长白山地区森林景观格局与生态规划研究
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摘要
本研究以长白山地区白河林业局天然林作为研究对象,利用2000年遥感影像图,1987年和2000年森林资源二类调查数据和地形图等资料,以遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)为支撑,应用景观生态学的相关原理及方法,研究了森林的空间结构组成,从时间序列和空间尺度上研究了区域的景观格局及其变化,详细系统的分析了研究区域的景观生态结构、景观格局现状和动态变化。通过DEM和景观现状的叠加,深入分析了各森林景观类型与坡度、坡向和地形高程之间的关系,揭示由森林资源结构变化而引起的景观格局变化。基于景观格局的动态模拟和景观格局空间结构的分析,对白河林业局景观进行了功能分区,并进行了景观生态规划,提出各规划区经营措施。在此过程中,本文主要取得以下的成果和进展:
1.进行了森林景观分类及空间格局分析。研究区景观划分为10种二级景观要素类型,自然景观保持着较好的状态,森林景观为该地区的优势景观,森林总面积和斑块数量均迅速增加。景观破碎化程度加剧,异质性增加,斑块增加的原因是由于林业经营和人工造林的结果。三级景观格局以阔叶混交林和落叶松为主,面积分别达到76097.38和44596.34hm~2,斑块数分别达到4139和3253个,二者合计面积数和斑块数分别达到整个林分类型的67.7%和66%,所以该地区以落叶松和阔叶混交林为主要类型。
2.通过对景观格局指数的计算,对两期数据进行对比,从时间序列上分析了不同景观要素的格局与结构,分析不同时期的景观格局变化趋势。三级森林景观要素类型中红松林、云冷杉林、落叶松、针阔混交林、白桦林、杂木林等林分的面积和斑块数都有所增加,而针叶混交林、柞树林、阔叶混交林、水胡林、杨树林等林分的面积和斑块有所减小;除水胡林、杨树林外,各森林类型斑块的平均密度都在增加。红松林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、白桦林、杨树林、杂木林的分形指数都有明显的降低,云冷杉林、水胡林等林分类型的分形指数有明显增加,说明斑块形状指数的变化有差异,这体现了13年内林分类型的空间结构变化的总趋势。
3.在ArcGIS下,进行高程分带处理,对DEM进行坡度提取,计算了不同坡度景观的分布面积,得出森林景观格局与坡度因子的关系。研究区域的平坡和缓坡林地面积所占的比例较大。结果表明:景观格局的分布与坡度有一定的相关性,无林地、云冷杉林、落叶松、白桦、阔叶混交林和杂木有一半以上分布在0-5°的坡度范围内,说明这一坡度范围最适宜于林业生产和人类活动,景观类型比较丰富。其次分布比较多的是缓坡,斜坡和陡坡的分布面积较少,变化较大的是针阔混交林有向平坡扩展的趋势。
4.在ArcGIS下,进行了坡向的提取,得出森林景观格局与坡向因子的关系。阔叶混交林在各个方向的面积均较多,白桦林、针阔混交林、针叶混交林集中分布在阴坡和半阴坡,在阳坡和半阳坡少有分布。红松林、落叶松、针叶混交林、杂木林在各个坡向上分布大体相同,面积偏少。针阔混交林多分布于其它坡向,平地分布最少。柞树在五个坡向呈现逐渐递增的态势,从平地到阳坡逐渐增加;在阴坡和半阴坡分布较多,在平地、阳坡和半阳坡分布大体相同。阔叶混交林在平地极少分布,在其它方向大体相同,水胡林在阴坡最多,平地最少,其它三个方向相差不多,白桦在阴坡和半阴坡分布较多,在平地、半阳坡分布大体相同,阳坡最少。
5.不同景观类型在同一高程带的景观格局不同。随高程的增加,景观类型随着海拔的变化呈现出明显的垂直分异,在各高程带中,面积最大的3种林分依次为:<1987>白桦林、针阔混交林、水胡林(Ⅰ)白桦—阔叶混交林—云冷杉林(Ⅱ)针阔混交林—杨树—云冷杉林(Ⅲ)针阔混交林—云冷杉林—杨树(Ⅳ)<2000>阔叶混交林—落叶松—白桦(Ⅰ)阔叶混交林-针阔混交林-落叶松(Ⅱ)落叶松—针阔混交林—阔叶混交林(Ⅲ)落叶松—白桦(Ⅳ)。
6.森林景观的动态模拟。利用Markov模型对白河林业局进行森林景观动态模拟,计算不同时期森林景观的转化概率,建立转化模型,得出2013年的景观格局模拟图,为该地区的景观规划提供依据。
7.进行了森林景观规划研究。在对森林景观空间格局分析的基础上,确定森林景观规划的原则和目标,通过对景观格局决定因子的主成分分析,进行景观功能分区,在此基础上进行景观生态规划,提出各规划区的目标和经营措施。
The natural forest was studied in this paper in Baihe Forestry Bureau in Changbai district,Based on Landsat TM image in 2000,forest distribution map and forest resource secondary surveying of 1987 and 2000,topographic map,land use map,survey data and others,with the support of Remote Sensing(RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS),the space structure constitute of forest in this region was studied and land use and landscape space structure were classified and evaluated.The theory and method of landscape ecology were used in this paper.The landscape pattern and dynamic processes were completely analysed in serial time and spatial space.The landscape ecology construction,landscape present situation,dynamic processes were studied in detail.Combined with the Digital Terrain Model (DEM),reckon among different landform affected landscape pattern.Post construction change for change landscape pattern.Based on the change of land use and dynamic simulation to forecast landscape structure,to make landscape ecology plan.During the processing,following results and evolvement were gained in this paper.
1.The forest landscape classification and space pattern was studied in this pater,based on the landscape ecological planning,Landscape ecology study area is divided into 10 kinds of second types landscape elements o the natural landascape kept good state and forest landscape was classified,forest landscape was the advanced landscape.The total area and patch nubmer of forest increased greatly,which shown that landscape fragmentation changed greatly.The heterogeneity and the number of patch were increased for the result of forest management and artifical forest.Broad-leaf forest and Larch belonged to the thired landscape pattern,the area was 76097.38 hm~2 and 44596.34hm~2,the percentage of total area and patch number were 67.7%and 66%of all the forest types.The Broad-leavedforest and Larch were main types of this region.
2.Accroding to the landscape pattern index calculation,the data of 1987 and 2000 was compared.The pattern and structure of differen landscape element were analysed in serial time,the chang trend of differen landscape pattern was analysed.the area and patch number of Korean-pinus,sylvestris,picea-stinky pine,larch,mixed forest,betula forest and other type increased,the area and patch number of coniferous forest,oak trees,broad-leaved forest and others type decreased.The patch density increased except poplar and fraxinus mandshurica. The fractal index of Korean-pinus,mixed forest,broad-leaved forest,betula forest and poplar decreased greatly,on the other hand,the fractal index of fraxinus mandshurica and sylvestris increased.The patch shape index changes were difference,which embodied the 13 years of space Stand types of structural changes in the general trend.
3.With the support of ArcGIS,the elevation slice level was deal with,the slope was extracted from the DEM,the distribution area of landscape type was calculated in different slope,which could draw the relationshipe between the forest landscape pattern and slope,the area proportion of flat and gentle slope was larger.The results shown that:landscape distribution had certain correlation with elevation,aspect and slope,the half distribution of non- forest land,spruce-stinky pine,larch,white birch,broad-leaved forest and others forest land was 0-5°range of slope,the region was suitable for forest product and mankind activity,the landscape types of this region was rich,the distribution of less slope and steep slope decreased,the change of mixed forest was geat,which distributed the flat region,the difference of differen type distribution wasn't obvious.It seemed that terrain had a certain influence on macro-distribution of landscape pattern.
4.According to the extraction of DEM,the relationship of forest landscape pattern and aspect was drawn.the area distribution of broad-leaved forest was more in all directions,the distribution of betula forest,mixed forest and coniferous focused on the half-shaddy and shaddy slope,the distribution of semi-sunny and sunny slope was less,the distribution of korean-sylvestris forest,larch,coniferous forest and other types was same and less,the distribution of mixed forest focused on other aspect,the quantity was less.The distribution of oak trees changed gradually in five aspects from flat land to sunny slope,the quantity in semi-shaddy and shaddy slope was much more than flat land,semi-suuny and sunny slope,the quantity in flat land,semi-suuny and sunny slope was substantially same,the distribution of broad-leaved was less,the distribution of fraxinus mandshurica was most on shaddy slope,least on flat slope.The quantity was substantially same in other directions,the distribution of betula was much on half-shaddy and shaddy slope,the quantisy of betula was substantially same on flat slope and semi-sunny slope,least on sunny slope.
5.Different types of landscape at the same elevation with the different landscape patterens,the landscape types changes shown obvious vertical differences with the elevation increasing,at each elevation slice,the largest area of the trees forest kins were:betula-mixed forest-fraxinus mandshurica(Ⅰ)betula-broad-leaved forest-poplar-spruce-stinky pine(Ⅱ),mixed forst-poplar-spruce-stinky pine(Ⅲ),mixed forest-spruce-smell pine-poplar(Ⅳ)(1987);broad-leaved forest-larch-betula(Ⅰ),broad-leaved forest-mixed forest-larch(Ⅱ)larch-mixed forest-broad -leaved forest(Ⅲ),larch-betula(Ⅳ)(2000).
6.Forest landscape dynamic simulation.The Markov model was used to study forest landscape dyanmic of Baihe forest farm.The transfomation model was establised by using the caculatation of different periods of forest landscape transformation probability,with the simulation of different time space,the landscape pattern simutation map of 2013 was obtained,which could provide the basis of landscape plannying for this study area.
7.The forest landscape plannyingstudy.Based on the foreset landscape classification and landscape spatial pattern analysis,according to the landscape present and the objects of forest landscape planning,the theory of landscape planning and the methods of different scale landscape planning were provided to plan this area by using the basic thorey of landscape ecology,the construction methods of matrix and gallery from other landscape elements were provided.
1.进行了森林景观分类及空间格局分析。研究区景观划分为10种二级景观要素类型,自然景观保持着较好的状态,森林景观为该地区的优势景观,森林总面积和斑块数量均迅速增加。景观破碎化程度加剧,异质性增加,斑块增加的原因是由于林业经营和人工造林的结果。三级景观格局以阔叶混交林和落叶松为主,面积分别达到76097.38和44596.34hm~2,斑块数分别达到4139和3253个,二者合计面积数和斑块数分别达到整个林分类型的67.7%和66%,所以该地区以落叶松和阔叶混交林为主要类型。
2.通过对景观格局指数的计算,对两期数据进行对比,从时间序列上分析了不同景观要素的格局与结构,分析不同时期的景观格局变化趋势。三级森林景观要素类型中红松林、云冷杉林、落叶松、针阔混交林、白桦林、杂木林等林分的面积和斑块数都有所增加,而针叶混交林、柞树林、阔叶混交林、水胡林、杨树林等林分的面积和斑块有所减小;除水胡林、杨树林外,各森林类型斑块的平均密度都在增加。红松林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、白桦林、杨树林、杂木林的分形指数都有明显的降低,云冷杉林、水胡林等林分类型的分形指数有明显增加,说明斑块形状指数的变化有差异,这体现了13年内林分类型的空间结构变化的总趋势。
3.在ArcGIS下,进行高程分带处理,对DEM进行坡度提取,计算了不同坡度景观的分布面积,得出森林景观格局与坡度因子的关系。研究区域的平坡和缓坡林地面积所占的比例较大。结果表明:景观格局的分布与坡度有一定的相关性,无林地、云冷杉林、落叶松、白桦、阔叶混交林和杂木有一半以上分布在0-5°的坡度范围内,说明这一坡度范围最适宜于林业生产和人类活动,景观类型比较丰富。其次分布比较多的是缓坡,斜坡和陡坡的分布面积较少,变化较大的是针阔混交林有向平坡扩展的趋势。
4.在ArcGIS下,进行了坡向的提取,得出森林景观格局与坡向因子的关系。阔叶混交林在各个方向的面积均较多,白桦林、针阔混交林、针叶混交林集中分布在阴坡和半阴坡,在阳坡和半阳坡少有分布。红松林、落叶松、针叶混交林、杂木林在各个坡向上分布大体相同,面积偏少。针阔混交林多分布于其它坡向,平地分布最少。柞树在五个坡向呈现逐渐递增的态势,从平地到阳坡逐渐增加;在阴坡和半阴坡分布较多,在平地、阳坡和半阳坡分布大体相同。阔叶混交林在平地极少分布,在其它方向大体相同,水胡林在阴坡最多,平地最少,其它三个方向相差不多,白桦在阴坡和半阴坡分布较多,在平地、半阳坡分布大体相同,阳坡最少。
5.不同景观类型在同一高程带的景观格局不同。随高程的增加,景观类型随着海拔的变化呈现出明显的垂直分异,在各高程带中,面积最大的3种林分依次为:<1987>白桦林、针阔混交林、水胡林(Ⅰ)白桦—阔叶混交林—云冷杉林(Ⅱ)针阔混交林—杨树—云冷杉林(Ⅲ)针阔混交林—云冷杉林—杨树(Ⅳ)<2000>阔叶混交林—落叶松—白桦(Ⅰ)阔叶混交林-针阔混交林-落叶松(Ⅱ)落叶松—针阔混交林—阔叶混交林(Ⅲ)落叶松—白桦(Ⅳ)。
6.森林景观的动态模拟。利用Markov模型对白河林业局进行森林景观动态模拟,计算不同时期森林景观的转化概率,建立转化模型,得出2013年的景观格局模拟图,为该地区的景观规划提供依据。
7.进行了森林景观规划研究。在对森林景观空间格局分析的基础上,确定森林景观规划的原则和目标,通过对景观格局决定因子的主成分分析,进行景观功能分区,在此基础上进行景观生态规划,提出各规划区的目标和经营措施。
The natural forest was studied in this paper in Baihe Forestry Bureau in Changbai district,Based on Landsat TM image in 2000,forest distribution map and forest resource secondary surveying of 1987 and 2000,topographic map,land use map,survey data and others,with the support of Remote Sensing(RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS),the space structure constitute of forest in this region was studied and land use and landscape space structure were classified and evaluated.The theory and method of landscape ecology were used in this paper.The landscape pattern and dynamic processes were completely analysed in serial time and spatial space.The landscape ecology construction,landscape present situation,dynamic processes were studied in detail.Combined with the Digital Terrain Model (DEM),reckon among different landform affected landscape pattern.Post construction change for change landscape pattern.Based on the change of land use and dynamic simulation to forecast landscape structure,to make landscape ecology plan.During the processing,following results and evolvement were gained in this paper.
1.The forest landscape classification and space pattern was studied in this pater,based on the landscape ecological planning,Landscape ecology study area is divided into 10 kinds of second types landscape elements o the natural landascape kept good state and forest landscape was classified,forest landscape was the advanced landscape.The total area and patch nubmer of forest increased greatly,which shown that landscape fragmentation changed greatly.The heterogeneity and the number of patch were increased for the result of forest management and artifical forest.Broad-leaf forest and Larch belonged to the thired landscape pattern,the area was 76097.38 hm~2 and 44596.34hm~2,the percentage of total area and patch number were 67.7%and 66%of all the forest types.The Broad-leavedforest and Larch were main types of this region.
2.Accroding to the landscape pattern index calculation,the data of 1987 and 2000 was compared.The pattern and structure of differen landscape element were analysed in serial time,the chang trend of differen landscape pattern was analysed.the area and patch number of Korean-pinus,sylvestris,picea-stinky pine,larch,mixed forest,betula forest and other type increased,the area and patch number of coniferous forest,oak trees,broad-leaved forest and others type decreased.The patch density increased except poplar and fraxinus mandshurica. The fractal index of Korean-pinus,mixed forest,broad-leaved forest,betula forest and poplar decreased greatly,on the other hand,the fractal index of fraxinus mandshurica and sylvestris increased.The patch shape index changes were difference,which embodied the 13 years of space Stand types of structural changes in the general trend.
3.With the support of ArcGIS,the elevation slice level was deal with,the slope was extracted from the DEM,the distribution area of landscape type was calculated in different slope,which could draw the relationshipe between the forest landscape pattern and slope,the area proportion of flat and gentle slope was larger.The results shown that:landscape distribution had certain correlation with elevation,aspect and slope,the half distribution of non- forest land,spruce-stinky pine,larch,white birch,broad-leaved forest and others forest land was 0-5°range of slope,the region was suitable for forest product and mankind activity,the landscape types of this region was rich,the distribution of less slope and steep slope decreased,the change of mixed forest was geat,which distributed the flat region,the difference of differen type distribution wasn't obvious.It seemed that terrain had a certain influence on macro-distribution of landscape pattern.
4.According to the extraction of DEM,the relationship of forest landscape pattern and aspect was drawn.the area distribution of broad-leaved forest was more in all directions,the distribution of betula forest,mixed forest and coniferous focused on the half-shaddy and shaddy slope,the distribution of semi-sunny and sunny slope was less,the distribution of korean-sylvestris forest,larch,coniferous forest and other types was same and less,the distribution of mixed forest focused on other aspect,the quantity was less.The distribution of oak trees changed gradually in five aspects from flat land to sunny slope,the quantity in semi-shaddy and shaddy slope was much more than flat land,semi-suuny and sunny slope,the quantity in flat land,semi-suuny and sunny slope was substantially same,the distribution of broad-leaved was less,the distribution of fraxinus mandshurica was most on shaddy slope,least on flat slope.The quantity was substantially same in other directions,the distribution of betula was much on half-shaddy and shaddy slope,the quantisy of betula was substantially same on flat slope and semi-sunny slope,least on sunny slope.
5.Different types of landscape at the same elevation with the different landscape patterens,the landscape types changes shown obvious vertical differences with the elevation increasing,at each elevation slice,the largest area of the trees forest kins were:betula-mixed forest-fraxinus mandshurica(Ⅰ)betula-broad-leaved forest-poplar-spruce-stinky pine(Ⅱ),mixed forst-poplar-spruce-stinky pine(Ⅲ),mixed forest-spruce-smell pine-poplar(Ⅳ)(1987);broad-leaved forest-larch-betula(Ⅰ),broad-leaved forest-mixed forest-larch(Ⅱ)larch-mixed forest-broad -leaved forest(Ⅲ),larch-betula(Ⅳ)(2000).
6.Forest landscape dynamic simulation.The Markov model was used to study forest landscape dyanmic of Baihe forest farm.The transfomation model was establised by using the caculatation of different periods of forest landscape transformation probability,with the simulation of different time space,the landscape pattern simutation map of 2013 was obtained,which could provide the basis of landscape plannying for this study area.
7.The forest landscape plannyingstudy.Based on the foreset landscape classification and landscape spatial pattern analysis,according to the landscape present and the objects of forest landscape planning,the theory of landscape planning and the methods of different scale landscape planning were provided to plan this area by using the basic thorey of landscape ecology,the construction methods of matrix and gallery from other landscape elements were provided.
引文
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