城市公共交通区域运营调度系统协同优化问题研究
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摘要
随着我国经济的发展和城市化、机动化进程的加快,城市交通拥堵问题越来越成为社会各界所关注的焦点。日益增长的城市居民公交出行需求同相对落后的公交基础设施及管理手段之间的矛盾是城市公交系统发展的主要矛盾。作为当今城市公共交通发展趋势之一的公交区域调度模式的提出为这一矛盾的缓解提供了很好的思路。
开始于20世纪50年代末的对于城市公交运营调度优化问题的研究发展到今天,已经在线网布局优化、区域换乘优化、跨线运营优化、业务流程优化和设施选址优化等五个主要方面取得了众多突破。然而,国内外在该领域的研究与应用,特别是在系统整体优化方面,到目前为止仍存在着一定的局限性与不足:首先是缺少对于区域公交调度系统优化理论体系的研究;其次是难以保证公交运营调度系统优化整体性;第三是区调模式、模型及算法不成熟、不完善;第四是尚未形成对多模式公交换乘系统而深入的理论成果;最后是缺少对于公共交通发展态势的系统判断。
针对以上既有研究中存在的问题,本文通过揭示协同优化问题的实质,对区域公交调度协同优化问题的定义、内涵与外延进行了必要的阐述,建立起了区域公交协同优化体系框架,设计出了区域公交调度协同优化目标实现的逻辑机理,提出了在现实中的可能实现形式,并针对体系框架中的几个重点研究领域,从区域、纵向和横向的角度,对三个协同优化关键问题展开了较为深入的研究。
(1)针对常规公交区域调度不同公交线路协同发车问题进行了研究。在实际工作中,编制出能够最大限度地减少乘客在不同线路交叉换乘点处换乘等待时间的公交时刻表是实现公交调度区域化的关键任务之一,而协同发车是实现这一目标的有效手段。针对这一问题,本文将以区域内乘客换乘时间最少为目标的区域公交时刻表的编制问题归结为一类特殊的带有协同系数且无容量约束的0-1背包问题,并定义了协同系数,建立了相应的数学模型,给出了基于嵌套式的禁忌搜索算法(Nesting Tabu Search,NTS)的模型解法,最后利用具体算例对模型及算法进行了必要的验证。
(2)按照协同优化思想和多层规划原理构建了整合了时刻表生成和车辆、人员调度功能的区域公交调度多三层协同优化管理系统。在模型的整体设计中,通过设置资源、时间和均衡三个系统权衡参量指标,对整个调度计划的产生加以控制。上层模型的目标函数主要综合考虑所需司售人员总数和司售人员待岗时间最优,其约束条件主要是司售人员的最短当班出行时间、最大连续工作时间以及各种时间窗限制。在中层车辆调度模型中,本文以区域内各条线路所使用的车辆总数以及车辆总空驶时间最小为目标,考虑了车辆续驶时间、车场最大容量和最低存量等三个约束条件。下层模型主要引用上一问题的主研究成果进行建模和求解。然后,再依据所设定的满意度指标得出一组满意解供下一级模型比选,进而产生出从系统的角度来讲更为理想的人员、车辆调度方案及与之对应的符合满意度评价标准的公交发车时刻表。最后,本文给出了一个典型算例来验证模型的可靠性与有效性。
(3)综合考虑节约企业运力资源,改善居民出行环境和提高城市运行效率,对多种公交运营模式之间的换乘效力进行评价。作为城市公交系统的服务对象的乘客是不受公交公司运营调度管理所控制的,客流是按照其特定的规律分布在整个区域公交网络上的。本文对多种公交模式下的城市公交枢纽换乘效力问题展开分析,建立了系统的评价体系,并基于目前我国城市公交枢纽建设方面存在的问题提出合理化建议。
最后,基于系统旋进原则方法论,并结合对上述三个问题的研究,在方法论意义上对城市公共交通协同旋进发展进行了再思考,给出了城市公交系统三维协同发展模型,并对未来公交发展趋势的做了系统判断,以及明确了面向协同发展的公交企业发展定位。
The primary concern of a bus company is to allocate its limited public transportation resources to meet the passengers' trip demands efficiently.The emergence of the regional operating model,as one of the current development trends of the urban public transportation system,provides the opportunity to seek the trade-off.
The research on optimization for urban public transportation operating,which oriented from the 1950's,has developed the four main fields,i.e.Network Routing, Region Transferring,Multi-line Operating,Business Process Reengineering and Location Planning.Up to the present,several shortages remain,especially in synergetic optimization in system:①Lacking the research on the essence of cross-scheduling bus lines,②Being unsure to optimize the bus scheduling system synergistically,③Being not perfect for the pattern,the model,and the algorithm of regional scheduling,④Having not formed the comprehensive assessment on the interchange ability of urban passenger terminals,and⑤Seldom judging the trend of urban public transportation systematically.
