长白山退化云冷杉林演替动态及恢复研究
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摘要
森林是由树木为主体所组成的地表生物群落,自然界生长的森林是地球表面自然历史长期发展的地理景观(《中国森林》编辑委员会,1997)。森林是陆地生态系统的主体,是人类和多种生物赖以生存和发展的基础。森林具有复杂的结构和功能,不仅为人类提供了大量的木质林产品和非木质林产品,并具有历史、文化、美学、休闲等方面的价值,而且在保障农牧业生产条件、维持生物多样性、保护生态环境、减免自然灾害和调节全球碳平衡和生物地球化学循环等方面起着重要的和不可替代的作用。因此,森林资源的保护与可持续经营是当今全球共同关注的焦点。
本文以吉林省汪清县金沟岭林场为研究区,以杨桦次生林为主要研究对象,运用植被生态学、数量生态学、森林经理学等有关理论和技术,以地面样地调查和统计学方法为基础,运用定量化分析方法研究了退化云冷杉林森林生态系统的演替变化规律,并分析不同演替阶段的乔木树种的种间联结性、空间分布格局、林分直径结构、径阶生长与枯损模拟研究、杨桦次生林生长过程与演替动向分析,以及提出退化云冷杉林林分结构调整技术措施。本研究对于指导次生林植被恢复、次生林改造,从而加快次生演替进展,促进林业生态环境建设具有一定指导意义。本研究主要取得了以下研究成果:
(1)演替阶段划分是植被恢复研究的重要内容。运用“空间代替时间”的方法,建立长白山退化云冷杉林森林演替过程中各阶段群落标准地,实测所有胸径大于5cm的胸径和坐标等数据。利用种间联结测定,主成份分析,最优分割法定量研究了长白山过伐林区退化云冷杉林的次生演替过程。结果表明:在次生演替过程中,白桦、山杨归为衰退种组;红松、云杉、冷杉归为进展种组;枫桦、落叶松、椴树、色木、榆树、水曲柳、黄菠萝和山槐归为其他树种组。其演替过程分为5个阶段:第1与2阶段为不同恢复程度的杨桦次生林群落,目前主要是以白桦、山杨、椴树、色木占优势的杨桦阔叶混交林;第3阶段为杨桦和云冷杉为主的针阔混交林阶段;第4阶段为云冷杉林阶段;第5阶段为云冷杉针阔混交林阶段。天然次生林各演替阶段的定量划分为该研究地区植被恢复、次生林改造以及林业生态环境建设提供重要理论和现实依据。
(2)通过方差分析,x~2检验和种间联结系数AC值等的计算,对杨桦次生林和云冷杉针阔叶混交林阶段林分总体种间联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:杨桦次生林群落内出现12个乔木树种之间的总体关联性的方差均值VR=0.932,接近1,表现为无相关性;在针阔叶混交林阶段,群落主要种间的总体关联性表现为正相关,说明该阶段的群落已处于和该地区环境条件相适应的稳定阶段,群落总体正关联性随着演替进程而加强。多树种间总体联结性反映了群落内各树种间相关性的总体趋势,树木种群的关联关系进一步说明,该群落处于杨桦次生林向云冷杉针阔叶混交林过渡的阶段。
(3)运用空间点格局分析方法中的Ripley's K(t)和K_(12)(t)函数分析退化云冷杉林各个演替阶段的先锋树种、顶级树种和其他树种的空间格局和空间关联性。研究结果表明:①从杨桦次生林、云冷杉林到云冷杉针阔混交林演替过程中,林分整体空间分布格局由聚集分布过渡为随机分布,先锋树种早期呈聚集分布状态,到了演替后期呈随机分布;其他树种在总体上都是小尺度上为聚集分布,而大尺度上是随机分布;顶级乡土树种云冷杉、红松在20号云冷杉针阔混交林样地中,＞12m的尺度,L(t)值中偏离0较远,向着均匀分布方法发展。②次生演替过程中先锋树种和顶级树种种间关系由先期的负关联变到正关联,树种之间共同利用资源;杨桦次生林中先锋树种杨桦和其它伴生树种之间在所有尺度下均呈负关联,到15 m尺度时关联显著;项级树种与其他树种二者在所有尺度上都呈正关联。因此,分析种内或种间关联时,不同尺度有着明显多样的格局。
