东北典型温带森林生态系统氮素转化释放过程的研究
|
摘要
温带森林在全球森林生态系统中占有重要的地位,也是对全球暖化响应最为敏感的生态系统之一。研究该生态系统中氮素的转化过程和影响机制既可以加深对生态系统结构与功能的认识,也可为评估全球暖化的影响提供科学依据。本研究以4种典型温带森林生态系统:红松人工林(HS)、落叶松人工林(LYS)、蒙古栎林(MGL)和硬阔叶林(YK)为对象,研究了森林凋落物(叶片、细枝、未分解混合叶及半分解混合叶)氮素的固持与转化、土壤微生物量氮固持与释放、土壤有机氮硝化与矿化、生长季N_2O释放。以移栽自不同纬度的兴安落叶松林土壤为代表研究解冻期土壤N_2O的释放。结果表明:
树种组成对凋落物分解影响显著,阔叶树种凋落物组分分解明显快于针叶树种。叶片或混合叶片的分解率高于细枝。凋落物分解率与初始C/N呈显著负相关。叶片、细枝以及地面未分解凋落物组分在分解早期阶段总氮含量均呈增加趋势,而半分解混合凋落物分解过程中总氮含量保持相对稳定。凋落物中氮释放与C/N显著负相关,初始C/N较低的水曲柳叶片和胡桃楸叶片在分解初期显示出明显的氮释放特征。
4种森林土壤微生物量氮具有明显的时空特征:晚春和初夏期间微生物量氮固持明显,而秋季表现出明显的氮释放。森林土壤微生物量氮随土壤深度增加而减少。4种林型间微生物量氮差异显著,阔叶林微生物量氮高于针叶林。春季解冻期,0-10 cm(MGL:0-5 cm)土壤微生物量氮与土壤水分含量变化同步,在土壤水分最高的时期,微生物量氮达到固持高峰。生长季YK、MGL、HS和LYS 0-10 cm(MGL:0-5 cm)土壤中微生物量氮占其土壤总氮比例依次为:2.3%、2.4%、2.1%和1.1%。土壤微生物量氮与土壤水分呈显著正相关,而与温度无关。
4种森林土壤无机氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N)季节变化特征相似。土壤有机氮矿化和硝化具有明显的时空特征,5-7月矿(硝)化作用强烈。随土壤深度加深,净氮矿化率和净硝化率逐渐降低。4种林型间0-10 cm(MGL:0-5 cm)土壤净氮矿化率和净硝化率差异显著,净N矿化率依次为YK(0.60±0.01 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞HS(0.38±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞MGL(0.35±0.04mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞LYS(0.24±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))。下层土壤净氮矿化率无显著差异。生态系统构成决定了土壤氮素的矿化能力,阔叶林和针阔混交林矿化率大于针叶林。春季解冻期4种温带森林土壤均存在明显的矿化过程。土壤氮矿化与土壤温度和微生物量氮显著正相关,而与土壤水分呈二次函数关系。
4种温带森林生态系统均是N_2O释放源,生长季可释放0.07-0.93 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2)。在生长季土壤干旱期,该森林可吸收环境中的N_2O,成为短期N_2O汇。4种林型间N_2O释放量差异不显著。土壤N_2O通量与土壤水分、NH_4~+-N和微生物量氮显著正相关。土壤硝化过程是该森林生态系统生长季土壤N_2O释放的主导过程。该森林土壤在春季解冻过程中可释放出大量的N_2O(1.49-2.94 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2).29d~(-1))。土壤温度和土壤微生物量碳是解冻过程中N_2O释放的主要影响因素。
研究表明,温带森林凋落物氮释放受其初始C/N显著影响,初始C/N越高的凋落物组分其氮固持效应越显著。阔叶林微生物量氮的有效性显著高于针叶林。4种温带森林在生长季与非生长季均是N_2O源。4种纬度落叶松林土壤解冻过程中N_2O释放敏感性随纬度升高而下降。
Temperate forest has been playing a key role in the global forest ecosystems,which is one of the most sensitive to the global climate warming.It is necessary to investigate nitrogen turnover and controlling factors for a better understanding of the structure and function of the temperate forest ecosystem.Additionally,these datas could be provided for evaluating the impacts by the climate warming.The research was based on 4 typical temperate forest ecosystems:Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis,HS) and Dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii,LYS) plantation,Mongolian oak forest(Dominated by Quercus Mongolica,MGL) and Hard-wood forest(Dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica,Juglans mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense,YK),which represented secondary forest ecosystems in northeast China.N immobilization and release in different litter compositons(leaf litters,twigs,mixed undecomposition leaf litters and mixed semi-decompositon leaf litters),N immobilization and release in soil microbial biomass,nitrification and N mineralization in soil and N_2O emissions were studied in the temperate forest ecosystems.We selected the Dahurian larch forest ecosystems transplanted from a latitudinal transect in northeast China and measured N_2O fluxes during spring thawing period.
The decompositoin of litters was apparently affected by tree species.The decomposition of broad-leaved forest litters was faster than that of conifer forest litters.The decomposition rates of leaves were higher than that of twigs.The decomposition rate of litter was negatively correlated to C/N of litter.The total nitrogen content of leaves,twigs and mixed undecomposed leaves increased with the decomposition of these litters at primary stage of decomposition.The total N increased significantly in primary stage of decomposition.The release of litter N was negatively correlated to initial C/N of litter.And N release from the leaves of Fraxinus mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica with initial low C/N was increased in the primary decomposition stage.
Temporal and spatial variability was found in soil microbial biomass nitrogen(N_M) in 4 forest ecosystems.Soil nitrogen was immobilized significantly by soil microbial in later-spring and pre-summer and was released in autumn.The soil N_M showed clearly spatial variability and decreased with soil depth.The soil microbial biomass nitrogens were significantly different among 4 forest soils and broad-leaved forests with microbial higher biomass nitrogen than conifer forests.The change of soil microbial biomass nitrogen at 0-10 cm depth(0-5 cm for MGL) was accord with soil water content and the peak of N_M appeared at the time of the highest soil water during soil thawing periods in spring.The percentages of N_M to total N in YK,MGL,HS and LYS during the growth season were 2.3%,2.4%,2.1%and 1.1%at 0-10 cm (0-5 cm for MGL) depth,respectively.The N_M was positively correlated to soil moisture content,but not to soil temperature.
The inorganic nitrogen showed similar seasonal characteristics in four temperate forest ecosystems.Apparent temporal-spatial pattern was observed in nitrification and N mineralization,and the highest net N mineralization and net nitrification rates were found in May-July.Net nitrification and net N mineralization rates decreased with soil depth.Net nitrification and net N mineralization rates at 0-10 cm depth were significantly different among 4 forest ecosystems,and the rank of mean net N mineralization rate was YK(0.60±0.01 mg.kg~-~1.d~(-1))＞HS(0.38±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞MGL(0.35;±0.04 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞LYS(0.24±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1)). There were scarcely different in net nitrification and net N mineralization rates among 4 forest soils at 10-20 cm(5-15 cm for MGL).The constitutes of forest ecosystem determined the level of N mineralization.The net N mineralization rates of the broad-leaved forest and pine mixed deciduous forest ecosystem were higher than that of conifer forest ecosystems.There existed clear N mineralizations during spring soil thawing period in 4 forest ecosystems.N mineralizations were positively correlated to soil temperature and N_M,and there was quadratic equation relationship between N mineralization and soil water.
Four temperate forest soils were N_2O sources and released 0.07-0.93 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2) during the growth season.The temperate forest would absorb N_2O from the environment as a ephemeral sinks of N_2O during dry period in the growth season.The differences of N_2O flux in 4 forest ecosystems were not significant.The N_2O flux were significantly positively correlated to soil water content,NH_4~+-N content and N_M.The nitrification is a leading process for N_2O emission during the growth season in the 4 forest ecosystems.A quantity of N_2O was released during soil thawing periods in spring in temperate forest ecosystems(1.49-2.94 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2).29d~(-1)). The soil temperature and microbial activity were the key factors in controlling N_O2 emissions during soil thawing periods.
The results showed that N release of litters was affected significantly by initial C/N,and N immobilization increased with higher initial C/N in the temperate forest.Availibilities of microbial biomass N in broad-leaved forest soils were higher than that of the conifer forest soils.4 forest soils were N_O2 sources in growth and non-growth season obviously.The sensitivity of N_2O release for the four latitudinal Dahurian larch forest soils decreased with higher latitude during the thawing period in spring.
树种组成对凋落物分解影响显著,阔叶树种凋落物组分分解明显快于针叶树种。叶片或混合叶片的分解率高于细枝。凋落物分解率与初始C/N呈显著负相关。叶片、细枝以及地面未分解凋落物组分在分解早期阶段总氮含量均呈增加趋势,而半分解混合凋落物分解过程中总氮含量保持相对稳定。凋落物中氮释放与C/N显著负相关,初始C/N较低的水曲柳叶片和胡桃楸叶片在分解初期显示出明显的氮释放特征。
4种森林土壤微生物量氮具有明显的时空特征:晚春和初夏期间微生物量氮固持明显,而秋季表现出明显的氮释放。森林土壤微生物量氮随土壤深度增加而减少。4种林型间微生物量氮差异显著,阔叶林微生物量氮高于针叶林。春季解冻期,0-10 cm(MGL:0-5 cm)土壤微生物量氮与土壤水分含量变化同步,在土壤水分最高的时期,微生物量氮达到固持高峰。生长季YK、MGL、HS和LYS 0-10 cm(MGL:0-5 cm)土壤中微生物量氮占其土壤总氮比例依次为:2.3%、2.4%、2.1%和1.1%。土壤微生物量氮与土壤水分呈显著正相关,而与温度无关。
4种森林土壤无机氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N)季节变化特征相似。土壤有机氮矿化和硝化具有明显的时空特征,5-7月矿(硝)化作用强烈。随土壤深度加深,净氮矿化率和净硝化率逐渐降低。4种林型间0-10 cm(MGL:0-5 cm)土壤净氮矿化率和净硝化率差异显著,净N矿化率依次为YK(0.60±0.01 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞HS(0.38±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞MGL(0.35±0.04mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞LYS(0.24±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))。下层土壤净氮矿化率无显著差异。生态系统构成决定了土壤氮素的矿化能力,阔叶林和针阔混交林矿化率大于针叶林。春季解冻期4种温带森林土壤均存在明显的矿化过程。土壤氮矿化与土壤温度和微生物量氮显著正相关,而与土壤水分呈二次函数关系。
4种温带森林生态系统均是N_2O释放源,生长季可释放0.07-0.93 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2)。在生长季土壤干旱期,该森林可吸收环境中的N_2O,成为短期N_2O汇。4种林型间N_2O释放量差异不显著。土壤N_2O通量与土壤水分、NH_4~+-N和微生物量氮显著正相关。土壤硝化过程是该森林生态系统生长季土壤N_2O释放的主导过程。该森林土壤在春季解冻过程中可释放出大量的N_2O(1.49-2.94 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2).29d~(-1))。土壤温度和土壤微生物量碳是解冻过程中N_2O释放的主要影响因素。
研究表明,温带森林凋落物氮释放受其初始C/N显著影响,初始C/N越高的凋落物组分其氮固持效应越显著。阔叶林微生物量氮的有效性显著高于针叶林。4种温带森林在生长季与非生长季均是N_2O源。4种纬度落叶松林土壤解冻过程中N_2O释放敏感性随纬度升高而下降。
Temperate forest has been playing a key role in the global forest ecosystems,which is one of the most sensitive to the global climate warming.It is necessary to investigate nitrogen turnover and controlling factors for a better understanding of the structure and function of the temperate forest ecosystem.Additionally,these datas could be provided for evaluating the impacts by the climate warming.The research was based on 4 typical temperate forest ecosystems:Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis,HS) and Dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii,LYS) plantation,Mongolian oak forest(Dominated by Quercus Mongolica,MGL) and Hard-wood forest(Dominated by Fraxinus mandshurica,Juglans mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense,YK),which represented secondary forest ecosystems in northeast China.N immobilization and release in different litter compositons(leaf litters,twigs,mixed undecomposition leaf litters and mixed semi-decompositon leaf litters),N immobilization and release in soil microbial biomass,nitrification and N mineralization in soil and N_2O emissions were studied in the temperate forest ecosystems.We selected the Dahurian larch forest ecosystems transplanted from a latitudinal transect in northeast China and measured N_2O fluxes during spring thawing period.
The decompositoin of litters was apparently affected by tree species.The decomposition of broad-leaved forest litters was faster than that of conifer forest litters.The decomposition rates of leaves were higher than that of twigs.The decomposition rate of litter was negatively correlated to C/N of litter.The total nitrogen content of leaves,twigs and mixed undecomposed leaves increased with the decomposition of these litters at primary stage of decomposition.The total N increased significantly in primary stage of decomposition.The release of litter N was negatively correlated to initial C/N of litter.And N release from the leaves of Fraxinus mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica with initial low C/N was increased in the primary decomposition stage.
Temporal and spatial variability was found in soil microbial biomass nitrogen(N_M) in 4 forest ecosystems.Soil nitrogen was immobilized significantly by soil microbial in later-spring and pre-summer and was released in autumn.The soil N_M showed clearly spatial variability and decreased with soil depth.The soil microbial biomass nitrogens were significantly different among 4 forest soils and broad-leaved forests with microbial higher biomass nitrogen than conifer forests.The change of soil microbial biomass nitrogen at 0-10 cm depth(0-5 cm for MGL) was accord with soil water content and the peak of N_M appeared at the time of the highest soil water during soil thawing periods in spring.The percentages of N_M to total N in YK,MGL,HS and LYS during the growth season were 2.3%,2.4%,2.1%and 1.1%at 0-10 cm (0-5 cm for MGL) depth,respectively.The N_M was positively correlated to soil moisture content,but not to soil temperature.
