河北小五台山森林生态系统主要因子间量化关系研究
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摘要
河北省小五台山国家级自然保护区的森林植被是暖温带森林生态系统的典型代表,对其主要因子间量化研究结果可以为今后对此气候带森林生态系统的管理提供重要依据。本研究对小五台山华北落叶松林、油松林、白桦林、山杨林、白桦落叶松混交林以及其它阔叶混交林等典型森林生态系统进行了调查,在对其土壤理化性质、物种多样性、林木生长状况等因子进行了分析,并对各因子间的相关性进行了分析研究,在此基础上对小五台山森林生态系统健康管理措施提出了部分建议。研究的主要结论:
(1)森林土壤特征研究表明:①不同森林群落的土壤颗粒多以0.25～2mm粒级和≥2mm粒级为主,并且随着土层的深度,≥2mm粒级含量会随之增多。②土壤容重均表现出随土层深度增加而呈上升的趋势,不同林分间各土层土壤容重差别并不大,平均值在0.78～1.08g/cm~3之间,土壤均属于较疏松的状态。③土壤含水量均随土壤深度增加先增加后减少,在不同土层不同林分中土壤含水量存在不同的差异④森林土壤的N素较缺乏,不同林分土壤碱解N含量均随土层增加呈下降的趋势;速效P含量较稳定,均在0.01g/kg和0.02g/kg之间;不同森林群落的土壤速效K均随土层深度的增加而减少,从林分类型来说,针叶林的土壤速效K含量大于阔叶林的;土壤有机质的分布均随着土层的加深而下降,且下降幅度很大,落叶松群落有机质含量最高;整体上属于酸性和中性土壤,随着土层加深pH值增大。
(2)林分结构及林木生长:①林分的直径结构接近于正态分布。高海拔林分的直径分布结构为截尾正态分布;针叶林高海拔林分直径结构基本服从正态分布;针叶低海拔林分直径结构为右偏。②结果表明,低海拔阔叶林的林分高要高于高海拔的阔叶林;而低海拔针叶林的林分平均高低于高海拔的针叶林
(3)植物物种多样性研究:①α物种多样性分析结果:灌木物种丰富度在各个群落中均小于草本层,白桦林、桦木云杉混交林物种丰富度较小;均匀度较大的群落是油松林、栎林,草本层较灌木层有高有低,没有确定的变化规律;物种多样性两种指数变化趋势相似,栎林、山杨林、落叶松白桦针阔混交林多样性指数较高,其他相对小些,云杉白桦针阔混交林物种多样性最小。②物种相似性分析结果:AB=EG=EF=FK=IJ,这几个群落之间相似性系数最大,即β多样性最小,异质程度最低,山杨林与落叶松白桦混交林之间共有种最少,相似性最小。草本层Sokal相似性系数最大的是云杉桦木针阔混交林、白桦林DF=白桦林、落叶松白桦混交林FI,其次为BF=DE=EF=FH=FJ=HI,β多样性最大的是GJ=GK。
(4)土壤理化性质间相互关系研究结果表明,①土壤毛管含水量和碱解氮有较高的正相关,与速效磷呈负相关;土壤田间持水量与碱解氮、有机质含量和pH值正相关,而与速效k呈负相关。②土壤有机质含量与≥4mm、≤0.1mm和0.25-1mm的土壤粒径负相关,速效钾和≥4mm、≤0.1mm的土壤粒径土同样负相关。③土壤自然含水量和土壤毛管含水量与≥4mm、≤0.1mm的土壤粒径土负相关。④森林枯落物中的半分解层与全P含量、碱解氮和全N正相关关系,分解层与全P含量同样正相关,而与pH值有明显的负相关关系。
(5)生物多样性与生境相关分析得出,①影响生物多样性的主要地形因子是海拔、郁闭度、坡位和坡向。随着海拔高度的增加,生物多样性将会减少,尤其是多样性指数。②在多样性与林地养分因子相关关系中,影响多样性的主要因子是全N含量和pH值。③在土壤粒径的变量组中,影响多样性的主要因子有≥4mm、≤0.1mm和0.15～0.25mm的土壤粒径。
(6)林木生长与生境因子相关分析得出,①枯落物中的各个分解层与林分生长的指标有不同的相关关系。②林分生长中的各项指标均与全P、速效k、pH值呈正相关。③林分生长量与≤0.1mm、1～2mm粒径的土壤正相关,≥4mm、2～4mm、0.1～0.154mm土壤粒径有明显的负相关。
在总结研究成果基础上,简要提出了以凋落物和生物多样性为调节机制的森林生态系统健康管理措施。
The forest vegetation in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve of Hebei Province is a typical representative of the temperate forest ecosystem,and the study on the quantitative relationship of the main factors may provide an important basis for the management of forest ecosystem in the said climate zone.The investigation has been conducted on the typical forest ecosystems such as Larix principis forest,Pinus tabulaeformis forest,Betula platyphylla forest,P opulus davidiana forest, Betula-Larix mixed forest and other broad-leaved mixed forests in the Xiaowutal Mountain.Based on the analyses on the main factors such as soil physical and chemical properties,species diversity and tree growth as well as the correlation of these factors,some proposals have been put forward for the healthy management of the Xiaowutai Mountain forest ecosystem.The main research conclusions are as follows:
(1) The research on soil characteristics indicates that①Soil particles in different forest communities are mainly 0.25～2mm grade and≥2mm grade.The deeper the soil layer,the more the particles of≥2mm grade.②The soil bulk density tends to increase as the soil layer deepens.The difference is not big among different stands and different soil layers with an average range of 0.78～1.08g/cm~3,and the soil is fairly loose.③The soil water first increases and then decreases as the soil layer deepens,and varies among different stand and different soil layers.④The nitrogen is insufficient in forest soils and the content of the rapidly available nitrogen trends downwards as the soil layer deepens.The rapidly available P content was stable,between 0.01g/kg～0.02g/kg.The rapidly available K content trends downwards as the soil layer deepens.The available K in coniferous forest soils is more than broad-leaved forest soils.The soil organic matter has shown a downward trend with the increases of soil depth and the larch soil organic matter content is highest.The soil in this area belongs to the acidity and the neutral soil and the soil pH value trends upwards as the soil layer deepens.
(2) Stand structure and forest growth:①The stand diameter structure is near the normal distribution.The diameter structure of high-altitude stand is near the truncated normal distribution,the diameter structure of high-altitude coniferous forest basically belongs to the normal distribution,and the diameter structure of low-altitude coniferous forest shows right deviation.②The tree height of low-altitude broadleaved forest is more than that of high-altitude broad-leaved forest.On the contrary, the mean height of low-altitude coniferous forest is less than that of high-altitude coniferous forest.
(3)The plant species diversity:①The analyzing result ofαspecies diversity indicates that the shrub species richness in each community was smaller than that of the herb species.Betula platyphylla forest and Betula-Picea mixed forest have small species richness.Pinus tabulaeformis forest and Quercus forest have fairly big species evenness,and the herb layer and the shrub layer vary in the species evenness without regular change.The two indexes of species diversity have similar change trend.The species diversity index of Quercus forest,Populus davidiana forest and Larix-Betula mixed forest are fairly high,and the lowest is Picea-Betula mixed forest.②The analyzing result of the species similarity:AB=EG=EF=FK=IJ,the similarity coefficient between these communities is the biggest,that is to say,theβ-diversity is the smallest and the heterogeneity degree is the lowest.There are few common species between Populus davidiana forest and Larix-Betula mixed forest and the similarity was the smallest.
(4) Relationship between physical and chemical properties of soil:①There is a positive correlation between soil capillary water and rapidly available N,but a negative correlation between soil capillary water and soil available P.There is a positive correlation between soil field water and rapidly available N,organic matter and pH value,but a negative correlation between soil field water and rapidly available k.②The soil organic matter and≥4mm,≤0.1mm and 0.25-1mm particle size soil show negatively correlated,likewise,available k and≥4mm,≤0.1mm soil particle size soil show an inverse correlation.③Soil natural water and soil capillary water show inverse correlation with≥4mm,≤0.1 mm particle size soil.④The semi-decomposed litter has a positive correlation with total P,available N and total N.The decomposed litter has a positive correlation with total P,but an obvious inverse correlation with the pH value.
(5) Relationship between biodiversity and habitat:①The main factors affecting biodiversity are altitude,canopy density,slope position and slope aspect.The biodiversity reduces as altitude increases, particularly the diversity index.②The main nutrient factors affecting diversity are total N content and pH value.③In the variable group of soil particle size,the main factors affecting diversity the soil particles of≥4mm,≤0.1mm and the 0.15～0.25mm.
(6) Relationship between forest growth and habitat factors:①Each decomposed layer of litter has a different correlation with stand growth indicators.②All stand growth indicators have a positive correlation with total P,available k and pH value.③Stand growth has a positive correlation with the soil particles of≤0.1mm and 1～2mm size,but an obvious negative correlation with the soil particles of≥4mm,2～4mm and 0.1～0.154mm size.
Based on the above-mentioned research results,this paper briefly puts forward some health management measures about forest ecosystem.
(1)森林土壤特征研究表明:①不同森林群落的土壤颗粒多以0.25～2mm粒级和≥2mm粒级为主,并且随着土层的深度,≥2mm粒级含量会随之增多。②土壤容重均表现出随土层深度增加而呈上升的趋势,不同林分间各土层土壤容重差别并不大,平均值在0.78～1.08g/cm~3之间,土壤均属于较疏松的状态。③土壤含水量均随土壤深度增加先增加后减少,在不同土层不同林分中土壤含水量存在不同的差异④森林土壤的N素较缺乏,不同林分土壤碱解N含量均随土层增加呈下降的趋势;速效P含量较稳定,均在0.01g/kg和0.02g/kg之间;不同森林群落的土壤速效K均随土层深度的增加而减少,从林分类型来说,针叶林的土壤速效K含量大于阔叶林的;土壤有机质的分布均随着土层的加深而下降,且下降幅度很大,落叶松群落有机质含量最高;整体上属于酸性和中性土壤,随着土层加深pH值增大。
(2)林分结构及林木生长:①林分的直径结构接近于正态分布。高海拔林分的直径分布结构为截尾正态分布;针叶林高海拔林分直径结构基本服从正态分布;针叶低海拔林分直径结构为右偏。②结果表明,低海拔阔叶林的林分高要高于高海拔的阔叶林;而低海拔针叶林的林分平均高低于高海拔的针叶林
(3)植物物种多样性研究:①α物种多样性分析结果:灌木物种丰富度在各个群落中均小于草本层,白桦林、桦木云杉混交林物种丰富度较小;均匀度较大的群落是油松林、栎林,草本层较灌木层有高有低,没有确定的变化规律;物种多样性两种指数变化趋势相似,栎林、山杨林、落叶松白桦针阔混交林多样性指数较高,其他相对小些,云杉白桦针阔混交林物种多样性最小。②物种相似性分析结果:AB=EG=EF=FK=IJ,这几个群落之间相似性系数最大,即β多样性最小,异质程度最低,山杨林与落叶松白桦混交林之间共有种最少,相似性最小。草本层Sokal相似性系数最大的是云杉桦木针阔混交林、白桦林DF=白桦林、落叶松白桦混交林FI,其次为BF=DE=EF=FH=FJ=HI,β多样性最大的是GJ=GK。
(4)土壤理化性质间相互关系研究结果表明,①土壤毛管含水量和碱解氮有较高的正相关,与速效磷呈负相关;土壤田间持水量与碱解氮、有机质含量和pH值正相关,而与速效k呈负相关。②土壤有机质含量与≥4mm、≤0.1mm和0.25-1mm的土壤粒径负相关,速效钾和≥4mm、≤0.1mm的土壤粒径土同样负相关。③土壤自然含水量和土壤毛管含水量与≥4mm、≤0.1mm的土壤粒径土负相关。④森林枯落物中的半分解层与全P含量、碱解氮和全N正相关关系,分解层与全P含量同样正相关,而与pH值有明显的负相关关系。
(5)生物多样性与生境相关分析得出,①影响生物多样性的主要地形因子是海拔、郁闭度、坡位和坡向。随着海拔高度的增加,生物多样性将会减少,尤其是多样性指数。②在多样性与林地养分因子相关关系中,影响多样性的主要因子是全N含量和pH值。③在土壤粒径的变量组中,影响多样性的主要因子有≥4mm、≤0.1mm和0.15～0.25mm的土壤粒径。
(6)林木生长与生境因子相关分析得出,①枯落物中的各个分解层与林分生长的指标有不同的相关关系。②林分生长中的各项指标均与全P、速效k、pH值呈正相关。③林分生长量与≤0.1mm、1～2mm粒径的土壤正相关,≥4mm、2～4mm、0.1～0.154mm土壤粒径有明显的负相关。
在总结研究成果基础上,简要提出了以凋落物和生物多样性为调节机制的森林生态系统健康管理措施。
The forest vegetation in the Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve of Hebei Province is a typical representative of the temperate forest ecosystem,and the study on the quantitative relationship of the main factors may provide an important basis for the management of forest ecosystem in the said climate zone.The investigation has been conducted on the typical forest ecosystems such as Larix principis forest,Pinus tabulaeformis forest,Betula platyphylla forest,P opulus davidiana forest, Betula-Larix mixed forest and other broad-leaved mixed forests in the Xiaowutal Mountain.Based on the analyses on the main factors such as soil physical and chemical properties,species diversity and tree growth as well as the correlation of these factors,some proposals have been put forward for the healthy management of the Xiaowutai Mountain forest ecosystem.The main research conclusions are as follows:
(1) The research on soil characteristics indicates that①Soil particles in different forest communities are mainly 0.25～2mm grade and≥2mm grade.The deeper the soil layer,the more the particles of≥2mm grade.②The soil bulk density tends to increase as the soil layer deepens.The difference is not big among different stands and different soil layers with an average range of 0.78～1.08g/cm~3,and the soil is fairly loose.③The soil water first increases and then decreases as the soil layer deepens,and varies among different stand and different soil layers.④The nitrogen is insufficient in forest soils and the content of the rapidly available nitrogen trends downwards as the soil layer deepens.The rapidly available P content was stable,between 0.01g/kg～0.02g/kg.The rapidly available K content trends downwards as the soil layer deepens.The available K in coniferous forest soils is more than broad-leaved forest soils.The soil organic matter has shown a downward trend with the increases of soil depth and the larch soil organic matter content is highest.The soil in this area belongs to the acidity and the neutral soil and the soil pH value trends upwards as the soil layer deepens.
(2) Stand structure and forest growth:①The stand diameter structure is near the normal distribution.The diameter structure of high-altitude stand is near the truncated normal distribution,the diameter structure of high-altitude coniferous forest basically belongs to the normal distribution,and the diameter structure of low-altitude coniferous forest shows right deviation.②The tree height of low-altitude broadleaved forest is more than that of high-altitude broad-leaved forest.On the contrary, the mean height of low-altitude coniferous forest is less than that of high-altitude coniferous forest.
(3)The plant species diversity:①The analyzing result ofαspecies diversity indicates that the shrub species richness in each community was smaller than that of the herb species.Betula platyphylla forest and Betula-Picea mixed forest have small species richness.Pinus tabulaeformis forest and Quercus forest have fairly big species evenness,and the herb layer and the shrub layer vary in the species evenness without regular change.The two indexes of species diversity have similar change trend.The species diversity index of Quercus forest,Populus davidiana forest and Larix-Betula mixed forest are fairly high,and the lowest is Picea-Betula mixed forest.②The analyzing result of the species similarity:AB=EG=EF=FK=IJ,the similarity coefficient between these communities is the biggest,that is to say,theβ-diversity is the smallest and the heterogeneity degree is the lowest.There are few common species between Populus davidiana forest and Larix-Betula mixed forest and the similarity was the smallest.
(4) Relationship between physical and chemical properties of soil:①There is a positive correlation between soil capillary water and rapidly available N,but a negative correlation between soil capillary water and soil available P.There is a positive correlation between soil field water and rapidly available N,organic matter and pH value,but a negative correlation between soil field water and rapidly available k.②The soil organic matter and≥4mm,≤0.1mm and 0.25-1mm particle size soil show negatively correlated,likewise,available k and≥4mm,≤0.1mm soil particle size soil show an inverse correlation.③Soil natural water and soil capillary water show inverse correlation with≥4mm,≤0.1 mm particle size soil.④The semi-decomposed litter has a positive correlation with total P,available N and total N.The decomposed litter has a positive correlation with total P,but an obvious inverse correlation with the pH value.
(5) Relationship between biodiversity and habitat:①The main factors affecting biodiversity are altitude,canopy density,slope position and slope aspect.The biodiversity reduces as altitude increases, particularly the diversity index.②The main nutrient factors affecting diversity are total N content and pH value.③In the variable group of soil particle size,the main factors affecting diversity the soil particles of≥4mm,≤0.1mm and the 0.15～0.25mm.
(6) Relationship between forest growth and habitat factors:①Each decomposed layer of litter has a different correlation with stand growth indicators.②All stand growth indicators have a positive correlation with total P,available k and pH value.③Stand growth has a positive correlation with the soil particles of≤0.1mm and 1～2mm size,but an obvious negative correlation with the soil particles of≥4mm,2～4mm and 0.1～0.154mm size.
Based on the above-mentioned research results,this paper briefly puts forward some health management measures about forest ecosystem.
引文
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