To solve the problems mentioned above,the essence of Synergetic Optimization is brought to light,the definition,the internal and the external implication are defined for Synergetic Optimization for the regional bus operating system(SORBOS),the corresponding theory architecture is designed,the probable ways is proposed to realize SORBOS,and the following researches would be carried out in this paper:
i.Synergetic departure problem(SDP) involving multi-route is solved.It plays an important role in regional bus scheduling that creating the timetable which can minimize the transfer time of the passengers in every connection stop;meanwhile, synchronization departure can deal with the problem effectively.In this paper,the regional bus timetabling is formulated as a peculiar kind of Non-capacity Knapsack Problem(NKP) with the synchronization coefficient that is defined by the author.The mathematical model has been built and the Nesting Taboo Search(NTS) algorithm has been developed to solve the problem.The computational results demonstrate that the high quality solutions to the NKP can be obtained by using the modified taboo search algorithm.
ii.According to the synergetic optimization theory and the multilevel programming principle,tri-level synergetic optimization system for bus scheduling is established.By the method of setting up system parameters,i.e.Resource,Time and Equilibrium parameter,the outputs of the whole scheduling are controlled.In the upper model,the objective of the crew scheduling with time windows is to minimize the number of the required crews and the total waiting time in relief points.In the middle model,the regional bus vehicle scheduling,which is designed to minimize the total number of the required vehicles and the total time of the deadheading trips,is formulated as a class of the scheduling problem complying strictly with the vehicle chain-running time,the maximum capacity and the required retaining vehicles in the each depot.The lower model cites the previous research results.The satisfaction criteria which can select a set of the satisfied solutions for the previous model to decide are defined.Finally,the efficiency of the algorithm is discussed,and the computational results demonstrate that the model is reasonable and the algorithm is efficient and feasible.
iii.Different public transportation patterns are integrated to save the transportation resources of a bus company,to improve the environment of the passengers' trip,and to improve the running efficiency of cities.Passengers,as the object of urban public transportation,are out of bus companies' control.Passengers,abiding by specific rules, are distributed in some whole region.The interchange ability of an urban passenger terminal is assessed in this paper.Based on the prominent problems on interchange ability of urban passenger terminals,some constructive suggestions about improving the interchange ability of urban passenger terminals are given finally.
Finally,based on Spiral Propulsion Principle,the synergetic development pattern for urban public transportation is demonstrated initially in the sense of methodology. 3-demention developing model is constructed,the tendency of public transportation is judged systematically,and the integration-based development position of bus companies is given out.
开始于20世纪50年代末的对于城市公交运营调度优化问题的研究发展到今天,已经在线网布局优化、区域换乘优化、跨线运营优化、业务流程优化和设施选址优化等五个主要方面取得了众多突破。然而,国内外在该领域的研究与应用,特别是在系统整体优化方面,到目前为止仍存在着一定的局限性与不足:首先是缺少对于区域公交调度系统优化理论体系的研究;其次是难以保证公交运营调度系统优化整体性;第三是区调模式、模型及算法不成熟、不完善;第四是尚未形成对多模式公交换乘系统而深入的理论成果;最后是缺少对于公共交通发展态势的系统判断。
针对以上既有研究中存在的问题,本文通过揭示协同优化问题的实质,对区域公交调度协同优化问题的定义、内涵与外延进行了必要的阐述,建立起了区域公交协同优化体系框架,设计出了区域公交调度协同优化目标实现的逻辑机理,提出了在现实中的可能实现形式,并针对体系框架中的几个重点研究领域,从区域、纵向和横向的角度,对三个协同优化关键问题展开了较为深入的研究。
(1)针对常规公交区域调度不同公交线路协同发车问题进行了研究。在实际工作中,编制出能够最大限度地减少乘客在不同线路交叉换乘点处换乘等待时间的公交时刻表是实现公交调度区域化的关键任务之一,而协同发车是实现这一目标的有效手段。针对这一问题,本文将以区域内乘客换乘时间最少为目标的区域公交时刻表的编制问题归结为一类特殊的带有协同系数且无容量约束的0-1背包问题,并定义了协同系数,建立了相应的数学模型,给出了基于嵌套式的禁忌搜索算法(Nesting Tabu Search,NTS)的模型解法,最后利用具体算例对模型及算法进行了必要的验证。
(2)按照协同优化思想和多层规划原理构建了整合了时刻表生成和车辆、人员调度功能的区域公交调度多三层协同优化管理系统。在模型的整体设计中,通过设置资源、时间和均衡三个系统权衡参量指标,对整个调度计划的产生加以控制。上层模型的目标函数主要综合考虑所需司售人员总数和司售人员待岗时间最优,其约束条件主要是司售人员的最短当班出行时间、最大连续工作时间以及各种时间窗限制。在中层车辆调度模型中,本文以区域内各条线路所使用的车辆总数以及车辆总空驶时间最小为目标,考虑了车辆续驶时间、车场最大容量和最低存量等三个约束条件。下层模型主要引用上一问题的主研究成果进行建模和求解。然后,再依据所设定的满意度指标得出一组满意解供下一级模型比选,进而产生出从系统的角度来讲更为理想的人员、车辆调度方案及与之对应的符合满意度评价标准的公交发车时刻表。最后,本文给出了一个典型算例来验证模型的可靠性与有效性。
(3)综合考虑节约企业运力资源,改善居民出行环境和提高城市运行效率,对多种公交运营模式之间的换乘效力进行评价。作为城市公交系统的服务对象的乘客是不受公交公司运营调度管理所控制的,客流是按照其特定的规律分布在整个区域公交网络上的。本文对多种公交模式下的城市公交枢纽换乘效力问题展开分析,建立了系统的评价体系,并基于目前我国城市公交枢纽建设方面存在的问题提出合理化建议。