(4)利用林分空间结构参数—混交度、大小比数和角尺度三个参数,分析了研究区杨桦次生林从1989年到2005年的空间结构信息演变过程。研究结果表明:该林分已由随机分布生长到轻度聚集分布;林分内各树木之间的直径差距正在逐渐缩小;该林分已经从中度混交过渡到强度混交。随着林分次生演替进程,林分中杨树、白桦和柞树等先锋树种逐渐退出所在群落,而当地云杉、冷杉和红松等顶级群落树种则演变为优势树种。
(5)分析了杨桦次生林直径分布特征,通过威布尔函数和负指数函数2种直径分布模型的模拟和检验,发现两者都能用于异龄次生林的直径分布模拟中。此外,还计算了次生异龄林中连续的两个径阶中的株数之比(常数q值),分布范围在1.26～1.49之间。
(6)以长白山过伐林区金沟岭林场的云冷杉林4个局级固定样地连续12年的观测数据资料为研究对象,利用固定样地内主要针叶树种红松、冷杉和云杉,从1978年到1984年间隔6年内的胸径与定期平均生长量对应值数据,建立林木径阶生长转移概率模型,预估林木径阶平均生长量,并利用1990年观测数据进行检验,结果表明所建概率模型实际应用误差较小,精度较高;同时本文还分析了1978年至1990年12年间云冷杉混交林的枯损林木的株数分布特征,通过模型模拟和检验,表明Weibull分布函数适合用于异龄混交林的枯损株树分布模拟。
(7)根据山杨、白桦解析木资料,利用Richards方程拟合了白桦和山杨的胸径、树高和材积的生长方程,分别编制了二者的生长过程表;同时根据径阶组划分标准,统计各树种在不同径阶组中的株数及其所占的比例,从而对林分内各乔木树种的演替动向进行分析。研究结果表明:山杨和白桦作为林分内的先锋树种,处于衰退趋势;红松、冷杉与云杉为地带性顶级树种,将在地带性顶级群落中占据为优势树种;其他树种在演替过程中变化不明显。
The forest is the surface biological communities,which is composed of the trees for the main body; the forest of nature growth is the geographical landscape on the earth's surface in the long-term development of nature history(The Editorial Board of〈Chinese forest〉,1997).The forest is the main body of terrestrial ecosystems,which is the survival and development foundation of humanity and many kinds of biology.The forest also has complex structure and function,it is not only providing massive woody forest products and non forest product,having the value of history,culture,aesthetics,leisure, and so on,but also playing an vital and irreplaceable role in the aspect of guaranteeing the conditions of agriculture-stock production,maintaining the biodiversity,protecting the ecological environment, reducing the natural disaster,regulating the global carbon balance and biogeochemical cycle,and so on. Therefore,the conservation and sustainable management of forest resources are the focus of attention and study.
