134.高尚玉,鲁瑞洁,强明瑞,等.140年来腾格里沙漠南缘树木年轮记录的降水量变化[J].科学通报,2006,51(3):326-331.
135.谷树忠.森林环境价值核算[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2002:46-51.
136.宫鹏,梅雪良,G.S.Biging,张祖勋.利用数字摄影测量探测橡树草原变化[J].遥感学报,1999(04):42-46.
137.韩其燕.树木年轮参数图像检测方法研究[D].西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2007.
138.黄炎和,陈明华,黄鑫全.土壤侵蚀量的标签定位测定方法初探[J].福建水土保持,1998,(2):51-53.
139.何海.使用winDENDRO测量树轮宽度及交叉定年方法[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,12:39-45.
140.何吉成,王丽丽,邵雪梅.漠河樟子松树轮指数与标准化植被指数的关系研究[J].第四纪研究,2005,25(2):252-257.
141.何利平.森林生态效益评价研究存在的问题与建议[J].山西科技,2006(5):75-787.
142.侯爱敏,彭少麟,周国逸.树木年轮对气候变化的响应研究及其应用[J].生态科学,1999,18(3):16-23.
143.侯爱敏.树木年轮研究中的计算机辅助研究[J].资源生态环境网络研究动态,2000,11(3):5-8.
144.侯元兆.中国森林资源核算研究[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.
145.胡国钰.AdobePhotoshop6.0基础教程[M].北京:希望电子出版社,2001.
146.胡良军,李锐,杨勤科.基于GIS的区域水土流失评价研究[C].全国区域水土流失快速调查与管理信息系统学术研讨会论文集,1999.42-45.
147.胡晓荣.树木年轮自动识别与提取[D].南京林业大学硕士学位论文,2007.
148.黄荣凤,赵有科,吕建雄,等.侧柏年轮宽度和年轮密度对气候变化的响应[J].林业科学,2006,42(7):78-82.
149.江忠善,宋文经.黄河中游黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域产沙量计算[C].第一次河流泥沙国际学术讨论会文集,北京:光华出版社,1980:63-72.
150.江忠善,王志强,刘志.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤侵蚀空间变化定量研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(1):1-10.
151.姜凤歧,朱教君,曾德慧,等.防护林经营学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003:131-135.
152.蒋高明,黄银晓,万国江,等.树木年轮δ13C值及其对我国北方大气CO2浓度变化的指示意义[J].植物生态学报,1997,21(2):155-160.
153.康兴成.阿尔泰山区树木年轮与气候、冰川变化相互关系的探讨[J].冰川冻土,1983,5(4):57-62.
154.孔繁文,戴广翠,何乃蕙,等.森林环境资源核算与政策[M].北京:中国环境出版社,1994.
155.兰涛,夏冰,贺善安.马尾松的生长与气候关系的年轮分析[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(4):422-424.
156.郎奎建.林业生态工程10种森林生态效益计量理论和方法[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(1)1-7.
157.李博.生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
158.李崇贵,石强,赵宪文,等.用岭估计研究以RS和GIS为基础的森林郁闭度估测[J].林业科学,2001,7(5):24-30.
159.李崇贵,蔡体久.森林郁闭度对蓄积量估测的影响规律[J].东北林业大学学报,2006,34(1):15-17.
160.李德民,杜景林,试用油松人工林径阶冠幅面积曲线法求算林分郁闭度,辽宁林业科技,1996(5):20-21.
161.李德仁,郑肇葆.解析摄影测量学[M].北京:测绘出版社,1992.
162.李江风,袁玉江,由希尧.树木年轮水文学研究与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
163.李俊清.森林生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
164.李林,汪青春,朱西德,秦宁生,李栋梁,等.利用树木年轮重建柴达木地区5-6月地温[J].高原气象,2005,24(3):331-337.
165.李欣,蒋彤纳,单玉龙.应用近景摄影测量方法测制龙门桥石像等值线图[J].测绘信息与工程,2003,28(4):22-23.
166.李永宁,张宾兰,秦淑英,等.郁闭度及其测定方法研究与应用[J].世界林业研究,2008,21(1):40-46.