最后,基于系统旋进原则方法论,并结合对上述三个问题的研究,在方法论意义上对城市公共交通协同旋进发展进行了再思考,给出了城市公交系统三维协同发展模型,并对未来公交发展趋势的做了系统判断,以及明确了面向协同发展的公交企业发展定位。
The primary concern of a bus company is to allocate its limited public transportation resources to meet the passengers' trip demands efficiently.The emergence of the regional operating model,as one of the current development trends of the urban public transportation system,provides the opportunity to seek the trade-off.
The research on optimization for urban public transportation operating,which oriented from the 1950's,has developed the four main fields,i.e.Network Routing, Region Transferring,Multi-line Operating,Business Process Reengineering and Location Planning.Up to the present,several shortages remain,especially in synergetic optimization in system:①Lacking the research on the essence of cross-scheduling bus lines,②Being unsure to optimize the bus scheduling system synergistically,③Being not perfect for the pattern,the model,and the algorithm of regional scheduling,④Having not formed the comprehensive assessment on the interchange ability of urban passenger terminals,and⑤Seldom judging the trend of urban public transportation systematically.
To solve the problems mentioned above,the essence of Synergetic Optimization is brought to light,the definition,the internal and the external implication are defined for Synergetic Optimization for the regional bus operating system(SORBOS),the corresponding theory architecture is designed,the probable ways is proposed to realize SORBOS,and the following researches would be carried out in this paper:
i.Synergetic departure problem(SDP) involving multi-route is solved.It plays an important role in regional bus scheduling that creating the timetable which can minimize the transfer time of the passengers in every connection stop;meanwhile, synchronization departure can deal with the problem effectively.In this paper,the regional bus timetabling is formulated as a peculiar kind of Non-capacity Knapsack Problem(NKP) with the synchronization coefficient that is defined by the author.The mathematical model has been built and the Nesting Taboo Search(NTS) algorithm has been developed to solve the problem.The computational results demonstrate that the high quality solutions to the NKP can be obtained by using the modified taboo search algorithm.
ii.According to the synergetic optimization theory and the multilevel programming principle,tri-level synergetic optimization system for bus scheduling is established.By the method of setting up system parameters,i.e.Resource,Time and Equilibrium parameter,the outputs of the whole scheduling are controlled.In the upper model,the objective of the crew scheduling with time windows is to minimize the number of the required crews and the total waiting time in relief points.In the middle model,the regional bus vehicle scheduling,which is designed to minimize the total number of the required vehicles and the total time of the deadheading trips,is formulated as a class of the scheduling problem complying strictly with the vehicle chain-running time,the maximum capacity and the required retaining vehicles in the each depot.The lower model cites the previous research results.The satisfaction criteria which can select a set of the satisfied solutions for the previous model to decide are defined.Finally,the efficiency of the algorithm is discussed,and the computational results demonstrate that the model is reasonable and the algorithm is efficient and feasible.
iii.Different public transportation patterns are integrated to save the transportation resources of a bus company,to improve the environment of the passengers' trip,and to improve the running efficiency of cities.Passengers,as the object of urban public transportation,are out of bus companies' control.Passengers,abiding by specific rules, are distributed in some whole region.The interchange ability of an urban passenger terminal is assessed in this paper.Based on the prominent problems on interchange ability of urban passenger terminals,some constructive suggestions about improving the interchange ability of urban passenger terminals are given finally.
Finally,based on Spiral Propulsion Principle,the synergetic development pattern for urban public transportation is demonstrated initially in the sense of methodology. 3-demention developing model is constructed,the tendency of public transportation is judged systematically,and the integration-based development position of bus companies is given out.
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