The inorganic nitrogen showed similar seasonal characteristics in four temperate forest ecosystems.Apparent temporal-spatial pattern was observed in nitrification and N mineralization,and the highest net N mineralization and net nitrification rates were found in May-July.Net nitrification and net N mineralization rates decreased with soil depth.Net nitrification and net N mineralization rates at 0-10 cm depth were significantly different among 4 forest ecosystems,and the rank of mean net N mineralization rate was YK(0.60±0.01 mg.kg~-~1.d~(-1))＞HS(0.38±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞MGL(0.35;±0.04 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1))＞LYS(0.24±0.03 mg.kg~(-1).d~(-1)). There were scarcely different in net nitrification and net N mineralization rates among 4 forest soils at 10-20 cm(5-15 cm for MGL).The constitutes of forest ecosystem determined the level of N mineralization.The net N mineralization rates of the broad-leaved forest and pine mixed deciduous forest ecosystem were higher than that of conifer forest ecosystems.There existed clear N mineralizations during spring soil thawing period in 4 forest ecosystems.N mineralizations were positively correlated to soil temperature and N_M,and there was quadratic equation relationship between N mineralization and soil water.
Four temperate forest soils were N_2O sources and released 0.07-0.93 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2) during the growth season.The temperate forest would absorb N_2O from the environment as a ephemeral sinks of N_2O during dry period in the growth season.The differences of N_2O flux in 4 forest ecosystems were not significant.The N_2O flux were significantly positively correlated to soil water content,NH_4~+-N content and N_M.The nitrification is a leading process for N_2O emission during the growth season in the 4 forest ecosystems.A quantity of N_2O was released during soil thawing periods in spring in temperate forest ecosystems(1.49-2.94 kgN_2O-N.hm~(-2).29d~(-1)). The soil temperature and microbial activity were the key factors in controlling N_O2 emissions during soil thawing periods.
The results showed that N release of litters was affected significantly by initial C/N,and N immobilization increased with higher initial C/N in the temperate forest.Availibilities of microbial biomass N in broad-leaved forest soils were higher than that of the conifer forest soils.4 forest soils were N_O2 sources in growth and non-growth season obviously.The sensitivity of N_2O release for the four latitudinal Dahurian larch forest soils decreased with higher latitude during the thawing period in spring.
引文
[1]Cole CV,Elliott EY,Hunt HW,er al.Trophic interactions in soils as they affect energy and nutrient dynamics V.Phosphorus transformations.Micro.Ecol.1978,4,381-357
[2]Chen Y,Hogberg P.Gross nitrogen mineralization rates still high 14 years after suspension of N input to a N-saturated forest,Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38,2001-2003
[3]Claudia M,Hutchison W,Walworth JL,et al.Evaluating the effects of gross nitrogen mineralization,immobilization,and nitrification on nitrogen fertilizer availability in soil experimentally contaminated with diesel.Biodegradation.2007,18(4):133-144
[4]Vitousek PM,Abet JD,Howarth RW,et al.Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:causes and consequences.Ecol.Appl.,1997,7,737-750
[5]Tanner EVJ,Kapos V,France W.Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization effects on Venezuelan montane forest trunk growth and litterfall.Ecology,1992,73,78-86
[6]Vitousek PM,Howarth RW.Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea:how can it occur.Biogeochemistry,1991,13:87-115
[7]Deluca TH,Nilsson MC,Zackrisson O.Nitrogen mineralization and phenol accumulation along a fire chronosequence in northern Sweden.Oecologia,2002,133,206-214
[8]周才平,欧阳华,裴志永,等.中国森林生态系统的土壤净氮矿化研究(英文),植物生态学报,2003,27,170-176
[9]方运霆,莫江明,周国逸.森林土壤氮素转换及其对氮沉降的响应.生态学报,2004,24:1523-1531
[10]杨金艳,赵惠勋,王传宽.森林对氮饱和的响应.应用与环境生物学报,2004,10:507-511.
[11]Peterjohna WT,Fostera CJ,Christ MJ,et al.Patterns of nitrogen availability within a forested watershed exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation.Forest Ecology and Management,1999,119,247-257
[12]Undersen P,Emmett BA,Kjgnaas OJ,et al.Impact of nitrogen deposition on nitrogen cycling in forests:a synthesis of NITREX data.Forest Ecology and Management,1998,101:37-55
[13]Vitousek PM,Gosz JR,Grief CC,et al.A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems.Ecol.Monogr.,1982,52,155-177
[14]Lloyd D,Microbial processes and the cycling of atmospheric trace gases.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1995,10:476-478
[15]Rodhn HA.A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect.Science,1990,248:1217-1219
[16]Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F.Nitrous oxide emissions from frozen soils under agricultural,fallow and forest land.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(11-12):1807-1810
[17]Flessa H,D(o|¨)rsch P,Beese F.Seasonal variation of N_2O and CH_4 fluxes in differently managed arabic soils in southern Germany.Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(11):115-124
[18]Braun S,Luxhφi J,Magid J,et al.A nitrogen mineralization model based on relationships for gross mineralization and immobilization.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(9):2712-2721
[19]Nicolardot B,Recous S,Mary B.Simulation of C and N mineralization during crop residue decomposition:a simple dynamic model based on the C:N ratio of the residues.Plant and Soil,2001,228:83-103
[20]Bosatta E.Staaf H.The control of nitrogen turnover in forest litter.Oikos,1982,39:143-151
[21]王风友.森林凋落量研究综述.生态学进展,1986,6(2):82-89
[22]郝占庆,吕航.木质物残体在森林生态系统中的功能评述.生态学进展,1989,6(3):179-183
[23]廖军,王新根.森林凋落物量研究概述.江西林业科技,2000,1:31-34
[24]彭少麟,刘强.森林凋落物动态及其对全球变暖的响应.生态学报,2002,22:1534-1544.
[25]刘文耀,谢寿昌,谢克金,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林凋落物和粗死木质物的初步研究.植物学报,1995,37(10):807-814
[26]李叙勇,孙继坤,常直海,等.天山森林凋落物和枯枝落叶层的研究.土壤学报,1997,34(4):406-416
[27]Olson JS.Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems.Ecology,1963,44(2):322-331
[28]聂道平.森林生态系统营养元素的生物循环.林业科学研究,1991,4(4):435-439
[29]Crossley JDA and Hoglund MP.A Litter-Bag Method for the Study of Mieroarthropods Inhabiting Leaf Litter.Ecology,1962,43(3):571-573
[30]McClaugherty CA,Pastor J,Aver JD,et al.Forest litter decomposition in relation to Soil Nitrogen dynamoics titter quality.Ecology,1985,66(1):266-275
[31]Hu YH,Chert LZ,Kong FZ.Litter decomposition rates of two unique tree species of China.Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica,1986,10(1):35-43
[32]Briones BJI and lneson P.Decomposition of eucalyptus leaves in litter mixtures.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28:1381-1388
[33]邓小文,张岩,韩士杰,等.外源氮输入对长白山红松凋落物早期分解的影响.北京林业大学,2007,29(6):16-22
[34]张家武,廖利平,李锦芳,等.马尾松火力楠混交林凋落物动态极其对土壤养分的影响.应用生态学报,1993,4(4)359-363
[35]Maclean DA,Ross WW.Litter production and forest floor nutrient dynamics in pine and hardwood stands of New Brunswick,Canada.Holare.Ecol.1978,1:1-15
[36]Aerts R.Climate,leaf chemistry and leaf litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems:a triangular relationship.Oikos,1997,79:439-449
[37]胡肄慧,陈灵芝,陈清朗,等.几种树木枯叶分解速率的试验研究.植物生态学与地植物学学报,1987,112:124-132
[38]陈印平,潘开文,吴宁,等.凋落物质量和分解对中亚热带栲木茶林土壤氮矿化的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2005,11(2):146-151
[39]周东雄.杉木乳源木莲混交林凋落物研究.生态学杂志,2005,24(6):595-598
[40]Jenney HS,Gessel P,Bingham FT.Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions.Soil science,1949,68:419-432
[41]National Park Washington.Canadian Journal of Botany,25:1049-1057
[42]Mikola P.Comparative experiment on decomposition rates forest litter in southern and northern Finland.Oikos,1960,11:161-166
[43]Shanks RE,Olson JS.First-year breakdown of leaf litter in southern Appalachian forests.Science,1961,134:194-195
[44]Hornsby DC,Lockaby BG,Chappelka AH.Influence of microclimate on decomposition in loblolly pine stands:a field microcosm approach.Canadian.Journal of Forest Research,1995,25:1570-1577
[45]刘强,彭少麟,毕华,等.热带亚热带森林凋落物交互分解的养分动态.北京林业大学学报,2005,27(1):24-31
[46]Hobbies.Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in Alaskan tundra.Ecological Monographs,1996,6(4):503-522
[47]Vitousek PM,Turner DR,Parton WJ,et al.Litter composition on the MaunaLoa environmental matrix,Hawaii,I:patterns,mechanisms,and models.Ecology,1994,75:418-429
[48]Singh KP,Singh PK,Tripathi SK.Litterfall,litter decomposition and nutrient release patterns in four native tree species raised on coal mines spoil at Singrauli,India.Biology and Fertility of Soil,1999,29:371-378
[49]李雪峰,韩士杰,郭忠玲,等.红松阔叶林内凋落物表层与底层红松枝叶的分解动态.北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):8-13
[50]Pausas JG,Casals P,Romany(?) J.Litter decomposition and faunal activity in Mediterranean forest soils:effects of N content and the moss layer.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:989-997
[51]Ludwig JA,Whitford WG,Cornelius JM.Effects of water,nitrogen and sulfur amendments on cover,density and size of Chihuahuan Desert ephemerals.J.Arid Environ.,1989,16:35-42
[52]林雯,曾涛,杨彪,等.九寨沟不同类型森林群落凋落物分解的研究.四川大学学报,2006,43(5):1121-1126
[53]Berg B,Matzner E.Effect of N deposition on decomposition of plant litter and soil organic matter in forest systems.Environmental Reviews,2000,5:1-25
[54]Sariyildiz T,Anderson JM.Interactions between litter quality,decomposition and soil fertility:a laboratory study.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35:391-399
[55]Scott NA,Binkley D.Foliage litter quality and annual net N mineralization:comparison across North American forest sites.Oecologia,1997,111:151-159
[56]Taylor BR,Parkinson D,Parsons WFJ.Nitrogen and lignin content as predictor of litter decay rates:a microcosm test.Ecology,1989,70:97-104
[57]Edmonds RL,Thomas TB.Decomposition and nutrient release from green needles of western hemlock and Pacific silver fir in an old-growth temperate rain forests,Olympic National Park,Washington.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1995,25(7):1049-1057
[58]陈永亮,李淑兰.胡桃楸、落叶松纯林及其混交林下叶凋落物分解与养分归还的比较研究.林业科技2004,29(5):9-12
[59]Matson P,Lohse KA,Hall SJ.The globalization of nitrogen deposition:Consequences for terrestrial ecosystem.Ambio,2002,31(2):113-119
[60]Rabalais N.Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems.Ambio,2002,31(2):102-112
[61]Moffat AS.Global nitrogen overload problem grows critical.Science,1998,279(5353):988-989
[62]Hobbie SE and Cough L.Litter decomposition in moist acidic and non-acidic tundra with different glacial histories.Oecologia,2004,140:113-124
[63]Limpens J and Berendse F.How litter quality affects mass loss and N loss from decomposing Sphagnum.Oikos,2003,103:537-547
[64]Kuperman RG.Litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in oak-hickory forests along a historic gradient of nitrogen and sulfur deposition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31:237-244
[65]Molina JAE,Clapp CE,Shaffer MJ,et al.A model of nitrogen and carbon transformations in soil:description,calibration and behaviour.Soil Sci.Soc.Am J,1983,47:85-91
[66]Madritch MD,Hunter MD.Intraspecific litter diversity and nitrogen deposition affect nutrient dynamics and soil respiration.Oecologia,2003,136:124-128
[67]Prescott CE.Dose nitrogen availability control rates of litter decomposition in forest.Plant and soil,1995,168:83-88
[68]莫江明,薛花,方运霆.鼎湖山主要森林植物凋落物及其对N沉降的响应.生态学报,2004,4(7):1413-1420
[69]Hobbie SE.Interactions between litter lignin and soil nitrogen availability during leaf litter decomposition in Hawaiian montane forest.Ecosystems,2000,3:484-494
[70]Berg B,Staaf H.Leaching,accumulation and release of nitrogen in decomposing forest litter.Ecological Bulletins,1981,33:16-22
[71]耿晓源.长白山某些树种叶子的分解动态研究.植物生态与地植物学学报,1993,17(1):90-96
[72]Aber JD,Melillo JM.Litter decomposition:measuring relative contributions of organic matter and nitrogen to forest soils.Can.J.Bot.1980,58:416-421