167.李裕国.森林资源管理和监测新技术例解Ⅱ——微细网点板航片郁闭度判读应用例[J].林业勘查设计,1995(3):5-11.
168.刘宝元,张科利,焦菊英.土壤可蚀性及其在侵蚀预报中的应用[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(4):346-350.
169.刘大伟,孙国清,庞勇,等.利用LANDSATTM数据对森林郁闭度进行遥感分级估测[J].应用技术,2006:41-32.
170.刘洪滨,邵雪梅.采用秦岭冷杉年轮宽度重建陕西镇安1755年以来的初春温度[J].气象学报,2000,58(2),223-233.
171.刘洪滨,邵雪梅.秦岭南坡佛坪1789年以来1-4月平均温度重建[J].应用气象学报,2003,14(2):188-196.
172.刘洪滨,吴祥定.采用树轮图像分析方法研究历史时期气候变化的可行性[J].地理研究,1996,(6):44-52.
173.刘宏友.MATLAB6基础及应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2002.
174.刘建,何维明,房志玲.东灵山油松林和辽东栎林下土壤资源和光资源的空间特征[J].生态学报,2005,25(11):2954-2960.
175.刘禹,吴祥定,邵雪梅,等.树轮密度、稳定同位素对过去100年陕西黄陵的季节性温度和降水的恢复[J].中国科学,1997,27(3):271-277.
176.刘志铭,万勇,张建慧.等.非量测数码相机在砼管片变形检测中的应用[J].测绘通报,2001,(6):40-41.
177.陆兆熊.国际土壤侵蚀研究工作的最新动态[J].地理研究,1987,6(1):86-91.
178.吕军,屠其璞,钱君龙.树木年轮碳稳定同位素在气象中的应用[J].气象,2001,27(1):9-13.
179.罗晓华,向成华,森林生态效益研究现状[J].四川林业科学,2006,27(2):42-46.
180.骆克任.社会经济定量研究与SPSS和SAS的应用[M].电子工业出版社,2002:246-270.
181.马利民,刘禹,赵建夫.贺兰山油松年轮中稳定碳同位素含量和环境的关系[J].环境科学,2003,24(5):49-53.
182.马鑫.AdobePhotoshopCS中文版教程[M].北京:清华出版社,2005.
183.孟宪宇.测树学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
184.米锋.森林生态效益评价的研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(6)77-83.
185.牟金泽,熊贵枢.陕北小流域产沙量预报及水土保持措施拦沙计算[C].第一次河流泥沙国际学术讨论会文集,北京:光华出版社,1980:63-72.
186.南秋菊,华珞.国内外土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,24(2):86-95.
187.潘地林.AutoCAD2005实用教程[M],合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2005.
188.戚大伟,等.图象处理技术在木材年轮检测中的应用[J].东北林业大学学报,1994(3):106-111.
189.钱君龙,吕军,屠其璞,等.用树轮α-纤维素δ13C重建天目山地区近160年气候[J].中国科学,2001,D辑,31(4):333-341.
190.邱荣祖,方金武.山地林到路面土壤侵蚀及其防治措施的研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,3(4):50-55
191.邱荣祖,王玉明,康文和.山地林到路面土壤侵蚀研究[J].森林工程,1997,13(4):44-46.
192.邱志惠.AutoCAD实用教程(修订版2004\2005中英文双语版)[M].陕西:西安电子科技大学出版社,2005.
193.任伟中,寇新建,凌浩美.数字化近景摄影测量在模型试验变形测量中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(3):436-440.
194.日本林野厅,杨惠民译.森林公益效能计量调查——绿色效益调查[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1982.
195.史培军,刘宝元,张科利.土壤侵蚀过程与模型研究[J].资源科学,1999,21(5):9-18.
196.邵锡惠.我院近景摄影测量的回顾与展望[J].解放军测绘学院学报,1994,11(2):117-121.
197.邵雪梅,吴祥定.华山树木年轮年表的建立[J].地理学报,1994,49(2):174-181.
198.沈长泗,陈金敏,张志华,等.采用树木年轮资料重建山东沂山地区200多年来的湿润指数[J].地理研究,1988,17(2):150-156.