The study area is located at the Jingouling experimental forest farm,Wangqing forestry bureau, Jilin province,situated on the middle lower hill region of Changbai Mountain in northeast China.Based on the theory and technology related to vegetation ecology,quantitative ecology,forest management, the author combination of the sample-plot survey and the statistical method,the degraded spruce-fir forest was quantified at different secondary succession stages,analysis the interspecific association of main tree populations in the different succession stages,and also studied the spatial distribution pattern, stand diameter structure,growth and mortality of size-class model,growth process and succession trends.In the end,the stand structure regulation and restoration strategies was proposed.The study may be helpful to the research of secondary forest management,and to the secondary forest restoration,the construction of ecological environment in China.The study has mainly obtained the following research results:
(1)Division the succession stages is one of the most important part in the research of vegetation restoration.Based on spatial-temporal method,the author established a degraded spruce-fir secondary succession forest series plots to analysis the spatial pattern,regeneration and succession process.All trees at least 5 cm in diameter at breast height were mapped and identified to species.Based on the interspecific association,main component analysis and fisher optimum split method,the degraded spruce-fir forest was quantified at different secondary successional stages,which is in Changbai Mountain,northeast China.We found that:during the secondary forest succession,Betula platyphylla and Populus ussuriensis were the declining species;Pinus koraiensis,Abies nephrolepis and Picea jazoensis are the progressive species;and Betulla costata,Larix gmelini,Tilia mandshuricum,Acer mono,Ulmus propinqua.Fraxinus,Maackia amurensis and Phellodendron are the transient species. The succession process was divided into five stages:the first and second stages are polar-birch secondary communities of different recovery,and the dominant species are Betula platyphylla,Populus ussuriensis,Tilia mandshuricum and Acer mono;the third stage is the polar-birch and spruce-fir mixed forests;the forth stage is the spruce-fir overcut forest;the last stage is the virgin forest,which is spruce-fir and broadleaved mixed forests.Analysis of quantitative division of secondary successional stages in degraded spruce-fir forest is benefit to the management and restoration of the secondary forest.
(2)A series of techniques,including analysis of variance,x~2 test and interspecies association coefficient,were used to analyze interspecies association of dominant species both in polar-birch secondary forests and in spruce-fir forest.The results showed that the mean variance of the 12 principal arbor species in polar-birch secondary forests is 0.932,closes to 1,and has no significant correlation; but in spruce-fir mixed forest,it shows positive correlation,this indicated that the stage is relatively stable that adapts the environmental condition,and the positive correlation of the whole community is strengthening along with the progression of succession.The end-result of competition will lead the pioneer tree contains B.platyhylla and P davidiana,they are declining species,will be replaced by the zonal climax species in the future.The overall correlation between multi-species reflects the general trends between various species in community.The passage further explains that the community in the transitional stages will changed from the polar-birch secondary forests to spruce-fir mixed forest.
(3)Based on spatial-temporal method,the author established a degraded spruce-fir secondary succession forest series plots to analysis the spatial pattern,regeneration and succession process.All trees at least 5 cm in diameter at breast height were mapped and identified to species.In this study,the spatial patterns and spatial associations of pioneer species,climax species and other species among different succession stages were analyzed by a point pattern analysis method,which was the Ripley's K(t)and K_(12)(t)statistic.We found that in the secondary process from polar-birch forest,spruce-fir forest and spruce-fir mixed forest,all of the species showed clumps to randomly distribution.Pioneer species such as Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana are changed from aggregated to randomly at all spatial scale.The other species showed clumps at small scale but randomly at large scale.Climax species showed in the middle of the upper and lower broken line,and tends to rectangular distribution at scale lager than 12 m.During the secondary succession,interspecies of pioneer species and climax species was changed from negative to positive association,and shared the environment resources in the end.The polar-birch forest vs other species showed negative association at all scale,but significantly at 15 m.Climax and other species association showed positive at all scale,and spruce and fir species were continuously regenerating population.So,qualify the intra- and interspecies spatial associations of varied with species,spatial characteristics of the forest structure are closely related to spatial scales. Analysis of spatial pattern of intra- and interspecies of polar-birch secondary succession is benefit to the management and restoration of the secondary forest.
(4)The forest structure has the important reference significance regarding the forest managers.In the paper,Neighborhood pattern,comparison and distribution of mingling are used to analysis the process of spatial structure succession in polar-birch secondary forests in Changbai Mountain from 1989 to 2005.The result shows that the stand is in mild accumulation distribution in 2005,while in random distribution in 1989,and the gap between various trees diameter disparity is reducing gradually,and the stand already has been from moderate mixed degrees to a mixed intensity.Along with the secondary succession,pioneer tree species such as the Betula platyphyll,Populus davidiana and Xylosma racemosum are gradually withdraw from the community,but the pioneer species such as Picea jezoensis and Pinus koraiensis become dominant,By using the spatial pattern method to study the structural change in the process of the secondary forest succession,it also reflects the succession process,and it is very useful to guiding management and structural adjustment.At last,it will be speed up the forest to the top stage development.
(5)Based on observation data of these plots,the Weibull function and Negative exponential diameter distribution function,were developed to model diameter frequency distributions.Results show that Weibull function and Negative exponential function are suitable models for modeling uneven-aged secondary forests.And the study calculates the q factor,which is characterized by a constant ratio in the number of trees between successive size classes,that is between 1.26～1.49.
(6)Based on the 4 permanent observation plots in the spruce-fir mixed forests in over-cutting forest area of Changbai Mountain,northeast China,and the data material was continuous observed for 12 years from 1978 to 1990,the latest observation was in 2008.In the paper,we are using the diameter and periodic annual increment data of main coniferous species,that is Pinus koraiensis,Abies nephrolepic and Picea koraiensis,to establish the transition probability,and predicted the average increment of diameter grade.From the testing data in 1990 years,the testing results indicate that the practical application error is small and the precision is high of probabilistic model.At the same time,the author analysis the mortality distribution in each species among 12 years from 1978 to 1990,results show that Weibull function is suitable for tree mortality model in uneven-aged spruce-fir mixed forests.
(7)The study discusses two aspects.In one hand,according to the data of the analytic trees,which is the species of Betula platyphylla Suk and Populus davidiana Dode,the author fits the Richards equation using the diameter at breast height,tree height and volume of the growth equation,and compiles the forms of the growth process.In the other hand,based on the standard of arbor species diameter grade,the author makes the statistic of the number and proportion in every grade,and the succession trend is analyzed.The results showed that the pioneer tree contains Betula platyphylla Suk and Populus davidiana Dode,they are declining species,but Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc,Abies Mill and Picea asperata Mast are occupying the major advantages,they are the zonal climax species in the future,and the other species changes of is small.
本文以吉林省汪清县金沟岭林场为研究区,以杨桦次生林为主要研究对象,运用植被生态学、数量生态学、森林经理学等有关理论和技术,以地面样地调查和统计学方法为基础,运用定量化分析方法研究了退化云冷杉林森林生态系统的演替变化规律,并分析不同演替阶段的乔木树种的种间联结性、空间分布格局、林分直径结构、径阶生长与枯损模拟研究、杨桦次生林生长过程与演替动向分析,以及提出退化云冷杉林林分结构调整技术措施。本研究对于指导次生林植被恢复、次生林改造,从而加快次生演替进展,促进林业生态环境建设具有一定指导意义。本研究主要取得了以下研究成果:
(1)演替阶段划分是植被恢复研究的重要内容。运用“空间代替时间”的方法,建立长白山退化云冷杉林森林演替过程中各阶段群落标准地,实测所有胸径大于5cm的胸径和坐标等数据。利用种间联结测定,主成份分析,最优分割法定量研究了长白山过伐林区退化云冷杉林的次生演替过程。结果表明:在次生演替过程中,白桦、山杨归为衰退种组;红松、云杉、冷杉归为进展种组;枫桦、落叶松、椴树、色木、榆树、水曲柳、黄菠萝和山槐归为其他树种组。其演替过程分为5个阶段:第1与2阶段为不同恢复程度的杨桦次生林群落,目前主要是以白桦、山杨、椴树、色木占优势的杨桦阔叶混交林;第3阶段为杨桦和云冷杉为主的针阔混交林阶段;第4阶段为云冷杉林阶段;第5阶段为云冷杉针阔混交林阶段。天然次生林各演替阶段的定量划分为该研究地区植被恢复、次生林改造以及林业生态环境建设提供重要理论和现实依据。
(2)通过方差分析,x~2检验和种间联结系数AC值等的计算,对杨桦次生林和云冷杉针阔叶混交林阶段林分总体种间联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明:杨桦次生林群落内出现12个乔木树种之间的总体关联性的方差均值VR=0.932,接近1,表现为无相关性;在针阔叶混交林阶段,群落主要种间的总体关联性表现为正相关,说明该阶段的群落已处于和该地区环境条件相适应的稳定阶段,群落总体正关联性随着演替进程而加强。多树种间总体联结性反映了群落内各树种间相关性的总体趋势,树木种群的关联关系进一步说明,该群落处于杨桦次生林向云冷杉针阔叶混交林过渡的阶段。
(3)运用空间点格局分析方法中的Ripley's K(t)和K_(12)(t)函数分析退化云冷杉林各个演替阶段的先锋树种、顶级树种和其他树种的空间格局和空间关联性。研究结果表明:①从杨桦次生林、云冷杉林到云冷杉针阔混交林演替过程中,林分整体空间分布格局由聚集分布过渡为随机分布,先锋树种早期呈聚集分布状态,到了演替后期呈随机分布;其他树种在总体上都是小尺度上为聚集分布,而大尺度上是随机分布;顶级乡土树种云冷杉、红松在20号云冷杉针阔混交林样地中,＞12m的尺度,L(t)值中偏离0较远,向着均匀分布方法发展。②次生演替过程中先锋树种和顶级树种种间关系由先期的负关联变到正关联,树种之间共同利用资源;杨桦次生林中先锋树种杨桦和其它伴生树种之间在所有尺度下均呈负关联,到15 m尺度时关联显著;项级树种与其他树种二者在所有尺度上都呈正关联。因此,分析种内或种间关联时,不同尺度有着明显多样的格局。
(4)利用林分空间结构参数—混交度、大小比数和角尺度三个参数,分析了研究区杨桦次生林从1989年到2005年的空间结构信息演变过程。研究结果表明:该林分已由随机分布生长到轻度聚集分布;林分内各树木之间的直径差距正在逐渐缩小;该林分已经从中度混交过渡到强度混交。随着林分次生演替进程,林分中杨树、白桦和柞树等先锋树种逐渐退出所在群落,而当地云杉、冷杉和红松等顶级群落树种则演变为优势树种。
(5)分析了杨桦次生林直径分布特征,通过威布尔函数和负指数函数2种直径分布模型的模拟和检验,发现两者都能用于异龄次生林的直径分布模拟中。此外,还计算了次生异龄林中连续的两个径阶中的株数之比(常数q值),分布范围在1.26～1.49之间。
(6)以长白山过伐林区金沟岭林场的云冷杉林4个局级固定样地连续12年的观测数据资料为研究对象,利用固定样地内主要针叶树种红松、冷杉和云杉,从1978年到1984年间隔6年内的胸径与定期平均生长量对应值数据,建立林木径阶生长转移概率模型,预估林木径阶平均生长量,并利用1990年观测数据进行检验,结果表明所建概率模型实际应用误差较小,精度较高;同时本文还分析了1978年至1990年12年间云冷杉混交林的枯损林木的株数分布特征,通过模型模拟和检验,表明Weibull分布函数适合用于异龄混交林的枯损株树分布模拟。
(7)根据山杨、白桦解析木资料,利用Richards方程拟合了白桦和山杨的胸径、树高和材积的生长方程,分别编制了二者的生长过程表;同时根据径阶组划分标准,统计各树种在不同径阶组中的株数及其所占的比例,从而对林分内各乔木树种的演替动向进行分析。研究结果表明:山杨和白桦作为林分内的先锋树种,处于衰退趋势;红松、冷杉与云杉为地带性顶级树种,将在地带性顶级群落中占据为优势树种;其他树种在演替过程中变化不明显。
The forest is the surface biological communities,which is composed of the trees for the main body; the forest of nature growth is the geographical landscape on the earth's surface in the long-term development of nature history(The Editorial Board of〈Chinese forest〉,1997).The forest is the main body of terrestrial ecosystems,which is the survival and development foundation of humanity and many kinds of biology.The forest also has complex structure and function,it is not only providing massive woody forest products and non forest product,having the value of history,culture,aesthetics,leisure, and so on,but also playing an vital and irreplaceable role in the aspect of guaranteeing the conditions of agriculture-stock production,maintaining the biodiversity,protecting the ecological environment, reducing the natural disaster,regulating the global carbon balance and biogeochemical cycle,and so on. Therefore,the conservation and sustainable management of forest resources are the focus of attention and study.
The study area is located at the Jingouling experimental forest farm,Wangqing forestry bureau, Jilin province,situated on the middle lower hill region of Changbai Mountain in northeast China.Based on the theory and technology related to vegetation ecology,quantitative ecology,forest management, the author combination of the sample-plot survey and the statistical method,the degraded spruce-fir forest was quantified at different secondary succession stages,analysis the interspecific association of main tree populations in the different succession stages,and also studied the spatial distribution pattern, stand diameter structure,growth and mortality of size-class model,growth process and succession trends.In the end,the stand structure regulation and restoration strategies was proposed.The study may be helpful to the research of secondary forest management,and to the secondary forest restoration,the construction of ecological environment in China.The study has mainly obtained the following research results:
(1)Division the succession stages is one of the most important part in the research of vegetation restoration.Based on spatial-temporal method,the author established a degraded spruce-fir secondary succession forest series plots to analysis the spatial pattern,regeneration and succession process.All trees at least 5 cm in diameter at breast height were mapped and identified to species.Based on the interspecific association,main component analysis and fisher optimum split method,the degraded spruce-fir forest was quantified at different secondary successional stages,which is in Changbai Mountain,northeast China.We found that:during the secondary forest succession,Betula platyphylla and Populus ussuriensis were the declining species;Pinus koraiensis,Abies nephrolepis and Picea jazoensis are the progressive species;and Betulla costata,Larix gmelini,Tilia mandshuricum,Acer mono,Ulmus propinqua.Fraxinus,Maackia amurensis and Phellodendron are the transient species. The succession process was divided into five stages:the first and second stages are polar-birch secondary communities of different recovery,and the dominant species are Betula platyphylla,Populus ussuriensis,Tilia mandshuricum and Acer mono;the third stage is the polar-birch and spruce-fir mixed forests;the forth stage is the spruce-fir overcut forest;the last stage is the virgin forest,which is spruce-fir and broadleaved mixed forests.Analysis of quantitative division of secondary successional stages in degraded spruce-fir forest is benefit to the management and restoration of the secondary forest.
(2)A series of techniques,including analysis of variance,x~2 test and interspecies association coefficient,were used to analyze interspecies association of dominant species both in polar-birch secondary forests and in spruce-fir forest.The results showed that the mean variance of the 12 principal arbor species in polar-birch secondary forests is 0.932,closes to 1,and has no significant correlation; but in spruce-fir mixed forest,it shows positive correlation,this indicated that the stage is relatively stable that adapts the environmental condition,and the positive correlation of the whole community is strengthening along with the progression of succession.The end-result of competition will lead the pioneer tree contains B.platyhylla and P davidiana,they are declining species,will be replaced by the zonal climax species in the future.The overall correlation between multi-species reflects the general trends between various species in community.The passage further explains that the community in the transitional stages will changed from the polar-birch secondary forests to spruce-fir mixed forest.
(3)Based on spatial-temporal method,the author established a degraded spruce-fir secondary succession forest series plots to analysis the spatial pattern,regeneration and succession process.All trees at least 5 cm in diameter at breast height were mapped and identified to species.In this study,the spatial patterns and spatial associations of pioneer species,climax species and other species among different succession stages were analyzed by a point pattern analysis method,which was the Ripley's K(t)and K_(12)(t)statistic.We found that in the secondary process from polar-birch forest,spruce-fir forest and spruce-fir mixed forest,all of the species showed clumps to randomly distribution.Pioneer species such as Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana are changed from aggregated to randomly at all spatial scale.The other species showed clumps at small scale but randomly at large scale.Climax species showed in the middle of the upper and lower broken line,and tends to rectangular distribution at scale lager than 12 m.During the secondary succession,interspecies of pioneer species and climax species was changed from negative to positive association,and shared the environment resources in the end.The polar-birch forest vs other species showed negative association at all scale,but significantly at 15 m.Climax and other species association showed positive at all scale,and spruce and fir species were continuously regenerating population.So,qualify the intra- and interspecies spatial associations of varied with species,spatial characteristics of the forest structure are closely related to spatial scales. Analysis of spatial pattern of intra- and interspecies of polar-birch secondary succession is benefit to the management and restoration of the secondary forest.
(4)The forest structure has the important reference significance regarding the forest managers.In the paper,Neighborhood pattern,comparison and distribution of mingling are used to analysis the process of spatial structure succession in polar-birch secondary forests in Changbai Mountain from 1989 to 2005.The result shows that the stand is in mild accumulation distribution in 2005,while in random distribution in 1989,and the gap between various trees diameter disparity is reducing gradually,and the stand already has been from moderate mixed degrees to a mixed intensity.Along with the secondary succession,pioneer tree species such as the Betula platyphyll,Populus davidiana and Xylosma racemosum are gradually withdraw from the community,but the pioneer species such as Picea jezoensis and Pinus koraiensis become dominant,By using the spatial pattern method to study the structural change in the process of the secondary forest succession,it also reflects the succession process,and it is very useful to guiding management and structural adjustment.At last,it will be speed up the forest to the top stage development.
(5)Based on observation data of these plots,the Weibull function and Negative exponential diameter distribution function,were developed to model diameter frequency distributions.Results show that Weibull function and Negative exponential function are suitable models for modeling uneven-aged secondary forests.And the study calculates the q factor,which is characterized by a constant ratio in the number of trees between successive size classes,that is between 1.26～1.49.
(6)Based on the 4 permanent observation plots in the spruce-fir mixed forests in over-cutting forest area of Changbai Mountain,northeast China,and the data material was continuous observed for 12 years from 1978 to 1990,the latest observation was in 2008.In the paper,we are using the diameter and periodic annual increment data of main coniferous species,that is Pinus koraiensis,Abies nephrolepic and Picea koraiensis,to establish the transition probability,and predicted the average increment of diameter grade.From the testing data in 1990 years,the testing results indicate that the practical application error is small and the precision is high of probabilistic model.At the same time,the author analysis the mortality distribution in each species among 12 years from 1978 to 1990,results show that Weibull function is suitable for tree mortality model in uneven-aged spruce-fir mixed forests.
(7)The study discusses two aspects.In one hand,according to the data of the analytic trees,which is the species of Betula platyphylla Suk and Populus davidiana Dode,the author fits the Richards equation using the diameter at breast height,tree height and volume of the growth equation,and compiles the forms of the growth process.In the other hand,based on the standard of arbor species diameter grade,the author makes the statistic of the number and proportion in every grade,and the succession trend is analyzed.The results showed that the pioneer tree contains Betula platyphylla Suk and Populus davidiana Dode,they are declining species,but Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc,Abies Mill and Picea asperata Mast are occupying the major advantages,they are the zonal climax species in the future,and the other species changes of is small.
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