梭梭的遗传变异性研究
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摘要
梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge),又名琐琐、梭梭柴,藜科(Chenopodiaceae)梭梭属(Haloxylon Bunge)多年生小乔木,有时呈灌木状。作为荒漠地区主要的建群种和优良固沙植物,梭梭在维持荒漠生态系统的结构与功能、防止土地沙漠化、改善沙区气候方面有着十分重要的作用。近年来,由于自然作用和人为因素致使荒漠植被严重破坏,天然梭梭林大面积减少,甚至衰退和死亡。此外,梭梭根部寄生的肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)为著名中药材,素有“沙漠人参”之称,具有很高的经济价值和广阔的开发前景。对被肉苁蓉寄生后的梭梭在遗传上的变化未见报道。为了保护、合理利用梭梭资源,本研究应用ISSR分子标记技术对梭梭的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究,探讨梭梭的致濒机理,预测种群的遗传潜能;同时比较研究了空间诱变引起的梭梭遗传变异,为梭梭优良品种的选择提供科学依据。
首先对内蒙古、青海、宁夏和甘肃四省区共8个梭梭自然种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。筛选出9条ISSR引物并对8个种群146份样品进行ISSR-PCR,共扩增出135条条带,其中多态带数127条,多态带百分率为94.07%。物种水平上的Nei氏基因多样性(h)和香农指数(I)分别为0.2390和0.3761。说明梭梭种群内存在较高的遗传多样性;种群水平上,内蒙古雅布赖种群YA的遗传多样性最高(h=0.2341,I=0.3477),而最低的种群是青海尕海湖南山种群GS(h=0.0479,I=0.0698)。在地区水平上,内蒙古的最高(h=0.2615,I=0.3975)。8个种群间的基因流(Nm)为0.715,其基因流水平介于自交植物与风媒异交植物之间。AMOVA结果显示,梭梭种群56.86%的遗传变异主要存在于种群间,43.14%的变异存在于种群内。依据Nei遗传距离对不同种群进行UPGMA聚类,内蒙古的三个种群聚为一支,青海的三个种群聚为一支,甘肃和宁夏的两个种群聚为一支,遗传关系较近。
其次利用ISSR分子标记对内蒙古阿拉善沙漠的6组共120个个体的梭梭进行了遗传关系的研究。根据是否有肉苁蓉寄生将梭梭划分为寄生组和未被寄生组。研究结果表明被肉苁蓉寄生的梭梭组的Nei氏基因多样性和Shannon指数均高于未被寄生组,但不显著。聚类分析结果表明二组之间存在一定的遗传分化,两组间的遗传分化可能归因于较少的基因流(Nm＜1);同组内个体在不同地区间分化不显著则可能与组内较高基因流有关。
为了发现梭梭优良品种/系,采用ISSR标记技术对“神舟”四号飞船搭载的梭梭种子经地面种植后的F1代的遗传变异进行了分析。结果表明:空间搭载的梭梭的DNA带型表现多态性,对照组的多态位点比率(P)、Nei氏基因多样度(h)和Shannon多样性指数(I)均低于空间搭载组;发现了空间搭载梭梭的6个特异位点,分别为UBC834-1000bp、UBC834-1200bp、UBC840-3000bp、UBC841-2000bp、UBC842-2000bp和UBC846-1100bp。同时发现搭载后梭梭在抗白粉病能力方面明显优于对照组,为获得抗病性强的梭梭新品种奠定了基础。
Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge,which belongs to the genus Haloxylon Bunge in the family Chenopodiaceae,is Perennial small trees,sometimes shrubby.As dominant desert paint,H.ammodendron played an important role in the maintenance of the structure and function of the whole ecosystem,the preventability of land desertification and the improvement of the desert climate.During the last few decades,natural factors and overall land reclamation and cultivation,over-grazing and over-cutting and digging had resulted in the destruction and recession of H. ammodendron and development of mobile sand dunes.H.ammodendron urgently need rehabilitation and development.Moreover,Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma is a parasite on the roots of H.ammodendron.Cistanche(Cistanche deserticola) is domestic and foreign well-known Chinese herbal medicine,known as "desert ginsing" for a very high economic value and development prospects.However,the genetic differences between parasitized and nonparasitized H.ammodendron were largely unknown.In this paper,inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) molecular markers were used to study genetic structure and genetic variability of H. ammodendron,to explore the endangered mechanism of H.ammodendron and to predict the genetic potential of H.ammodendron populations.At the same time,by comparing the space mutation with the control of H.ammodendron on the genetic differences,we aimed to provide a scientific basis for the selection of superior varieties of H.ammodendron.
Firstly,genetic diversity levels were assessed based on 146 individuals of 8 natural populations from Inner Mongolia,Qinghai,Ningxia and Gansu provinces using ISSR molecular markers.Nine selected primers produced a total of 135 discernible bands,of which 127(94.07%) were polymorphism.The Nei's gene diversity(h) and Shannon's information index(1) were 0.2390 and 0.3761 respectively at the species level,which meant that there existed a relative high genetic diversity within the H.ammodendron population.The genetic diversity of YA population of Inner Mongolia was highest(h = 0.2341,I = 0.3477),and the genetic diversity of GS population of Qinghai was lowest(h = 0.0479,I = 0.0698) at the population level.At the regional level,both the h and I value,0.2615 and 0.3975,of populations from Inner Mongolia were the highest among four regions.The gene flow(Nm) was 0.715 at the population level.The level of gene flow of H.ammodendron was between the self plants and wind-pollinated outcrossing plants,which meant that H.ammodendron was likely to adopt self-pollination and outcrossing breed system.AMOVA analysis indicated that genetic variation of H.ammodendron is much higher among populations(56.86%) than within populations(43.14%).A cluster analysis(UPGMA) was used to generate dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distances among 8 populations.The results showed that three populations from Inner Mongolia(YA,DL and JT) were clustered as the first clade,and three populations from Qinghai(GH,GS and XJ) were clustered as the second clade and two populations from Gansu and Ningxia(MQ and YC) were clustered as the third clade which showed the closer genetic relationship between them.
Secondly,the inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) marker was used to assess the genetic variations and relationships among 6 accessions of H.ammodendron with a total of 120 individuals collected from three localities in the Alxa Desert,Inner Mongolia,China.At each locality,individuals both parasitized(PP) by C.deserticola and nonparasitized(NP) were sampled.The results showed that Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's index of PP accessions were higher,but were not significantly different,from those of NP accessions.A UPGMA dendrogram showed that genetic differentiation existed between PP and NP accessions,which may be attributed to low gene flow between the NP and PP groups(Nm＜1).Meanwhile,the relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance within each group,although not statistically significant in this study,may be associated with high gene flow in both the NP and PP groups.
In order to discover superior varieties or series of H.ammodendron,ISSR analysis was used to study the genetic differentiation of F1 generation of H. ammodendron seeds.H.ammodendron seeds were carried in "Shenzhou No.4" spaceflight.The seeds and the ground-based control were also planted on the ground. The young fresh shoots of plants were used to do ISSR analysis.Ninety-four ISSR primers were used in this study,among which 80 primers generated the same DNA band type,and 14 primers generated different DNA band types.Compared with the control,six ISSR specific markers were obtained,namely UBC834-1000bp, UBC834-1200bp,UBC840-3000bp,UBC841-2000bp,UBC-842-2000bp and UBC846-1100bp.At the same time,we found that H.ammodendron carried by spaceship was superior the control group in the resistance to powdery mildew.The results in this paper provided the basis for the strong resistence to powdery mildew of H.ammodendron new varieties.
首先对内蒙古、青海、宁夏和甘肃四省区共8个梭梭自然种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。筛选出9条ISSR引物并对8个种群146份样品进行ISSR-PCR,共扩增出135条条带,其中多态带数127条,多态带百分率为94.07%。物种水平上的Nei氏基因多样性(h)和香农指数(I)分别为0.2390和0.3761。说明梭梭种群内存在较高的遗传多样性;种群水平上,内蒙古雅布赖种群YA的遗传多样性最高(h=0.2341,I=0.3477),而最低的种群是青海尕海湖南山种群GS(h=0.0479,I=0.0698)。在地区水平上,内蒙古的最高(h=0.2615,I=0.3975)。8个种群间的基因流(Nm)为0.715,其基因流水平介于自交植物与风媒异交植物之间。AMOVA结果显示,梭梭种群56.86%的遗传变异主要存在于种群间,43.14%的变异存在于种群内。依据Nei遗传距离对不同种群进行UPGMA聚类,内蒙古的三个种群聚为一支,青海的三个种群聚为一支,甘肃和宁夏的两个种群聚为一支,遗传关系较近。
其次利用ISSR分子标记对内蒙古阿拉善沙漠的6组共120个个体的梭梭进行了遗传关系的研究。根据是否有肉苁蓉寄生将梭梭划分为寄生组和未被寄生组。研究结果表明被肉苁蓉寄生的梭梭组的Nei氏基因多样性和Shannon指数均高于未被寄生组,但不显著。聚类分析结果表明二组之间存在一定的遗传分化,两组间的遗传分化可能归因于较少的基因流(Nm＜1);同组内个体在不同地区间分化不显著则可能与组内较高基因流有关。
为了发现梭梭优良品种/系,采用ISSR标记技术对“神舟”四号飞船搭载的梭梭种子经地面种植后的F1代的遗传变异进行了分析。结果表明:空间搭载的梭梭的DNA带型表现多态性,对照组的多态位点比率(P)、Nei氏基因多样度(h)和Shannon多样性指数(I)均低于空间搭载组;发现了空间搭载梭梭的6个特异位点,分别为UBC834-1000bp、UBC834-1200bp、UBC840-3000bp、UBC841-2000bp、UBC842-2000bp和UBC846-1100bp。同时发现搭载后梭梭在抗白粉病能力方面明显优于对照组,为获得抗病性强的梭梭新品种奠定了基础。
Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge,which belongs to the genus Haloxylon Bunge in the family Chenopodiaceae,is Perennial small trees,sometimes shrubby.As dominant desert paint,H.ammodendron played an important role in the maintenance of the structure and function of the whole ecosystem,the preventability of land desertification and the improvement of the desert climate.During the last few decades,natural factors and overall land reclamation and cultivation,over-grazing and over-cutting and digging had resulted in the destruction and recession of H. ammodendron and development of mobile sand dunes.H.ammodendron urgently need rehabilitation and development.Moreover,Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma is a parasite on the roots of H.ammodendron.Cistanche(Cistanche deserticola) is domestic and foreign well-known Chinese herbal medicine,known as "desert ginsing" for a very high economic value and development prospects.However,the genetic differences between parasitized and nonparasitized H.ammodendron were largely unknown.In this paper,inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) molecular markers were used to study genetic structure and genetic variability of H. ammodendron,to explore the endangered mechanism of H.ammodendron and to predict the genetic potential of H.ammodendron populations.At the same time,by comparing the space mutation with the control of H.ammodendron on the genetic differences,we aimed to provide a scientific basis for the selection of superior varieties of H.ammodendron.
Firstly,genetic diversity levels were assessed based on 146 individuals of 8 natural populations from Inner Mongolia,Qinghai,Ningxia and Gansu provinces using ISSR molecular markers.Nine selected primers produced a total of 135 discernible bands,of which 127(94.07%) were polymorphism.The Nei's gene diversity(h) and Shannon's information index(1) were 0.2390 and 0.3761 respectively at the species level,which meant that there existed a relative high genetic diversity within the H.ammodendron population.The genetic diversity of YA population of Inner Mongolia was highest(h = 0.2341,I = 0.3477),and the genetic diversity of GS population of Qinghai was lowest(h = 0.0479,I = 0.0698) at the population level.At the regional level,both the h and I value,0.2615 and 0.3975,of populations from Inner Mongolia were the highest among four regions.The gene flow(Nm) was 0.715 at the population level.The level of gene flow of H.ammodendron was between the self plants and wind-pollinated outcrossing plants,which meant that H.ammodendron was likely to adopt self-pollination and outcrossing breed system.AMOVA analysis indicated that genetic variation of H.ammodendron is much higher among populations(56.86%) than within populations(43.14%).A cluster analysis(UPGMA) was used to generate dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distances among 8 populations.The results showed that three populations from Inner Mongolia(YA,DL and JT) were clustered as the first clade,and three populations from Qinghai(GH,GS and XJ) were clustered as the second clade and two populations from Gansu and Ningxia(MQ and YC) were clustered as the third clade which showed the closer genetic relationship between them.
Secondly,the inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) marker was used to assess the genetic variations and relationships among 6 accessions of H.ammodendron with a total of 120 individuals collected from three localities in the Alxa Desert,Inner Mongolia,China.At each locality,individuals both parasitized(PP) by C.deserticola and nonparasitized(NP) were sampled.The results showed that Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's index of PP accessions were higher,but were not significantly different,from those of NP accessions.A UPGMA dendrogram showed that genetic differentiation existed between PP and NP accessions,which may be attributed to low gene flow between the NP and PP groups(Nm＜1).Meanwhile,the relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance within each group,although not statistically significant in this study,may be associated with high gene flow in both the NP and PP groups.
In order to discover superior varieties or series of H.ammodendron,ISSR analysis was used to study the genetic differentiation of F1 generation of H. ammodendron seeds.H.ammodendron seeds were carried in "Shenzhou No.4" spaceflight.The seeds and the ground-based control were also planted on the ground. The young fresh shoots of plants were used to do ISSR analysis.Ninety-four ISSR primers were used in this study,among which 80 primers generated the same DNA band type,and 14 primers generated different DNA band types.Compared with the control,six ISSR specific markers were obtained,namely UBC834-1000bp, UBC834-1200bp,UBC840-3000bp,UBC841-2000bp,UBC-842-2000bp and UBC846-1100bp.At the same time,we found that H.ammodendron carried by spaceship was superior the control group in the resistance to powdery mildew.The results in this paper provided the basis for the strong resistence to powdery mildew of H.ammodendron new varieties.
引文
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