199.孙雪文,高德武,李日新,等.ArcViewGIS支持下的林地郁闭度的快速精确测定方法[J].黑龙江水专学报,2005,32(3):89-90.
200.谭炳香,李增元,陈尔学,等.Hyperion高光谱数据森林郁闭度定量估测研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):95-101.
201.汤立群,陈国祥,蔡名扬.黄土丘陵区小流域产沙数学模型[J].河海大学学报,1990,18(6):10-16.
202.陶诗言.一套国内最新的有关气候变化的专著[J].地理学报,1997,52(5):477-478.
203.王丽丽,邵雪梅,黄磊.黑龙江漠河兴安落叶松与樟子松树轮生长特性及其对气候的响应[J].2005,29(3):380-385.
204.王丰元.计算机视觉在道路交通事故现场勘查中的应用研究[D].北京:中国农业大学车辆工程学院博士学位论文,1997.
205.王红梅,钱育华,朱振海,等.船行波的近景摄影测量及其模拟[J].期测绘学报,1999,28(4):360-364.
206.王婷,于丹,李江风,等.树木年轮宽度与气候变化关系研究进展,植物生态学报,2003,27(1)23-33.
207.王星宇.黄土地区流域产沙数学模型[J].泥沙研究,1987(3):41-46.
208.王秀美,曾卓乔.数字摄影测量技术在森林调查中的应用研究[J].林业资源管理,2001(01):32-36.
209.王雪峰.立体视觉技术在林业测定应用中的方法初探[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2001.
210.王之卓.摄影测量原理[M].北京:测绘出版社,1979.
211.王之卓.摄影测量原理续编[M].北京:测绘出版社,1986.
212.魏明果,刘德富,刘运长,等.普通数码相机数字摄影测量的数理模型研究[J].武汉水利电力大学(宜昌)学报,2000,22(2):174-178.
213.吴祥定,邵雪梅.中国秦岭地区树木年轮密度对气候响应的初步分析[J].应用气象学报,1994,5(2):253-256.
214.吴祥定.邵雪梅.中国树木年轮气候学研究动态与展望[J].地球科学进展,1993,8(6):31-35.
215.吴祥定,孙力,程志刚.若干西藏高原上树木年轮年表的建立[J].科学通报,1988,8:616-619.
216.吴祥定.树木年轮与气候变化[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.
217.肖强,叶文景,朱珠,等.利用数码相机和测定叶面积的简Photoshop软件非破坏性便方法[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(6):711-714.
218.谢昆青,李志尧.树木年轮研究的扫描图像分析方法及其在环境演变中的应用[J].第四纪研究,2000,20(3):259-269.
219.熊奎山.人工同龄纯林理论郁闭度测定计算的研究[J].甘肃林业科技,1999,24(3):1-6.
220.许录平.数字图像处理[M],北京:科学出版社,2007.
221.杨华,孟宪宇,刘燕,等,单株立木图像信息的提取与解算,北京林业大学学报,2005,27(1):51-54.
222.杨化超,邓喀中,张书毕,等.数字近景摄影测量技术在矿山地表沉陷监测中的应用研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2008,13(3).
223.杨建英,韩成军,叶海英,等.华北地区公路土质边坡土壤侵蚀实验研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(4):121-125.
224.杨劲峰,陈清,韩晓日,等.数字图像处理技术在蔬菜叶面积测量中的应用[J].农业工程学报,2002,18:155-158.
225.杨武德,王兆骞,眭国平,等.红壤坡地土壤侵蚀定位土芯Eu示踪法研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持通报,1998,4(1):61-65.
226.杨银科,刘禹,史江峰,等.树木年轮密度实验方法及其在内蒙古准格尔旗树轮研究中的应用[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):639-645.
227.尹国康,陈钦峦.黄土高原小流域特性指标与产沙统计模式[J].地理学报,1989,44(1):31-45.
228.尹训钢,刘洪滨,邵雪梅.用树木年轮重建过去气候模型程序的流程分析[C].气候变化规律及其数值模拟研究论文集,北京:气象出版社,1996:118-119.
229.游先祥.遥感原理及在资源环境中的应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003.