[73]Aderson TM.Ecology for environmental sciences:biosphere,ecosystem and man.Edward Arnold,1981,415-416
[74]刘增文,高文俊,潘开文,等.枯落物分解研究方法和模型讨论.生态学报,2006,6(6):193-1999
[75]Norgrove L,Hauser S.Leaf properties,litter fall,and nutrient inputs of Terminalia ivorensis at different tree stand densities in a tropical timber-food crop multistrata system.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2000,30(9):1400-1409
[76]沈海龙,沈国舫.樟子松人工林下针阔叶凋落物分解动态.林业科学,1996,32(5):393-401
[77]杨玉盛,郭剑芬,林鹏,等.格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层碳库及养分库.生态学报,2004,24(2):187-195
[78]林开敏,章志琴,曹光球,等.杉木与楠木叶凋落物混合分解及其养分动态.生态学报,2006,26(8):2732-2738
[79]杨细明.马尾松木工林凋落物分解及养分释放规律.福建林学院学报,2002,22(1):1-3
[80]赵谷风,蔡延(马奔),罗嫒媛等.青冈常绿阔叶林凋落物分解过程中营养元素动态.生态学报,2006,26(10):3286-3295
[81]刘洋,张健,冯茂松.巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态.林业科学,2006,42(7):1-10
[82]李考学.氮沉降对长白山两种主要针叶树种凋落物分解的影响.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(2):17-19
[83]李雪峰,韩士杰,胡艳玲,等.长白山次生针阔混交林叶凋落物中有机物分解与碳、氮和磷释放的关系.应用生态学报,2008,19(2):245-251
[84]Cole DW,Rapp M.Elemental cycling in forest ecosystems.In:Heichle D.E.(Ed),Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems.London:Cambridge University Press,1981,341-409
[85]Beck E,Keeps HP,Harms H,Cell biology of nitrifying bacteria.In:Presser JI(Ed.),Nitrification.Special Publications of the Society for General Microbiology,1986,20:17-38
[86]Buchanan RE.Studies on the nomenclature and classification of the bacteria.Ⅲ.The families of the Eubacteriales.Journal of Bacteriology,1917,2:347-350
[87]Klemedtsson L,Jiang Q.Klemedtsson(?)K,et al.Autotrophic ammonium-oxidising bacteria in a Swedish mor humus.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31:839-847
[88]Robertson LA,Kuenen JG.Combined heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification in Thiosphaera pantotropha and other bacteria.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,1990,57:139-152
[89]Odu CTJ,Adeoye KB.Heterotrophic nitrification in soils-a preliminary investigation.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1970,2:41-45
[90]Kester RA,De Boer W,Laanbroek HJ Production of NO and N_2O by pure cultures of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria during changes in aeration.Applied and Environmental,1997,63:3872-3877
[91]Firestone MK.Biological denitrification.In:Stevenson FJ(Ed.).Nitrogen in agricultural soils.Agronomy,1982,22:289-326
[92]Hochstein LI,Tomlinson GA.The enzymes associated with denitrification.Annual Review of Microbiology,1988,42,231-261
[93]Stanford G,Smith SJ.Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils.Soil Sci.Soc.,Amer.Prec.,1972,36:465-472
[94]Eno C F.Nitrate production in the field by incubating the soil in polyethylene bags.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Prec.,1960,24:277-279
[95]Adams MA,Attiwill PM.Nutrient cycling and nitrogen mineralization in forests of south eastern Australia.Ⅱ.Indices of nitrogen mineralization.Plant Soil,1986,92,:341-362
[96]Davidson EA,Hart SC,Shanks CA,et al.Firestone.Measuring gross nitrogen mineralization,immobilization and nitrification by ~(15)N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores.Journal of Soil Science,1991,42:335-349
[97]Hart SC,Nason GE,Myrold DD,et al.Dynamics of gross nitrogen transformations in an oldgrowth forest—the carbon connection.Ecology,1994,75:880-891
[98]Zhong ZK,Makeschin F.Comparison of Soil Nitrogen Availability Indices under Two Temperate Forest Types.Pedosphere,2006,16:273-283
[99]Hatch DJ,Jarvis SC,Parkinson R.J,et al.Combining field incubation with nitrogen-15 labelling to examine nitrogen transformations in low to high intensity grassland management systems.Biol Fertil Soil,2000,30:492-499
[100]Jones PCT,Mollison JEA.A technique for the quantitative estimation of soil microorganisms.J.of Gen.Microb,1948,2:54-69
[101]Jenkinson DS,Powlson DS.The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil:V.A method for measuring soil biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1976,8:209-213
[102]Shen SM,Pruden G,Jenkinson DS.Mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen in fumigated soil and the measurement of microbial biomass nitrogen.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1984,16:437-444
[103]Brookes PC,Landman A,Pruden G Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:A rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1985,17:837-842
[104]Paul EA,Johnson RL.Microscopic counting and adenosine 5'-triphosphate measurement in determining microbial growth in soil.Appl.Environ.Microbial,1997,34:263-269
[105]Anderson JPE,Domsch KH.A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1978,10:215-221
[106]Jenkinson DS,Powlson DS,Wedderbum RWM.The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil:Ⅲ.The relationship between soil biovolume,measured by optical microscopy,and the flush of decomposition caused by fumigation.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1976,8:189-202
[107]Attiwill PM,Adams MA.Nutrient cycling in forests.New phytol,1993,124:561-582.
[108]Birk EM,Vitousek PM.Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use efficiency in loblolly pine stands.Ecology,1986,67:69-79
[109]Distefano JF,Gholz HL.A proposed use of ion exchange resins to measure nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in intact soil cores.Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.,1986,17:989-998
[110]Ladd JN,Oades JM,Amato M.Microbial biomass formed from ~(14)C,~(15)N-labelled plant material decomposing in soils in the field.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1981,13:119-126
[111]Breuer L,Kiese R,Butterbach-Bahl K.Temperature and moisture effects on nitrification rates in tropical rain forest soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2002,66,834-844
[112]Reynolds PE,Thevathasan NV,Simpson JA,et al.Alternative conifer release treatments affect microclimate and soil nitrogen mineralization.Forest Ecology and Management,2000,133:115-125
[113]Singh JS,Raghabanshi AS,Singh RS,et al.Microbial biomass acts as a source of plant nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna.Nature,1959,338:499-500
[114]Zaman M,Di HJ,Cameron KC,et al.Gross nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to enzyme activities and the soil microbial biomass in soils treated with dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertilizer at different water potentials.Biol.Ferti.Soils,1999,29:178-186
[115]Holmes WE,Zak DR.Soil microbial biomass dynamics and nitrogen mineralization in Northern Hardwood ecosystem.Soil Sci.Soc Am J.,1994,58:238-243
[116]李世清,任书杰,李生秀.土壤微生物体氮的季节性交化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系.植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(1):18-23
[117]Ineson P,Benham DG,Poskitt J,et al.Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils.2.A soil warming study.Global Change biology,1998,4:153-161
[118]Kielland K,O lson K,Roger WR,et al.Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems.Biogeochemistry,2006,81:349-360
[119]Ingwersen J,K.Butterbach-Bald,R.Gasche,O.Richter and H.Papen.Barometric process separation:New method for quantifying nitrification,denitrification,and nitrous oxide sources in soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1999,63:117-128
[120]Powers RF.Nitrogen mineralization along a latitudinal gradient:interactions of temperature,moisture and substrate quality.For.El.Manage,1990,30:19-29
[121]Knoepp JD,Swank WT.Rates of nitrogen mineralization across an elevation and vegetation gradient in the southern Appalachians.Plant Soil.1998,204:235-241
[122]Morecroft MD,Marts RH,Woodward FI,Altitudinal and seasonal trends in soil nitrogen mineralization rate in the Scottish Highlands.J.Ecol.,1992,80:49-56
[123]Fernandez IJ,Simmons JA,Briggs RD,Indices of forest floor nitrogen status along a climate gradient in Maine,USA.For.Ecol.Manage.,2000,134:177-187
[124]Bonito GM,Coleman DC,Haines BL.Can nitrogen budgets explain differences in soil nitrogen mineralization rates of forest stands along an elevation gradient.Forest ecology and Management,2003,176:563-574
[125]Garcia FO,Rice CW.Microbial biomass dynamics in tall grass prairie.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58:816-823
[126]Prescott CE,Chappell Nil,Vesterdai L.Nitrogen.turnover in forest floors of coastal Douglas-fir at sites differing in soil nitrogen capital,Ecology,2000,81:1878-1886
[127]Vitousek P.Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency.AM.Nat.1982,119:553-571
[128]Brooks PC,Megrath SE Effect of metal toxicity on the size of the soil microbial biomass.J of Soil Sci.,1984,35:341-346
[129]Sinha MK,Sinha DE Organic matter transformation in soils.(V):kinetics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soils amended with different organic materials.Plant Soil,1977,46:579-590
[130]Drury EF,Voroney RP,Beauchamp EG.Availability of NH_4~+-N to microorganisms and the soil internal N cycle.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1991,23:165-169
[131]Lethbddge G,Daridson MS.microbial biomass as a source of nitrogen for cereal.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1983,15:375-376
[132]Zagal E,Persson J.Immobilization and remineralization of nitrate during glucose decomposition at four rates of nitrogen additions.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,33:373-386
[133]杨刚,何寻阳,王克林,等.不同植被类型对土壤微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸的影响.土壤通报,2008,39(1):189-191
[134]Schimel DS.Carbon and nitrogen turnover in adjacent grassland and cropland ecosystems.Biogeochemistry,1986,2:345-357
[135]Tamara EC,Kraus RJ,Zasoski RA,et al.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a forest soil amended with purified tannins from different plant species.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:309-321
[136]Berglund LM,Deluca TH,Zackrisson O.Activated carbon amendments to soil alters nitrification rates in Scots pine forest.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:2067-2073
[137]苏波,韩兴国,渠春梅,等.东灵山油松纯林和油松-辽东栎针阔混交林土壤氮素矿化硝化作用研究.植物生态学报,2001,25(2):195-203
[138]王斌,陈亚明,周志宇.贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度上土壤氮素矿化作用的研究,中国沙漠,2007,27(3):483-490
[139]沙丽清,郑征,冯志立,等.西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统氮的生物地球化学循环研究.植物生态学报,2002,26(6)689-694
[140]王会利,毕利东,张斌.退化红壤马尾松恢复林地土壤微生物生物量变化及其控制因素研究.土壤学报,2008,45(2):313-320
[141]庞欣,张福锁,王敬国.不同供氮水平对根际微生物量氮及微生物活度的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):476-480
[142]薛萐,刘国彬,戴全厚,等.黄土丘陵区人工灌木林恢复过程中的土壤微生物生物量演变.应用生态学报,2008,19(3):517-523
[143]Chalk PM,Smith CJ.Chemodenitrification.In:Freney JR,Simpson JR(Eds),Gaseous loss of nitrogen from plant-soil systems.Developments in Plant and Soils Sciences,1983,9:65-89
[144]Schlegel HG.Allgemeine Mikrobiologic.7th ed.Thieme Verlag,Stuttgart,New York,1992
[145]Knowles R.Danitrification.Microbiological Review,1982,46,42-70
[146]Yoshinari T,Hynes R,Knowles R.Acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction and measurement of denitrification and nitrogen fixation in soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1977,9:177-183
[147]Ryden JC,Skinner JH,Nixon DJ.Soil core incubation system for the field measurement of denitrification using acetylene inhibition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(6):753-757
[148]Bochove EV,Bertand N,Caron J.In situ estimation of the gaseous nitrous oxide diffusion coefficient in a sandy loam soil.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1998,62:1178-1184
[149]王跃思.碳交换的箱法测定.见陈泮勤主编:地球系统碳循环.科学出版社,2004:130-145
[150]Gregorich EG,Hopkins DW,Elberling B,et al.Emission of CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O from lakeshore soils in an Antarctic dry valley.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:3120-3129
[151]Zhu RB,Sun LG,Ding,Wei X.Nitrous oxide emissions from tundra soil and snowpack in the maritime Antarctic.Chemosphere,2005,59:1667-1675
[152]Zhang JB,Song CC,Yang WY.Cold season CH_4,CO_2 and N_2O fluxes from freshwater marshes in northeast China.Chemosphere,2005,59:1703-1705
[153]Flechard CR,Ambus P,et al.Effects of climate and management intensity on nitrous oxide emissions in grassland systems across Europe.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,121:135-152
[154]Wang YS,Xue M,Zheng XH,et al.Effects of environmental factors on N_2O emission from and CH_4 uptake by the typical grasslands in the Inner Mongolia.Chemosphere,2005,58:205-215
[155]Zechmeister-Boltenstern S,Hahn M,Meger S,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching in relation to microbial biomass dynamics in a beech forest soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(6):823-832
[156](?)qulst MG,Petrone K,NilssonM,et al.Nitrification controls N_2O production rates in a frozen boreal forest soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:1809-1511
[157]Zhong ZK,Makeschin F.Differences of soil microbial biomass and nitrogen transformation under two forest types in central Germany.Plant and Soil,2006,283:287-297
[158]Raison RJ,Connell MJ and Khanna PK.Methodology for studying fluxes of soil mineral-N in-situ.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(5):521-530
[159]Liu GS,Jiang N H,Zhang L D,et al.Soil physical,chemical analysis and description of soil profiles.Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.33-37
[160]Alef K.Methodenhandbuch Bodenmikrobioiogie.Aktivit(?)ten,Biomasse,Differenzierung.Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft,Landsberg/Lech,1991:117-164
[161]肖冬梅,王淼,姬兰柱,等.长白山阔叶红松林土壤氧化亚氮和甲烷的通量研究.应用生态学报,2004,15(10):1855-1859
[162]Yan Y,Sha L,Cao M,et al.Fluxes of CH4 and N_2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,2008,20(2):207-215
[163]莫江明,方运霆,林而达,等.鼎湖山主要森林土壤N_2O排放及其对模拟N沉降的响应.植物生态学 报,2006,30(6):901-910
[164]Berg B.Litter decomposition and organic matter turnover in northern forest soils.Forest Ecology and Management,2000,133:13-33
[165]潘开文,何静,吴宁.森林凋落物对林地微生境的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(1):153-158
[166]Vitousek PM.Litterfall,nutrient cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical forests.Ecology,1984,65:285-298
[167]Berg B,Berg MP,Bottner P,et al.Litter mass loss rates in pine forest of Europe and Eastem United States:Some relationships with climate and litter quality.Biogeochemistry,1993,20:127-159
[168]Melillo JM,Aber JD,Muratore JF.Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics.Ecology,1982,63:621-626
[169]Berg B,Muller M,Wessen B.Decomposition of red clover(Trifolium pratense) roots.Soil Biology and Biochemisty,1987,19:589-594
[170]Angelis PD,Kesari SC,Giuseppe ESM.Litter quality and decomposition in a CO_2-enriched Mediterranean forest ecosystem.Plant Soil,2000,224:31-41
[171]林英华,杨德付,张夫道等.栎林凋落层土壤动物群落结构及其在凋落物分解中的变化.林业科学研究,2006,19(3):331-336
[172]Vossbrinck CR,Coleman DC,Woolley TA.Abiotic and biotic factors in litter decomposition in a semiarid grassland.Ecology,1979,60(2):265-271
[173]Gallardo A,Merino J.Nitrogen immobilization in leaf litter at two Mediterranean ecosystems of SW Spain.Biogeochemistry,1992,15:213-228
[174]Aerts R,Caluwe HD.Nutritional and plant mediated controls on leaf litter decomposition of Carex species.Ecology,1997,78(1):244-260
[175]Arunachalam A,Maithanik K,Pandey HN.Leaf litter decomposition and nutrient mineralization patterns in regrowing stands of a humid subtropical forest after tree cutting.Forest Ecology and Management,1998,109:151-161
[176]He XT,Stevenson FJ,Mulvaney RL,et al.Incorporation of newly immobilized ~15N into stable organic forms in soil.Soil biology and biochemistry,1998,20:75-81
[177]Parton W,silver WL,Burke IC,et al.global-scale similarities in N release patterns during long-term decomposition.Science,2007,315:361-364
[178]王希华,黄建军,闫思荣.天童国家森林公园常见植物凋落叶分解的研究.植物生态学报,2004,28(4):457-467
[179]Hendrieks JJ,Wilson CA,Boring LR.Foliar litter position and decomposition in a fire-maintained longleaf pine-wire grass ecosystem.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2002,32:928-941
[180]李雪峰,韩世杰,张岩.降水量变化对蒙古栎落叶分解过程的间接影响.应用生态学报,2007,18(02):261-266
[181]Cotrufo MF,Inescon P.Effects of enhanced atmosphere CO_2 and nutrient supply on the quality and subsequent decomposition of fine roots of Betula pendula Roth.And Presitchensis(Bong.) Carr.Plant Soil,1995,170:267-277
[182]Ritter E.Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in newly formed gaps in a Danish beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:1-11
[183]Anderson JPE,Domash KH.Quantities of plant nutrients in the microbial biomass of selected soils.Soil Science,1980,130:211-216
[184]Bonde AT,Schniirer J,Rosswall T.Microbial biomass as a fraction of potentially mineralizablc N in soil from long-term field experiments.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20(4):447-452
[185]Myrold DD.Relationship between microbial biomass nitrogen and nitrogen availability index.Soil Science Society of America journal,1987,51:1047-1049
[186]王淑平,周广胜,孙长占等.土壤微生物量氮的动态及其生物有效性研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(1):87-90
[187]Stark JM,Hart SC.High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests.Nature,1997,385,61-64
[188]Zogg GP,Zak DR,Pregitzer KS,et al.Microbial immobilization and the retention of anthropogenic nitrate in a northern hardwood forest.Ecology,2000,81,1858-1866
[189]Reich PB,Grigal DF,Aber JD,et al.Nitrogen mineralization and productivity in 50 hardwood and conifer stands on diverse soils.Ecology,1997,78:335-347
[190]Priha O,Smolander A.Nitrogen transformations in soil under Pinus sylvestris,Picea abies and Betula pendula at two forest sites.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31,965-977
[191]Wang Z,Fernandez I,Soil type and forest vegetation influences on forest floor nitrogen dynamics at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine(BBWM).Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1999,55,221-234
[192]Stoddard JL.Long-term changes in watershed retention of nitrogen.In:Baker LA editors.Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs.American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series 277,1994:223-284
[193]Abet JD,Magill A,McNulty SG,et al.Forest biogeochemistry and primary production altered by nitrogen saturation.Water Air Pollution.,1995,85:1665-1670
[194]Johnson DW.Nitrogen retention in forest soils.Journal of Environmental Quality,1992.21,1-12.
[195]Bijayalaxmi DN,Yadava PS.Seasonal dynamoics in soil microbial biomass C,N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur,North-east India.Applied soil ecology,2006,31:220-227
[196]Barbhuiya AR,Arunachalam A,Pandey HN,et al.Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C,N and P in disturbed and undisturbed stands of a tropical wet-evergreen forest.European Journal of Soil Biology,2004,40:113-121
[197]张蕴薇,韩建国,韩永伟,等.不同放牧强度下人工草地土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量.草地学报.2003.11(4):343-345
[198]李灵,张玉,王利宝,等.不同林地土壤微生物生物量垂直分布及相关性分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2007,27(2):52-60
[199]邵玉琴,赵吉,岳冰.皇甫川流域人工油松林地土壤微生物的垂直分布.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2002,33(5):541-545
[200]Martikainen PJ,Palojarvi A.Evaluation of the fumigateon-extraction method for determineation of microbial C and N in a range of forest soils.Soil bilology and biochemistry,1990,27:797-802
[201]Maithani K,Tripathi RS,Arunachalam Am,et al.Seasonal dynamoics of microbial biomass C,N and P during regrowth of a disturbed subtropical humid forest in northeast India.Applied Soil Ecology,1996,4:31-37
[202]Sakamoto K,Yoshida T,Satoch M.Comparison of carbon and nitrogen mineralizeation between fumigateon and heating treatments.Soil science and plant nutrient,1992,38:133-140
[203]Ross DJ,Sparling GP,Burkd CM.Microbial biomass C and N in litter and mineral soil under pinus radiate on a coastal stand:influence of stand age and harvest measurement.Plant and Soil,1995,175:167-177
[204]Campbell CA,Biederbeck VO,Zentner RP,et al.Effect of crop rotateons and cultural practices on soil organic matter,microbial biomass and respireation in a thin black Chernozenm.Canada Journal soil Science,1991,71:837-842
[205]Anderson JPE,Domsch KH.Quantities of plant nutrients in the microbial biomass of selected soils.Soil Science,1980,130:211-216
[206]Jenkinson DS.The effects of biocidel treatments on metabolism in soil.Ⅳ.The decomposition of fumigated organisms in soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1976,8:203-208
[207]Joergensen RG..Die quantitative Bestimmung der mikrobiellen biomasse in B(o|¨)den mit der chloroform-fumigations-extraktions-methode.In:Meyer B(ed) G(o|¨)ttinger Boden-kundliche Berichte,Vol 104.Justus von liebig,G(o|¨)ttingen,1995:1-229
[208]Bremer E,van Kessel C.Extractability of microbial ~(14)C and ~(15)N following addition of variable rates of labeled glucose and ammonium sulphate to soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1990,22:707-713
[209]Paul EA,Clark FE.Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry,Academic Press,San Diego CA,1989
[210]Van Gestel M,Ladd JN,Amato M.Microbial biomass responses to seasonal change and imposed drying regimes at increasing depths of undisturbed topsoil profiles.Soil Biology and biochemistry,1992,24:103-111
[211]Aber JD.Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7(7):220-223
[212]Vitousek PM,H(a|¨)tternschwiler S,Olander L,et al.Nitrogen and nature.Ambio,2002,31(2):97-101
[213]Luxhφi J,Bruun S,Stenberg B,et al.Prediction of gross and net N mineralization immobilization turnover from CO_2 production.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(4):1121-1128
[214]Kaye JP,Binkley D,Rhoades C.Stable soil nitrogen accumulation and flexible organic matter stoichiometry during primary floodplain succession.Biogeochemistry,2003(1),63:1-22
[215]Murphy DV,Recous S,Stockdale EA,et al.Gross nitrogen fluxes in soil:theory,measurement and application of ~(15)N pool dilution techniques.In:Advances in Agronomy.Academic Press.2003.69-118
[216]Booth MS,Stark JM,Hart SC.Soil-mixing effects on inorganic nitrogen production and consumption in forest and shrubland soils.Plant Soil,2006,289(1-2):5-15
[217]Broun S,Stenberg B,Breland TA,et al.Empirical predictions of plant material C and N mineralization patterns from near infrared spectroscopy,stepwise chemical digestion and C/N ratios.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(12):2283-2296
[218]Corre MD,Lamersdorf NP.Reversal of nitrogen saturation after long-term deposition reduction:impact on soil nitrogen cycling.Ecology,2004,85(11):3090-3104
[219]周才平,欧阳华.温度和湿度对长白山两种林型下土壤氮矿化的影响.应用生态学报,2001,14(4):505-508
[220]沙丽清,盂盈,冯志立,等.西双版纳不同热带森林土壤氮矿化和硝化作用研究.植物生态学报,2000,24(2):152-156
[221]孟盈,薛敬意,沙丽清,等.西双版纳不同热带森林下土壤铵态氮和硝态氮动态研究.植物生态学报,2001,25(1):99-104
[222]莫江明,彭少麟,方运霆,等.鼎湖山马尾松针阔叶混交林土壤有效氮动态的初步研究.生态学报,2001,21(3):492-497
[223]莫江明,方运霆,林而达,等.鼎湖山主要森林土壤N_2O排放及其对模拟N沉降的响应.植物生态学报,2006,30(6):901-910
[224]陈伏生,曾德慧,范志平,等.沙地不同树种人工林土壤氮素矿化过程及其有效性.生态学报,2006,26(2):341-347
[225]陈祥伟,陈立新,刘伟琦.不同森林类型土壤氮矿化的研究.东北林业大学学报,1999,27(1):5-9
[226]Falkengren-Grerup U,Brunetb J and Diekrnann M.Nitrogen mineralisation in deciduous forest soils in south Sweden in gradients of soil acidity and deposition.Environmental Pollution,1998,102(1):415-420
[227]Westbrook CJ,Devito K J and Allan CJ.Soil N cycling in harvested and pristine Boreal forests and peatlands.Forest Ecology and Managemen,2006,234(1-3):227-237
[228]C(?)t(?) L,Brown S,Par(?) D,et al.Dynamics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization in relation to stand type,stand age and soil texture in the boreal mixedwood.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(8-9):1079-1090
[229]Ste-Marie C and Par D.Soil pH and N availability effects on net nitrification in the forest floors of a range of boreal forest stands.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(11):1579-1589.
[230]Bremer E,Kuikman P.Influence of competition for nitrogen in soil on net mineralization of nitrogen.Plant and Soil,1997,190:119-126
[231]Curtin D,Campbell CA,Jalil A.Effects of acidity on mineralization:pH-dependence of organic matter mineralization in weakly acidic soils.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1998,30(1):57-64
[232]Ehrenfeld JG,Han X,Parsons W F,et al.On the nature of environmental gradients:temporal and spatial variability of soils and vegetation in the New Jersey Pinelands.Journal of Ecology,1997,85(6):785-798
[233]Farley RA and Fitter AH.Temporal and spatial variation in soil resources in a deciduous woodland.Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,87(4):688-696
[234]Marrs RH,Thomp son J,Scott D,et al.nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in terrafirme forest and savanna soils on Ilha deMaraca,Roraima,Brazil.Journal of Tropical Ecology,1991,7(1):123-137
[235]Sanchez LF,Garcia miragaya J and Chacon N.Nitrogen mineralization in soil under grasses and under trees in a protected Venezuelan savanna.Acta Ecologia,1997,18(1):27-37
[236]Berendse F.Organic matter accumulation and nitrogen mineralization during secondary succession in heathland ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,1990,78(2):413-427
[237]Kitayama K.Soil nitrogen dynamics along a gradient of long-term soil development in a Hawaiian wet montane rain forest.Plant and soil,1996,183(2):253-262
[238]Ingwersen J,Butterbach-Bahl K,Gasche R,et al.Barometric process separation:New method for quantifying nitrification,denitrification,and nitrous oxide sources in soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1999,63:117-128
[239]Knoepp JD,Swank WT.Using soil temperature and moisture to predict forest soil nitrogen mineralization.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2002,36(3)177-182
[240]Vitousek PM,Sanford RL.Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics.1986,17:137-167
[241]Firestone MK,Davidson EA.Microbiological basis of NO and N_2O production and consumption in soil.In:Andreae MO,Schimel DS.eds.Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere.Chichester:Wiley.1989,7-21
[242]IPCC.Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001
[243]World Meteorological Organization.Annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin[EB/OL].(2007-11)[2008-08-08].http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ghg/documents/ghg-bulletin-3.pdf.2006
[244]Ambus P,Robertson GP,The effect of increased N deposition on nitrous oxide,methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from unmanaged forest and grassland communities in Michigan.Biogeochemistry,2006,79:315-337
[245]Smith KA,Thomson PE,Clayton H,et al.Effects of temperature,water content and N fertilization on emissions of nitrous oxide by soils.Atmospheric Environment,2008,32:3301-3309
[246]徐慧,陈冠雄,马成新,等.长白山北坡不同土壤N_2O和CH_4.排放的初步研究.应用生态学报,1995,6(4):373-377
[247]齐玉春,罗辑,董云社,等.贡嘎山山地暗针叶林带森林土壤温室气体N_2O和CH_4排放研究.中国科学D辑,2002,32(11):934-941
[248]周存宇,周国逸,王跃思,等.鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表N_2O通量,中国环境科学,2004,24(6):688-69
[249]张炜,莫江明,方运霆,等.氮沉降对森林土壤主要温室气体通量的影响.生态学报,2008,28(5):2309-2319
[250]Wang CK.Biomass allometric equations for 10 co-occurring tree species in Chinese temperate forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2006,222:9-16
[251]Mummey DL,Smith JL,Bolton JRH,et al.Nitrous oxide flux from a Shrub-steppe ecosystem:sources and regulation.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1994,26(2):279-286
[252]Wang CK,Yang JY,Zhang QZ,et al.Soil respiration in six temperate forests in China.Global Change Biology,2006,12:2103-2114
[253]Kiese R,Butterbach-bahl K.N_2O and CO_2 emissions from three different tropical forest sites in the wet tropics of Queensland,Australia.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(7):975-987
[254]Ullah S,Frasier R,King L,et al.Potential fluxes of N_2O and CH_4 from soils of three forest types in Eastern Canada.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(4):986-994
[255]Yashiro Y,Kadir WR,Okuda T,et al.The effects of logging on soil greenhouse gas(CO_2,CH_4,N_2O) flux in a tropical rain forest,Peninsular Malaysia.2008,Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,148(5):799-806
[256]侯爱新,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.稻田CH_4和N_2O排放关系及其微生物学机理和一些影响因子.应用生态学报,1997,8(3):270-274
[257]Zhang XJ,Xu H,Chen GX,et al.Major factors controlling nitrous oxide emission and methane uptake from forest soil.Journal of Forestry Research,2001,12(4):239-242
[258]Arnold KV,Nilsson M,H(?)nell B,et al.Fluxes of CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O from drained organic soils in decideuous forests.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:1059-1071
[259]Klemedtsson L,Kasimir Klemedtsson(?),Moldan F,et al.Nitrous oxide emission from Swedish forest soils in relation to liming and simulated increased N-deposition.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1997,25:290-295
[260]Regina K,Silvola J,Martikainen PJ,et al.Short-term effects of changing water table on N_2O fluxes from peat monoliths from natural and drained boreal peatlands.Global Change Biology,1999,5,183-189
[261]孙志高,刘景双,杨继松,等.三江平原典型小叶章温地土壤硝化-反硝化作用与氮化亚氮排放.应用生态学报,2007,18(1):185-192
[262]Ma WK,Schautz A,Fishback LA,et al.Assessing the potential of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to produce nitrous oxide in soils of a high arctic lowland ecosystem on Devon Island.Canada.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(8):2001-2013
[263]Meyer RL,Allen DE,Schmidt S,et al.Nitrification and denitrification as sources of sediment nitrous oxide production:A microsensor approach.Marine Chemistry,2003,110(1-2):68-76
[264]Russow R,Spott O,Stange CF.Evaluation of nitrate and ammonium as sources of NO and N_2O emissions from black earth soils(Haplic Chernozem) based on 15N field experiments.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(2):380-391
[265]史奕,黄国宏.土壤中反硝化酶活性变化与N_2O排放的关系.应用生态学报,1999,10(3):329-331
[266]Scheer C,Wassmann R,Kienzler K,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized,irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Aral Sea Basin,Uzbekistan:Influence of nitrogen applications and irrigation practices.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(2):290-301
[267]Brumme R,Borken W,Finde S.Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems.Global Biogeochemical Cycle,1999,13:1127-1148
[268]黄国鸿,陈冠雄等.土壤含水量与N_2O产生途径研究,应用生态学报,1999,10(1):53-56
[269]Wrage N,Velthof GL,Beusichem ML,et at.Role of nitrifier denitrifyication in the production of nitrous oxide.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(12-13):1723-1732
[270]Ma WK,Schautz AF,Lee-Ann E,et al.Assessing the potential of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to produce nitrous oxide in soils of a high arctic lowland ecosystem on Devon Island,Canada,Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,37(8):2001-2013
[271]Davidson EA.Sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following wetting of dry soil.Soil Science Society of America,1992,56:95-102
[272]封克,殷士学.影响氧化亚氮形成与排放的土壤因素.土壤学进展,1995,23(6):35-42
[273]Sanchez-Martin L,Vallejo A,Dick J,et al.The influence of soluble carbon and fertilizer nitrogen on nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from two contrasting agricultural soils.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008.,40(1):142-151
[274]王明星.大气化学.北京气象出版社.1999
[275]李明峰,董云社,齐玉春,等.极端干旱对温带草地生态系统CO_2、CH_4、N_2O通量特征的影响.资源科学.2004,26(5):89-95
[276]Rosenkranz P,Br(?)ggemann N,Papen H,et al.N_2O,NO and CH_4 exchange,and microbial N turnover over a Mediterranean pine forest soil.Biogeosciences Discussions,2005,2:673-702
[277]Kavdir Y,Hellebrand HJ,Kern J.Seasonal variations of nitrous oxide emission in relation to nitrogen fertileization and energy crop types in sandy soil.Soil and Tillage Research.2008,98:175-186
[278]Burton DL,Beauchamp EG.Profile of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide concentrations in a soil subject to freezing.Soil Science Society of America,1994,58(1):115-122
[279]Christensen S,Christensen BT.Organic matter available for denitrification in different soil fractions:Effect of freeze/thaw cycles and straw disposal.Journal of Soil Science,1991,42(4):637-647
[280]Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F.Nitrous oxide emissions from soil during freezing and thawing periods.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(9):1269-1275
[281]Ullah S,Frasier R,King L,et al.Potential fluxes of N_2O and CH_4 from soils of three forest types in Eastern Canada.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(4):986-994
[282]Teepe R,Vor A,Beese F,et al.Emissions of N_2O from soils during cycles of freezing and thawing and the effects of soil water,texture and duration of freezing.European Journal of Soil Science,2004,55(2):357-365
[283]Ludwig B,Teepe R,De Gerenyu VL,et al.CO_2 and N_2O emissions from gleyic soils in the Russian tundra and a German forest during freeze-thaw periods-a microcosm study.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(12):3516-3519
[284]Koponen HT,Duran CE,Maljanen M,et al.Temperature responses of NO and N_2O emissions from boreal organic soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(7):1779-1757
[285]Henry HAL.Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments:Trends,methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(5):977-986
[286]Koponen HT,Fl(o|¨)jt L,Martikainen PJ.Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at low temperatures:A laboratory microcosm study.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(5):757-766
[287]Dong YS,Zhang S,Qi YC,et al.Fluxes of CO_2,N_2O and CH_4 from a typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia and its daily variation.Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(17):1590-1594
[288]郑靖,王重阳,王迎红,等.下辽河平原典型农田融化期氧化亚氮和甲烷排放通量研究.生态学杂志,2005,24(9):999-1003
[289]R(o|¨)ver M,Heinemeyer O,Kaiser EA.Microbial induced nitrous oxide emissions from an arable soil during winter.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1998,30(14):1859-1865
[290]Furon AC,Wagner-Riddle C,Smith CR,et al.Wavelet analysis of wintertime and spring thaw CO_2and N_2O fluxes from agricultural fields.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(8-9):1305-1317
[291]王连峰,蔡延江,解宏图.冻融作用下土壤物理和微生物性状变化与氧化亚氮排放的关系.应用生态学报.2007,18(10):2361-2366
[292]Oztas T,Fayetorbay F.Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability.Catena,2003,52(1):1-8
[293]M(u|¨)ller C,Martin M,Stevens RJ,et al.Processes leading to N_2O emissions in grassland soil during freezing and thawing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(9):1325-1331
[294]Mφrkved PT,D(o|¨)rsch P,Henriksen TM,et al.N_2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38 (12):3411-3420
[295](O|¨)quist MG,Nilsson M,S(o|¨)rensson F,et al.Nitrous oxide production in a forest soil at low temperatures- processes and environmental controls.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2004,49(3):371-378
[296]Brumme R,Borken W,Finke S.Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1999,13(4):1137-1148
[297]Lamers M,Ingwersen J,Streck T.Nitrous oxide emissions from mineral and organic soils of a Norway spruce stand in South-West Germany.Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(8):1681-1688
[298]王庆丰,王传宽,谭立何,等.移栽自不同纬度的落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)林的春季土壤呼吸.生态学报,2008,28(5):1883-1892
[2]Chen Y,Hogberg P.Gross nitrogen mineralization rates still high 14 years after suspension of N input to a N-saturated forest,Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38,2001-2003
[3]Claudia M,Hutchison W,Walworth JL,et al.Evaluating the effects of gross nitrogen mineralization,immobilization,and nitrification on nitrogen fertilizer availability in soil experimentally contaminated with diesel.Biodegradation.2007,18(4):133-144
[4]Vitousek PM,Abet JD,Howarth RW,et al.Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:causes and consequences.Ecol.Appl.,1997,7,737-750
[5]Tanner EVJ,Kapos V,France W.Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization effects on Venezuelan montane forest trunk growth and litterfall.Ecology,1992,73,78-86
[6]Vitousek PM,Howarth RW.Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea:how can it occur.Biogeochemistry,1991,13:87-115
[7]Deluca TH,Nilsson MC,Zackrisson O.Nitrogen mineralization and phenol accumulation along a fire chronosequence in northern Sweden.Oecologia,2002,133,206-214
[8]周才平,欧阳华,裴志永,等.中国森林生态系统的土壤净氮矿化研究(英文),植物生态学报,2003,27,170-176
[9]方运霆,莫江明,周国逸.森林土壤氮素转换及其对氮沉降的响应.生态学报,2004,24:1523-1531
[10]杨金艳,赵惠勋,王传宽.森林对氮饱和的响应.应用与环境生物学报,2004,10:507-511.
[11]Peterjohna WT,Fostera CJ,Christ MJ,et al.Patterns of nitrogen availability within a forested watershed exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation.Forest Ecology and Management,1999,119,247-257
[12]Undersen P,Emmett BA,Kjgnaas OJ,et al.Impact of nitrogen deposition on nitrogen cycling in forests:a synthesis of NITREX data.Forest Ecology and Management,1998,101:37-55
[13]Vitousek PM,Gosz JR,Grief CC,et al.A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems.Ecol.Monogr.,1982,52,155-177
[14]Lloyd D,Microbial processes and the cycling of atmospheric trace gases.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1995,10:476-478
[15]Rodhn HA.A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect.Science,1990,248:1217-1219
[16]Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F.Nitrous oxide emissions from frozen soils under agricultural,fallow and forest land.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(11-12):1807-1810
[17]Flessa H,D(o|¨)rsch P,Beese F.Seasonal variation of N_2O and CH_4 fluxes in differently managed arabic soils in southern Germany.Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(11):115-124
[18]Braun S,Luxhφi J,Magid J,et al.A nitrogen mineralization model based on relationships for gross mineralization and immobilization.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(9):2712-2721
[19]Nicolardot B,Recous S,Mary B.Simulation of C and N mineralization during crop residue decomposition:a simple dynamic model based on the C:N ratio of the residues.Plant and Soil,2001,228:83-103
[20]Bosatta E.Staaf H.The control of nitrogen turnover in forest litter.Oikos,1982,39:143-151
[21]王风友.森林凋落量研究综述.生态学进展,1986,6(2):82-89
[22]郝占庆,吕航.木质物残体在森林生态系统中的功能评述.生态学进展,1989,6(3):179-183
[23]廖军,王新根.森林凋落物量研究概述.江西林业科技,2000,1:31-34
[24]彭少麟,刘强.森林凋落物动态及其对全球变暖的响应.生态学报,2002,22:1534-1544.
[25]刘文耀,谢寿昌,谢克金,等.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林凋落物和粗死木质物的初步研究.植物学报,1995,37(10):807-814
[26]李叙勇,孙继坤,常直海,等.天山森林凋落物和枯枝落叶层的研究.土壤学报,1997,34(4):406-416
[27]Olson JS.Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems.Ecology,1963,44(2):322-331
[28]聂道平.森林生态系统营养元素的生物循环.林业科学研究,1991,4(4):435-439
[29]Crossley JDA and Hoglund MP.A Litter-Bag Method for the Study of Mieroarthropods Inhabiting Leaf Litter.Ecology,1962,43(3):571-573
[30]McClaugherty CA,Pastor J,Aver JD,et al.Forest litter decomposition in relation to Soil Nitrogen dynamoics titter quality.Ecology,1985,66(1):266-275
[31]Hu YH,Chert LZ,Kong FZ.Litter decomposition rates of two unique tree species of China.Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica,1986,10(1):35-43
[32]Briones BJI and lneson P.Decomposition of eucalyptus leaves in litter mixtures.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1996,28:1381-1388
[33]邓小文,张岩,韩士杰,等.外源氮输入对长白山红松凋落物早期分解的影响.北京林业大学,2007,29(6):16-22
[34]张家武,廖利平,李锦芳,等.马尾松火力楠混交林凋落物动态极其对土壤养分的影响.应用生态学报,1993,4(4)359-363
[35]Maclean DA,Ross WW.Litter production and forest floor nutrient dynamics in pine and hardwood stands of New Brunswick,Canada.Holare.Ecol.1978,1:1-15
[36]Aerts R.Climate,leaf chemistry and leaf litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems:a triangular relationship.Oikos,1997,79:439-449
[37]胡肄慧,陈灵芝,陈清朗,等.几种树木枯叶分解速率的试验研究.植物生态学与地植物学学报,1987,112:124-132
[38]陈印平,潘开文,吴宁,等.凋落物质量和分解对中亚热带栲木茶林土壤氮矿化的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2005,11(2):146-151
[39]周东雄.杉木乳源木莲混交林凋落物研究.生态学杂志,2005,24(6):595-598
[40]Jenney HS,Gessel P,Bingham FT.Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions.Soil science,1949,68:419-432
[41]National Park Washington.Canadian Journal of Botany,25:1049-1057
[42]Mikola P.Comparative experiment on decomposition rates forest litter in southern and northern Finland.Oikos,1960,11:161-166
[43]Shanks RE,Olson JS.First-year breakdown of leaf litter in southern Appalachian forests.Science,1961,134:194-195
[44]Hornsby DC,Lockaby BG,Chappelka AH.Influence of microclimate on decomposition in loblolly pine stands:a field microcosm approach.Canadian.Journal of Forest Research,1995,25:1570-1577
[45]刘强,彭少麟,毕华,等.热带亚热带森林凋落物交互分解的养分动态.北京林业大学学报,2005,27(1):24-31
[46]Hobbies.Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in Alaskan tundra.Ecological Monographs,1996,6(4):503-522
[47]Vitousek PM,Turner DR,Parton WJ,et al.Litter composition on the MaunaLoa environmental matrix,Hawaii,I:patterns,mechanisms,and models.Ecology,1994,75:418-429
[48]Singh KP,Singh PK,Tripathi SK.Litterfall,litter decomposition and nutrient release patterns in four native tree species raised on coal mines spoil at Singrauli,India.Biology and Fertility of Soil,1999,29:371-378
[49]李雪峰,韩士杰,郭忠玲,等.红松阔叶林内凋落物表层与底层红松枝叶的分解动态.北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):8-13
[50]Pausas JG,Casals P,Romany(?) J.Litter decomposition and faunal activity in Mediterranean forest soils:effects of N content and the moss layer.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:989-997
[51]Ludwig JA,Whitford WG,Cornelius JM.Effects of water,nitrogen and sulfur amendments on cover,density and size of Chihuahuan Desert ephemerals.J.Arid Environ.,1989,16:35-42
[52]林雯,曾涛,杨彪,等.九寨沟不同类型森林群落凋落物分解的研究.四川大学学报,2006,43(5):1121-1126
[53]Berg B,Matzner E.Effect of N deposition on decomposition of plant litter and soil organic matter in forest systems.Environmental Reviews,2000,5:1-25
[54]Sariyildiz T,Anderson JM.Interactions between litter quality,decomposition and soil fertility:a laboratory study.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35:391-399
[55]Scott NA,Binkley D.Foliage litter quality and annual net N mineralization:comparison across North American forest sites.Oecologia,1997,111:151-159
[56]Taylor BR,Parkinson D,Parsons WFJ.Nitrogen and lignin content as predictor of litter decay rates:a microcosm test.Ecology,1989,70:97-104
[57]Edmonds RL,Thomas TB.Decomposition and nutrient release from green needles of western hemlock and Pacific silver fir in an old-growth temperate rain forests,Olympic National Park,Washington.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1995,25(7):1049-1057
[58]陈永亮,李淑兰.胡桃楸、落叶松纯林及其混交林下叶凋落物分解与养分归还的比较研究.林业科技2004,29(5):9-12
[59]Matson P,Lohse KA,Hall SJ.The globalization of nitrogen deposition:Consequences for terrestrial ecosystem.Ambio,2002,31(2):113-119
[60]Rabalais N.Nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems.Ambio,2002,31(2):102-112
[61]Moffat AS.Global nitrogen overload problem grows critical.Science,1998,279(5353):988-989
[62]Hobbie SE and Cough L.Litter decomposition in moist acidic and non-acidic tundra with different glacial histories.Oecologia,2004,140:113-124
[63]Limpens J and Berendse F.How litter quality affects mass loss and N loss from decomposing Sphagnum.Oikos,2003,103:537-547
[64]Kuperman RG.Litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in oak-hickory forests along a historic gradient of nitrogen and sulfur deposition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31:237-244
[65]Molina JAE,Clapp CE,Shaffer MJ,et al.A model of nitrogen and carbon transformations in soil:description,calibration and behaviour.Soil Sci.Soc.Am J,1983,47:85-91
[66]Madritch MD,Hunter MD.Intraspecific litter diversity and nitrogen deposition affect nutrient dynamics and soil respiration.Oecologia,2003,136:124-128
[67]Prescott CE.Dose nitrogen availability control rates of litter decomposition in forest.Plant and soil,1995,168:83-88
[68]莫江明,薛花,方运霆.鼎湖山主要森林植物凋落物及其对N沉降的响应.生态学报,2004,4(7):1413-1420
[69]Hobbie SE.Interactions between litter lignin and soil nitrogen availability during leaf litter decomposition in Hawaiian montane forest.Ecosystems,2000,3:484-494
[70]Berg B,Staaf H.Leaching,accumulation and release of nitrogen in decomposing forest litter.Ecological Bulletins,1981,33:16-22
[71]耿晓源.长白山某些树种叶子的分解动态研究.植物生态与地植物学学报,1993,17(1):90-96
[72]Aber JD,Melillo JM.Litter decomposition:measuring relative contributions of organic matter and nitrogen to forest soils.Can.J.Bot.1980,58:416-421
[73]Aderson TM.Ecology for environmental sciences:biosphere,ecosystem and man.Edward Arnold,1981,415-416
[74]刘增文,高文俊,潘开文,等.枯落物分解研究方法和模型讨论.生态学报,2006,6(6):193-1999
[75]Norgrove L,Hauser S.Leaf properties,litter fall,and nutrient inputs of Terminalia ivorensis at different tree stand densities in a tropical timber-food crop multistrata system.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2000,30(9):1400-1409
[76]沈海龙,沈国舫.樟子松人工林下针阔叶凋落物分解动态.林业科学,1996,32(5):393-401
[77]杨玉盛,郭剑芬,林鹏,等.格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层碳库及养分库.生态学报,2004,24(2):187-195
[78]林开敏,章志琴,曹光球,等.杉木与楠木叶凋落物混合分解及其养分动态.生态学报,2006,26(8):2732-2738
[79]杨细明.马尾松木工林凋落物分解及养分释放规律.福建林学院学报,2002,22(1):1-3
[80]赵谷风,蔡延(马奔),罗嫒媛等.青冈常绿阔叶林凋落物分解过程中营养元素动态.生态学报,2006,26(10):3286-3295
[81]刘洋,张健,冯茂松.巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态.林业科学,2006,42(7):1-10
[82]李考学.氮沉降对长白山两种主要针叶树种凋落物分解的影响.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(2):17-19
[83]李雪峰,韩士杰,胡艳玲,等.长白山次生针阔混交林叶凋落物中有机物分解与碳、氮和磷释放的关系.应用生态学报,2008,19(2):245-251
[84]Cole DW,Rapp M.Elemental cycling in forest ecosystems.In:Heichle D.E.(Ed),Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems.London:Cambridge University Press,1981,341-409
[85]Beck E,Keeps HP,Harms H,Cell biology of nitrifying bacteria.In:Presser JI(Ed.),Nitrification.Special Publications of the Society for General Microbiology,1986,20:17-38
[86]Buchanan RE.Studies on the nomenclature and classification of the bacteria.Ⅲ.The families of the Eubacteriales.Journal of Bacteriology,1917,2:347-350
[87]Klemedtsson L,Jiang Q.Klemedtsson(?)K,et al.Autotrophic ammonium-oxidising bacteria in a Swedish mor humus.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31:839-847
[88]Robertson LA,Kuenen JG.Combined heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification in Thiosphaera pantotropha and other bacteria.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,1990,57:139-152
[89]Odu CTJ,Adeoye KB.Heterotrophic nitrification in soils-a preliminary investigation.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1970,2:41-45
[90]Kester RA,De Boer W,Laanbroek HJ Production of NO and N_2O by pure cultures of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria during changes in aeration.Applied and Environmental,1997,63:3872-3877
[91]Firestone MK.Biological denitrification.In:Stevenson FJ(Ed.).Nitrogen in agricultural soils.Agronomy,1982,22:289-326
[92]Hochstein LI,Tomlinson GA.The enzymes associated with denitrification.Annual Review of Microbiology,1988,42,231-261
[93]Stanford G,Smith SJ.Nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils.Soil Sci.Soc.,Amer.Prec.,1972,36:465-472
[94]Eno C F.Nitrate production in the field by incubating the soil in polyethylene bags.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Prec.,1960,24:277-279
[95]Adams MA,Attiwill PM.Nutrient cycling and nitrogen mineralization in forests of south eastern Australia.Ⅱ.Indices of nitrogen mineralization.Plant Soil,1986,92,:341-362
[96]Davidson EA,Hart SC,Shanks CA,et al.Firestone.Measuring gross nitrogen mineralization,immobilization and nitrification by ~(15)N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores.Journal of Soil Science,1991,42:335-349
[97]Hart SC,Nason GE,Myrold DD,et al.Dynamics of gross nitrogen transformations in an oldgrowth forest—the carbon connection.Ecology,1994,75:880-891
[98]Zhong ZK,Makeschin F.Comparison of Soil Nitrogen Availability Indices under Two Temperate Forest Types.Pedosphere,2006,16:273-283
[99]Hatch DJ,Jarvis SC,Parkinson R.J,et al.Combining field incubation with nitrogen-15 labelling to examine nitrogen transformations in low to high intensity grassland management systems.Biol Fertil Soil,2000,30:492-499
[100]Jones PCT,Mollison JEA.A technique for the quantitative estimation of soil microorganisms.J.of Gen.Microb,1948,2:54-69
[101]Jenkinson DS,Powlson DS.The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil:V.A method for measuring soil biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1976,8:209-213
[102]Shen SM,Pruden G,Jenkinson DS.Mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen in fumigated soil and the measurement of microbial biomass nitrogen.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1984,16:437-444
[103]Brookes PC,Landman A,Pruden G Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:A rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1985,17:837-842
[104]Paul EA,Johnson RL.Microscopic counting and adenosine 5'-triphosphate measurement in determining microbial growth in soil.Appl.Environ.Microbial,1997,34:263-269
[105]Anderson JPE,Domsch KH.A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1978,10:215-221
[106]Jenkinson DS,Powlson DS,Wedderbum RWM.The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil:Ⅲ.The relationship between soil biovolume,measured by optical microscopy,and the flush of decomposition caused by fumigation.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1976,8:189-202
[107]Attiwill PM,Adams MA.Nutrient cycling in forests.New phytol,1993,124:561-582.
[108]Birk EM,Vitousek PM.Nitrogen availability and nitrogen use efficiency in loblolly pine stands.Ecology,1986,67:69-79
[109]Distefano JF,Gholz HL.A proposed use of ion exchange resins to measure nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in intact soil cores.Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.,1986,17:989-998
[110]Ladd JN,Oades JM,Amato M.Microbial biomass formed from ~(14)C,~(15)N-labelled plant material decomposing in soils in the field.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1981,13:119-126
[111]Breuer L,Kiese R,Butterbach-Bahl K.Temperature and moisture effects on nitrification rates in tropical rain forest soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,2002,66,834-844
[112]Reynolds PE,Thevathasan NV,Simpson JA,et al.Alternative conifer release treatments affect microclimate and soil nitrogen mineralization.Forest Ecology and Management,2000,133:115-125
[113]Singh JS,Raghabanshi AS,Singh RS,et al.Microbial biomass acts as a source of plant nutrients in dry tropical forest and savanna.Nature,1959,338:499-500
[114]Zaman M,Di HJ,Cameron KC,et al.Gross nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates and their relationships to enzyme activities and the soil microbial biomass in soils treated with dairy shed effluent and ammonium fertilizer at different water potentials.Biol.Ferti.Soils,1999,29:178-186
[115]Holmes WE,Zak DR.Soil microbial biomass dynamics and nitrogen mineralization in Northern Hardwood ecosystem.Soil Sci.Soc Am J.,1994,58:238-243
[116]李世清,任书杰,李生秀.土壤微生物体氮的季节性交化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系.植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(1):18-23
[117]Ineson P,Benham DG,Poskitt J,et al.Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils.2.A soil warming study.Global Change biology,1998,4:153-161
[118]Kielland K,O lson K,Roger WR,et al.Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems.Biogeochemistry,2006,81:349-360
[119]Ingwersen J,K.Butterbach-Bald,R.Gasche,O.Richter and H.Papen.Barometric process separation:New method for quantifying nitrification,denitrification,and nitrous oxide sources in soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1999,63:117-128
[120]Powers RF.Nitrogen mineralization along a latitudinal gradient:interactions of temperature,moisture and substrate quality.For.El.Manage,1990,30:19-29
[121]Knoepp JD,Swank WT.Rates of nitrogen mineralization across an elevation and vegetation gradient in the southern Appalachians.Plant Soil.1998,204:235-241
[122]Morecroft MD,Marts RH,Woodward FI,Altitudinal and seasonal trends in soil nitrogen mineralization rate in the Scottish Highlands.J.Ecol.,1992,80:49-56
[123]Fernandez IJ,Simmons JA,Briggs RD,Indices of forest floor nitrogen status along a climate gradient in Maine,USA.For.Ecol.Manage.,2000,134:177-187
[124]Bonito GM,Coleman DC,Haines BL.Can nitrogen budgets explain differences in soil nitrogen mineralization rates of forest stands along an elevation gradient.Forest ecology and Management,2003,176:563-574
[125]Garcia FO,Rice CW.Microbial biomass dynamics in tall grass prairie.Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58:816-823
[126]Prescott CE,Chappell Nil,Vesterdai L.Nitrogen.turnover in forest floors of coastal Douglas-fir at sites differing in soil nitrogen capital,Ecology,2000,81:1878-1886
[127]Vitousek P.Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency.AM.Nat.1982,119:553-571
[128]Brooks PC,Megrath SE Effect of metal toxicity on the size of the soil microbial biomass.J of Soil Sci.,1984,35:341-346
[129]Sinha MK,Sinha DE Organic matter transformation in soils.(V):kinetics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soils amended with different organic materials.Plant Soil,1977,46:579-590
[130]Drury EF,Voroney RP,Beauchamp EG.Availability of NH_4~+-N to microorganisms and the soil internal N cycle.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1991,23:165-169
[131]Lethbddge G,Daridson MS.microbial biomass as a source of nitrogen for cereal.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1983,15:375-376
[132]Zagal E,Persson J.Immobilization and remineralization of nitrate during glucose decomposition at four rates of nitrogen additions.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,33:373-386
[133]杨刚,何寻阳,王克林,等.不同植被类型对土壤微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸的影响.土壤通报,2008,39(1):189-191
[134]Schimel DS.Carbon and nitrogen turnover in adjacent grassland and cropland ecosystems.Biogeochemistry,1986,2:345-357
[135]Tamara EC,Kraus RJ,Zasoski RA,et al.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a forest soil amended with purified tannins from different plant species.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:309-321
[136]Berglund LM,Deluca TH,Zackrisson O.Activated carbon amendments to soil alters nitrification rates in Scots pine forest.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:2067-2073
[137]苏波,韩兴国,渠春梅,等.东灵山油松纯林和油松-辽东栎针阔混交林土壤氮素矿化硝化作用研究.植物生态学报,2001,25(2):195-203
[138]王斌,陈亚明,周志宇.贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度上土壤氮素矿化作用的研究,中国沙漠,2007,27(3):483-490
[139]沙丽清,郑征,冯志立,等.西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统氮的生物地球化学循环研究.植物生态学报,2002,26(6)689-694
[140]王会利,毕利东,张斌.退化红壤马尾松恢复林地土壤微生物生物量变化及其控制因素研究.土壤学报,2008,45(2):313-320
[141]庞欣,张福锁,王敬国.不同供氮水平对根际微生物量氮及微生物活度的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):476-480
[142]薛萐,刘国彬,戴全厚,等.黄土丘陵区人工灌木林恢复过程中的土壤微生物生物量演变.应用生态学报,2008,19(3):517-523
[143]Chalk PM,Smith CJ.Chemodenitrification.In:Freney JR,Simpson JR(Eds),Gaseous loss of nitrogen from plant-soil systems.Developments in Plant and Soils Sciences,1983,9:65-89
[144]Schlegel HG.Allgemeine Mikrobiologic.7th ed.Thieme Verlag,Stuttgart,New York,1992
[145]Knowles R.Danitrification.Microbiological Review,1982,46,42-70
[146]Yoshinari T,Hynes R,Knowles R.Acetylene inhibition of nitrous oxide reduction and measurement of denitrification and nitrogen fixation in soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1977,9:177-183
[147]Ryden JC,Skinner JH,Nixon DJ.Soil core incubation system for the field measurement of denitrification using acetylene inhibition.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(6):753-757
[148]Bochove EV,Bertand N,Caron J.In situ estimation of the gaseous nitrous oxide diffusion coefficient in a sandy loam soil.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1998,62:1178-1184
[149]王跃思.碳交换的箱法测定.见陈泮勤主编:地球系统碳循环.科学出版社,2004:130-145
[150]Gregorich EG,Hopkins DW,Elberling B,et al.Emission of CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O from lakeshore soils in an Antarctic dry valley.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38:3120-3129
[151]Zhu RB,Sun LG,Ding,Wei X.Nitrous oxide emissions from tundra soil and snowpack in the maritime Antarctic.Chemosphere,2005,59:1667-1675
[152]Zhang JB,Song CC,Yang WY.Cold season CH_4,CO_2 and N_2O fluxes from freshwater marshes in northeast China.Chemosphere,2005,59:1703-1705
[153]Flechard CR,Ambus P,et al.Effects of climate and management intensity on nitrous oxide emissions in grassland systems across Europe.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2007,121:135-152
[154]Wang YS,Xue M,Zheng XH,et al.Effects of environmental factors on N_2O emission from and CH_4 uptake by the typical grasslands in the Inner Mongolia.Chemosphere,2005,58:205-215
[155]Zechmeister-Boltenstern S,Hahn M,Meger S,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching in relation to microbial biomass dynamics in a beech forest soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(6):823-832
[156](?)qulst MG,Petrone K,NilssonM,et al.Nitrification controls N_2O production rates in a frozen boreal forest soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:1809-1511
[157]Zhong ZK,Makeschin F.Differences of soil microbial biomass and nitrogen transformation under two forest types in central Germany.Plant and Soil,2006,283:287-297
[158]Raison RJ,Connell MJ and Khanna PK.Methodology for studying fluxes of soil mineral-N in-situ.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19(5):521-530
[159]Liu GS,Jiang N H,Zhang L D,et al.Soil physical,chemical analysis and description of soil profiles.Beijing:Standards Press of China,1996.33-37
[160]Alef K.Methodenhandbuch Bodenmikrobioiogie.Aktivit(?)ten,Biomasse,Differenzierung.Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft,Landsberg/Lech,1991:117-164
[161]肖冬梅,王淼,姬兰柱,等.长白山阔叶红松林土壤氧化亚氮和甲烷的通量研究.应用生态学报,2004,15(10):1855-1859
[162]Yan Y,Sha L,Cao M,et al.Fluxes of CH4 and N_2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China.Journal of Environmental Sciences,2008,20(2):207-215
[163]莫江明,方运霆,林而达,等.鼎湖山主要森林土壤N_2O排放及其对模拟N沉降的响应.植物生态学 报,2006,30(6):901-910
[164]Berg B.Litter decomposition and organic matter turnover in northern forest soils.Forest Ecology and Management,2000,133:13-33
[165]潘开文,何静,吴宁.森林凋落物对林地微生境的影响.应用生态学报,2004,15(1):153-158
[166]Vitousek PM.Litterfall,nutrient cycling and nutrient limitation in tropical forests.Ecology,1984,65:285-298
[167]Berg B,Berg MP,Bottner P,et al.Litter mass loss rates in pine forest of Europe and Eastem United States:Some relationships with climate and litter quality.Biogeochemistry,1993,20:127-159
[168]Melillo JM,Aber JD,Muratore JF.Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics.Ecology,1982,63:621-626
[169]Berg B,Muller M,Wessen B.Decomposition of red clover(Trifolium pratense) roots.Soil Biology and Biochemisty,1987,19:589-594
[170]Angelis PD,Kesari SC,Giuseppe ESM.Litter quality and decomposition in a CO_2-enriched Mediterranean forest ecosystem.Plant Soil,2000,224:31-41
[171]林英华,杨德付,张夫道等.栎林凋落层土壤动物群落结构及其在凋落物分解中的变化.林业科学研究,2006,19(3):331-336
[172]Vossbrinck CR,Coleman DC,Woolley TA.Abiotic and biotic factors in litter decomposition in a semiarid grassland.Ecology,1979,60(2):265-271
[173]Gallardo A,Merino J.Nitrogen immobilization in leaf litter at two Mediterranean ecosystems of SW Spain.Biogeochemistry,1992,15:213-228
[174]Aerts R,Caluwe HD.Nutritional and plant mediated controls on leaf litter decomposition of Carex species.Ecology,1997,78(1):244-260
[175]Arunachalam A,Maithanik K,Pandey HN.Leaf litter decomposition and nutrient mineralization patterns in regrowing stands of a humid subtropical forest after tree cutting.Forest Ecology and Management,1998,109:151-161
[176]He XT,Stevenson FJ,Mulvaney RL,et al.Incorporation of newly immobilized ~15N into stable organic forms in soil.Soil biology and biochemistry,1998,20:75-81
[177]Parton W,silver WL,Burke IC,et al.global-scale similarities in N release patterns during long-term decomposition.Science,2007,315:361-364
[178]王希华,黄建军,闫思荣.天童国家森林公园常见植物凋落叶分解的研究.植物生态学报,2004,28(4):457-467
[179]Hendrieks JJ,Wilson CA,Boring LR.Foliar litter position and decomposition in a fire-maintained longleaf pine-wire grass ecosystem.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2002,32:928-941
[180]李雪峰,韩世杰,张岩.降水量变化对蒙古栎落叶分解过程的间接影响.应用生态学报,2007,18(02):261-266
[181]Cotrufo MF,Inescon P.Effects of enhanced atmosphere CO_2 and nutrient supply on the quality and subsequent decomposition of fine roots of Betula pendula Roth.And Presitchensis(Bong.) Carr.Plant Soil,1995,170:267-277
[182]Ritter E.Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in newly formed gaps in a Danish beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:1-11
[183]Anderson JPE,Domash KH.Quantities of plant nutrients in the microbial biomass of selected soils.Soil Science,1980,130:211-216
[184]Bonde AT,Schniirer J,Rosswall T.Microbial biomass as a fraction of potentially mineralizablc N in soil from long-term field experiments.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1988,20(4):447-452
[185]Myrold DD.Relationship between microbial biomass nitrogen and nitrogen availability index.Soil Science Society of America journal,1987,51:1047-1049
[186]王淑平,周广胜,孙长占等.土壤微生物量氮的动态及其生物有效性研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(1):87-90
[187]Stark JM,Hart SC.High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests.Nature,1997,385,61-64
[188]Zogg GP,Zak DR,Pregitzer KS,et al.Microbial immobilization and the retention of anthropogenic nitrate in a northern hardwood forest.Ecology,2000,81,1858-1866
[189]Reich PB,Grigal DF,Aber JD,et al.Nitrogen mineralization and productivity in 50 hardwood and conifer stands on diverse soils.Ecology,1997,78:335-347
[190]Priha O,Smolander A.Nitrogen transformations in soil under Pinus sylvestris,Picea abies and Betula pendula at two forest sites.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31,965-977
[191]Wang Z,Fernandez I,Soil type and forest vegetation influences on forest floor nitrogen dynamics at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine(BBWM).Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1999,55,221-234
[192]Stoddard JL.Long-term changes in watershed retention of nitrogen.In:Baker LA editors.Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs.American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series 277,1994:223-284
[193]Abet JD,Magill A,McNulty SG,et al.Forest biogeochemistry and primary production altered by nitrogen saturation.Water Air Pollution.,1995,85:1665-1670
[194]Johnson DW.Nitrogen retention in forest soils.Journal of Environmental Quality,1992.21,1-12.
[195]Bijayalaxmi DN,Yadava PS.Seasonal dynamoics in soil microbial biomass C,N and P in a mixed-oak forest ecosystem of Manipur,North-east India.Applied soil ecology,2006,31:220-227
[196]Barbhuiya AR,Arunachalam A,Pandey HN,et al.Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C,N and P in disturbed and undisturbed stands of a tropical wet-evergreen forest.European Journal of Soil Biology,2004,40:113-121
[197]张蕴薇,韩建国,韩永伟,等.不同放牧强度下人工草地土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量.草地学报.2003.11(4):343-345
[198]李灵,张玉,王利宝,等.不同林地土壤微生物生物量垂直分布及相关性分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2007,27(2):52-60
[199]邵玉琴,赵吉,岳冰.皇甫川流域人工油松林地土壤微生物的垂直分布.内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2002,33(5):541-545
[200]Martikainen PJ,Palojarvi A.Evaluation of the fumigateon-extraction method for determineation of microbial C and N in a range of forest soils.Soil bilology and biochemistry,1990,27:797-802
[201]Maithani K,Tripathi RS,Arunachalam Am,et al.Seasonal dynamoics of microbial biomass C,N and P during regrowth of a disturbed subtropical humid forest in northeast India.Applied Soil Ecology,1996,4:31-37
[202]Sakamoto K,Yoshida T,Satoch M.Comparison of carbon and nitrogen mineralizeation between fumigateon and heating treatments.Soil science and plant nutrient,1992,38:133-140
[203]Ross DJ,Sparling GP,Burkd CM.Microbial biomass C and N in litter and mineral soil under pinus radiate on a coastal stand:influence of stand age and harvest measurement.Plant and Soil,1995,175:167-177
[204]Campbell CA,Biederbeck VO,Zentner RP,et al.Effect of crop rotateons and cultural practices on soil organic matter,microbial biomass and respireation in a thin black Chernozenm.Canada Journal soil Science,1991,71:837-842
[205]Anderson JPE,Domsch KH.Quantities of plant nutrients in the microbial biomass of selected soils.Soil Science,1980,130:211-216
[206]Jenkinson DS.The effects of biocidel treatments on metabolism in soil.Ⅳ.The decomposition of fumigated organisms in soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1976,8:203-208
[207]Joergensen RG..Die quantitative Bestimmung der mikrobiellen biomasse in B(o|¨)den mit der chloroform-fumigations-extraktions-methode.In:Meyer B(ed) G(o|¨)ttinger Boden-kundliche Berichte,Vol 104.Justus von liebig,G(o|¨)ttingen,1995:1-229
[208]Bremer E,van Kessel C.Extractability of microbial ~(14)C and ~(15)N following addition of variable rates of labeled glucose and ammonium sulphate to soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1990,22:707-713
[209]Paul EA,Clark FE.Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry,Academic Press,San Diego CA,1989
[210]Van Gestel M,Ladd JN,Amato M.Microbial biomass responses to seasonal change and imposed drying regimes at increasing depths of undisturbed topsoil profiles.Soil Biology and biochemistry,1992,24:103-111
[211]Aber JD.Nitrogen cycling and nitrogen saturation in temperate forest ecosystems.Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7(7):220-223
[212]Vitousek PM,H(a|¨)tternschwiler S,Olander L,et al.Nitrogen and nature.Ambio,2002,31(2):97-101
[213]Luxhφi J,Bruun S,Stenberg B,et al.Prediction of gross and net N mineralization immobilization turnover from CO_2 production.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(4):1121-1128
[214]Kaye JP,Binkley D,Rhoades C.Stable soil nitrogen accumulation and flexible organic matter stoichiometry during primary floodplain succession.Biogeochemistry,2003(1),63:1-22
[215]Murphy DV,Recous S,Stockdale EA,et al.Gross nitrogen fluxes in soil:theory,measurement and application of ~(15)N pool dilution techniques.In:Advances in Agronomy.Academic Press.2003.69-118
[216]Booth MS,Stark JM,Hart SC.Soil-mixing effects on inorganic nitrogen production and consumption in forest and shrubland soils.Plant Soil,2006,289(1-2):5-15
[217]Broun S,Stenberg B,Breland TA,et al.Empirical predictions of plant material C and N mineralization patterns from near infrared spectroscopy,stepwise chemical digestion and C/N ratios.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(12):2283-2296
[218]Corre MD,Lamersdorf NP.Reversal of nitrogen saturation after long-term deposition reduction:impact on soil nitrogen cycling.Ecology,2004,85(11):3090-3104
[219]周才平,欧阳华.温度和湿度对长白山两种林型下土壤氮矿化的影响.应用生态学报,2001,14(4):505-508
[220]沙丽清,盂盈,冯志立,等.西双版纳不同热带森林土壤氮矿化和硝化作用研究.植物生态学报,2000,24(2):152-156
[221]孟盈,薛敬意,沙丽清,等.西双版纳不同热带森林下土壤铵态氮和硝态氮动态研究.植物生态学报,2001,25(1):99-104
[222]莫江明,彭少麟,方运霆,等.鼎湖山马尾松针阔叶混交林土壤有效氮动态的初步研究.生态学报,2001,21(3):492-497
[223]莫江明,方运霆,林而达,等.鼎湖山主要森林土壤N_2O排放及其对模拟N沉降的响应.植物生态学报,2006,30(6):901-910
[224]陈伏生,曾德慧,范志平,等.沙地不同树种人工林土壤氮素矿化过程及其有效性.生态学报,2006,26(2):341-347
[225]陈祥伟,陈立新,刘伟琦.不同森林类型土壤氮矿化的研究.东北林业大学学报,1999,27(1):5-9
[226]Falkengren-Grerup U,Brunetb J and Diekrnann M.Nitrogen mineralisation in deciduous forest soils in south Sweden in gradients of soil acidity and deposition.Environmental Pollution,1998,102(1):415-420
[227]Westbrook CJ,Devito K J and Allan CJ.Soil N cycling in harvested and pristine Boreal forests and peatlands.Forest Ecology and Managemen,2006,234(1-3):227-237
[228]C(?)t(?) L,Brown S,Par(?) D,et al.Dynamics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization in relation to stand type,stand age and soil texture in the boreal mixedwood.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(8-9):1079-1090
[229]Ste-Marie C and Par D.Soil pH and N availability effects on net nitrification in the forest floors of a range of boreal forest stands.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(11):1579-1589.
[230]Bremer E,Kuikman P.Influence of competition for nitrogen in soil on net mineralization of nitrogen.Plant and Soil,1997,190:119-126
[231]Curtin D,Campbell CA,Jalil A.Effects of acidity on mineralization:pH-dependence of organic matter mineralization in weakly acidic soils.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1998,30(1):57-64
[232]Ehrenfeld JG,Han X,Parsons W F,et al.On the nature of environmental gradients:temporal and spatial variability of soils and vegetation in the New Jersey Pinelands.Journal of Ecology,1997,85(6):785-798
[233]Farley RA and Fitter AH.Temporal and spatial variation in soil resources in a deciduous woodland.Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,87(4):688-696
[234]Marrs RH,Thomp son J,Scott D,et al.nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in terrafirme forest and savanna soils on Ilha deMaraca,Roraima,Brazil.Journal of Tropical Ecology,1991,7(1):123-137
[235]Sanchez LF,Garcia miragaya J and Chacon N.Nitrogen mineralization in soil under grasses and under trees in a protected Venezuelan savanna.Acta Ecologia,1997,18(1):27-37
[236]Berendse F.Organic matter accumulation and nitrogen mineralization during secondary succession in heathland ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,1990,78(2):413-427
[237]Kitayama K.Soil nitrogen dynamics along a gradient of long-term soil development in a Hawaiian wet montane rain forest.Plant and soil,1996,183(2):253-262
[238]Ingwersen J,Butterbach-Bahl K,Gasche R,et al.Barometric process separation:New method for quantifying nitrification,denitrification,and nitrous oxide sources in soils.Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1999,63:117-128
[239]Knoepp JD,Swank WT.Using soil temperature and moisture to predict forest soil nitrogen mineralization.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2002,36(3)177-182
[240]Vitousek PM,Sanford RL.Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics.1986,17:137-167
[241]Firestone MK,Davidson EA.Microbiological basis of NO and N_2O production and consumption in soil.In:Andreae MO,Schimel DS.eds.Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere.Chichester:Wiley.1989,7-21
[242]IPCC.Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001
[243]World Meteorological Organization.Annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin[EB/OL].(2007-11)[2008-08-08].http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ghg/documents/ghg-bulletin-3.pdf.2006
[244]Ambus P,Robertson GP,The effect of increased N deposition on nitrous oxide,methane and carbon dioxide fluxes from unmanaged forest and grassland communities in Michigan.Biogeochemistry,2006,79:315-337
[245]Smith KA,Thomson PE,Clayton H,et al.Effects of temperature,water content and N fertilization on emissions of nitrous oxide by soils.Atmospheric Environment,2008,32:3301-3309
[246]徐慧,陈冠雄,马成新,等.长白山北坡不同土壤N_2O和CH_4.排放的初步研究.应用生态学报,1995,6(4):373-377
[247]齐玉春,罗辑,董云社,等.贡嘎山山地暗针叶林带森林土壤温室气体N_2O和CH_4排放研究.中国科学D辑,2002,32(11):934-941
[248]周存宇,周国逸,王跃思,等.鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表N_2O通量,中国环境科学,2004,24(6):688-69
[249]张炜,莫江明,方运霆,等.氮沉降对森林土壤主要温室气体通量的影响.生态学报,2008,28(5):2309-2319
[250]Wang CK.Biomass allometric equations for 10 co-occurring tree species in Chinese temperate forests.Forest Ecology and Management,2006,222:9-16
[251]Mummey DL,Smith JL,Bolton JRH,et al.Nitrous oxide flux from a Shrub-steppe ecosystem:sources and regulation.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1994,26(2):279-286
[252]Wang CK,Yang JY,Zhang QZ,et al.Soil respiration in six temperate forests in China.Global Change Biology,2006,12:2103-2114
[253]Kiese R,Butterbach-bahl K.N_2O and CO_2 emissions from three different tropical forest sites in the wet tropics of Queensland,Australia.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(7):975-987
[254]Ullah S,Frasier R,King L,et al.Potential fluxes of N_2O and CH_4 from soils of three forest types in Eastern Canada.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(4):986-994
[255]Yashiro Y,Kadir WR,Okuda T,et al.The effects of logging on soil greenhouse gas(CO_2,CH_4,N_2O) flux in a tropical rain forest,Peninsular Malaysia.2008,Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,148(5):799-806
[256]侯爱新,陈冠雄,吴杰,等.稻田CH_4和N_2O排放关系及其微生物学机理和一些影响因子.应用生态学报,1997,8(3):270-274
[257]Zhang XJ,Xu H,Chen GX,et al.Major factors controlling nitrous oxide emission and methane uptake from forest soil.Journal of Forestry Research,2001,12(4):239-242
[258]Arnold KV,Nilsson M,H(?)nell B,et al.Fluxes of CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O from drained organic soils in decideuous forests.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:1059-1071
[259]Klemedtsson L,Kasimir Klemedtsson(?),Moldan F,et al.Nitrous oxide emission from Swedish forest soils in relation to liming and simulated increased N-deposition.Biology and Fertility of Soils,1997,25:290-295
[260]Regina K,Silvola J,Martikainen PJ,et al.Short-term effects of changing water table on N_2O fluxes from peat monoliths from natural and drained boreal peatlands.Global Change Biology,1999,5,183-189
[261]孙志高,刘景双,杨继松,等.三江平原典型小叶章温地土壤硝化-反硝化作用与氮化亚氮排放.应用生态学报,2007,18(1):185-192
[262]Ma WK,Schautz A,Fishback LA,et al.Assessing the potential of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to produce nitrous oxide in soils of a high arctic lowland ecosystem on Devon Island.Canada.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(8):2001-2013
[263]Meyer RL,Allen DE,Schmidt S,et al.Nitrification and denitrification as sources of sediment nitrous oxide production:A microsensor approach.Marine Chemistry,2003,110(1-2):68-76
[264]Russow R,Spott O,Stange CF.Evaluation of nitrate and ammonium as sources of NO and N_2O emissions from black earth soils(Haplic Chernozem) based on 15N field experiments.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(2):380-391
[265]史奕,黄国宏.土壤中反硝化酶活性变化与N_2O排放的关系.应用生态学报,1999,10(3):329-331
[266]Scheer C,Wassmann R,Kienzler K,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized,irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Aral Sea Basin,Uzbekistan:Influence of nitrogen applications and irrigation practices.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(2):290-301
[267]Brumme R,Borken W,Finde S.Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems.Global Biogeochemical Cycle,1999,13:1127-1148
[268]黄国鸿,陈冠雄等.土壤含水量与N_2O产生途径研究,应用生态学报,1999,10(1):53-56
[269]Wrage N,Velthof GL,Beusichem ML,et at.Role of nitrifier denitrifyication in the production of nitrous oxide.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(12-13):1723-1732
[270]Ma WK,Schautz AF,Lee-Ann E,et al.Assessing the potential of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to produce nitrous oxide in soils of a high arctic lowland ecosystem on Devon Island,Canada,Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,37(8):2001-2013
[271]Davidson EA.Sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide following wetting of dry soil.Soil Science Society of America,1992,56:95-102
[272]封克,殷士学.影响氧化亚氮形成与排放的土壤因素.土壤学进展,1995,23(6):35-42
[273]Sanchez-Martin L,Vallejo A,Dick J,et al.The influence of soluble carbon and fertilizer nitrogen on nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from two contrasting agricultural soils.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008.,40(1):142-151
[274]王明星.大气化学.北京气象出版社.1999
[275]李明峰,董云社,齐玉春,等.极端干旱对温带草地生态系统CO_2、CH_4、N_2O通量特征的影响.资源科学.2004,26(5):89-95
[276]Rosenkranz P,Br(?)ggemann N,Papen H,et al.N_2O,NO and CH_4 exchange,and microbial N turnover over a Mediterranean pine forest soil.Biogeosciences Discussions,2005,2:673-702
[277]Kavdir Y,Hellebrand HJ,Kern J.Seasonal variations of nitrous oxide emission in relation to nitrogen fertileization and energy crop types in sandy soil.Soil and Tillage Research.2008,98:175-186
[278]Burton DL,Beauchamp EG.Profile of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide concentrations in a soil subject to freezing.Soil Science Society of America,1994,58(1):115-122
[279]Christensen S,Christensen BT.Organic matter available for denitrification in different soil fractions:Effect of freeze/thaw cycles and straw disposal.Journal of Soil Science,1991,42(4):637-647
[280]Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F.Nitrous oxide emissions from soil during freezing and thawing periods.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(9):1269-1275
[281]Ullah S,Frasier R,King L,et al.Potential fluxes of N_2O and CH_4 from soils of three forest types in Eastern Canada.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40(4):986-994
[282]Teepe R,Vor A,Beese F,et al.Emissions of N_2O from soils during cycles of freezing and thawing and the effects of soil water,texture and duration of freezing.European Journal of Soil Science,2004,55(2):357-365
[283]Ludwig B,Teepe R,De Gerenyu VL,et al.CO_2 and N_2O emissions from gleyic soils in the Russian tundra and a German forest during freeze-thaw periods-a microcosm study.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(12):3516-3519
[284]Koponen HT,Duran CE,Maljanen M,et al.Temperature responses of NO and N_2O emissions from boreal organic soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(7):1779-1757
[285]Henry HAL.Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments:Trends,methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(5):977-986
[286]Koponen HT,Fl(o|¨)jt L,Martikainen PJ.Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at low temperatures:A laboratory microcosm study.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(5):757-766
[287]Dong YS,Zhang S,Qi YC,et al.Fluxes of CO_2,N_2O and CH_4 from a typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia and its daily variation.Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(17):1590-1594
[288]郑靖,王重阳,王迎红,等.下辽河平原典型农田融化期氧化亚氮和甲烷排放通量研究.生态学杂志,2005,24(9):999-1003
[289]R(o|¨)ver M,Heinemeyer O,Kaiser EA.Microbial induced nitrous oxide emissions from an arable soil during winter.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1998,30(14):1859-1865
[290]Furon AC,Wagner-Riddle C,Smith CR,et al.Wavelet analysis of wintertime and spring thaw CO_2and N_2O fluxes from agricultural fields.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148(8-9):1305-1317
[291]王连峰,蔡延江,解宏图.冻融作用下土壤物理和微生物性状变化与氧化亚氮排放的关系.应用生态学报.2007,18(10):2361-2366
[292]Oztas T,Fayetorbay F.Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability.Catena,2003,52(1):1-8
[293]M(u|¨)ller C,Martin M,Stevens RJ,et al.Processes leading to N_2O emissions in grassland soil during freezing and thawing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(9):1325-1331
[294]Mφrkved PT,D(o|¨)rsch P,Henriksen TM,et al.N_2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38 (12):3411-3420
[295](O|¨)quist MG,Nilsson M,S(o|¨)rensson F,et al.Nitrous oxide production in a forest soil at low temperatures- processes and environmental controls.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2004,49(3):371-378
[296]Brumme R,Borken W,Finke S.Hierarchical control on nitrous oxide emission in forest ecosystems.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1999,13(4):1137-1148
[297]Lamers M,Ingwersen J,Streck T.Nitrous oxide emissions from mineral and organic soils of a Norway spruce stand in South-West Germany.Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(8):1681-1688
[298]王庆丰,王传宽,谭立何,等.移栽自不同纬度的落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)林的春季土壤呼吸.生态学报,2008,28(5):1883-1892