230.于承新,徐芳,黄桂兰,等.近景摄影测量在钢结构变形监测中的应用[J].山东建筑工程学院学报,2000,15(4):1-7.
231.袁玉江.李江风.新疆伊犁地区树轮年表特征初探[J].干旱区地理,1993,16(3):49-50.
232.袁玉江,邵雪梅,魏文寿,等.乌鲁木齐河山区树木年轮-积温关系及≥5.7℃积温的重建[J].生态学报,2005,25(4):756-762.
233.张超.树木影像特征提取与立体匹配技术研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2003.
234.张登荣,赵元洪,徐鹏炜.水土流失遥感方法与土地资源评价[M].北京:原子能出版社,1996:1-15.
235.张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
236.张光辉.土壤侵蚀模型研究现状与展望[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):389-396.
237.张光辉.土壤水蚀预报模型研究进展[J].地理研究,2001,20(3):274-231.
238.张剑清,潘励,王树根.摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003.
239.张建国,余建辉.生态林业的效益观—林业综合效益初步[J].林业经济问题,1994,(3):1.
240.张垒法,何金田,陈渝仁.提高植物叶片面积测量精度的方法[J].河南农业大学学报,2002,36(1):91-94.
241.张青.树木图像匹配与重构关键技术的研究[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2003.
242.张志华,李冀,GraumlichLJ,等.用树木密度及宽度资料重建吉术萨尔县的季节降水和最到温度[J].气象学报,1998,56(1):77-86.
243.张宗祜.黄土高原区域环境地质问题及治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.
244.张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量的发展、思考与对策[J].测绘软科学研究,1999(2):15-20.
245.张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1996.
246.张祖勋,张剑清.数字摄影测量学的发展及应用[J].测绘通报,1997(6):30-40.
247.章毓晋.图像处理和分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999:19-21.
248.赵廷宁,祁有祥,尚润阳,等.基于R2V和Auto CAD的树木年代学方法及其在冀北山地的初步应用[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(3):87-91.
249.赵彤堂,李凤鸣,刘清玉,等.儿种测定郁闭度方法的比较[J].中南林业凋查规划,1995,52(2):42-44.
250.赵文美,程培峰,姜亚芬,等.数码相机在山区道路测量中应用的探讨[J].森林工程,2004,20(5):70-72.
251.赵形堂,李凤鸣,刘清玉,等.几种测定郁闭度方法的比较[J].中南林业调查规划,1995(2):42-44.
252.郑恩亮,王兆宝.近景摄影测量在矿山测量中的应用[J].有色金属(矿山部分),1999,(5)42-43.
253.郑粉莉,刘峰,杨勤科,等.土壤侵蚀预报模型研究进展[J].水土保持通报,2001,21(6):16-18.
254.郑淑霞,上官周平.树木年轮与气候变化关系研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(6):100-107.
255.郑淑霞,上官周平.近70年来黄土高原典型植物δ13C值变化研究[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(2):289-295
256.郑淑霞,上官周平.辽东栎叶片气孔密度及δ13C值的时空变异[J].林业科学,2005,41(2):30-36.
257.周冰冰.北京市森林资源价值[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
258.周佩华,田均良,刘普灵,等.黄土高原土壤侵蚀与稀土元素示踪研究[J].水土保持研究,1997,4(2):2-9.
259.周心澄.国内外关于防护林体系效益研究动态综述[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(2):79-84.
260.周正朝,上官周平.土壤侵蚀模型研究综述[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):52-55.
261.朱海峰,王丽丽,邵雪梅,等.雪岭云杉树轮宽度对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2004,59(6):863-870.
262.朱教君,康宏樟,胡理乐.应用全天空照片估计林分透光孔隙度(郁闭度)[J].生态学杂志, 2005,24(10):1234-1240.
263.朱教君.透光分层疏透度测定及其在次生林结构研究中的应用[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(8):1229-1233.
264.朱西德,秦宁生,李栋梁,等.利用树木年轮重建柴达木地区5-6月地温[J].高原气象,2005,24(3):331-337.
265.朱援祥,赵学荣,王勤.数码相机在焊接结构收缩变形测量中的应用[J].焊接,2003(5):16-18.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |