碎石土高路堤的强夯处理与沉降特性研究
|
摘要
碎石填料的高路堤是山区高速公路建设较为普遍的一种路基,由于许多碎石填料质量较差,压实困难,因此如何提高碎石高路堤的压实质量,减少路基的工后沉降量就成为山区高速公路建设急需解决的重要问题。强夯法处理方法由于其特殊的优越性在高速公路的路基加固中得到应用,但强夯处理碎石路基的加固机理和设计、施工参数的还缺乏相应的标准和理论依据,因此通过强夯处理碎石土路基的现场试验和沉降观测,结合数值模拟合理论分析,研究确定强夯处理碎石路基的施工和设计参数,对工程具有重要的理论和实际意义。
在全面分析国内外强夯处理地基的理论分析和工程实践现状的基础上,通过常吉高速公路红砂岩和灰岩填石路基的强夯加固现场试验,以及强夯前后碎石土路基沉降特性的比较分析,对碎石土路基强夯加固机理、红砂岩和灰岩碎石路基强夯处理减小沉降的有效性与作用机理以及强夯加固路基的沉降预测方法等进行了深入的分析研究;其次,基于夯锤与土体的非完全弹性碰撞特点,结合动力基础半空间理论,建立了夯锤振动的动力平衡方程,得到了强夯冲击应力和土体变形的关系式,研究了强夯冲击应力和土体变形的相互关系和影响因素;同时通过强夯加固路基的现场试验,确定了碎石土路基的强夯设计参数,分析了强夯的加固效果和变形规律,并对比分析了红砂岩和石灰岩碎石土路基强夯加固的效果;最后,采用Ansys/Ls-dyna软件包建立强夯三维模型,对强夯的动力响应进行了数值模拟,研究了强夯作用下土体的应力应变规律,得到了强夯后土体的应力场和位移场,并对理论分析、现场试验和数值分析结果进行对比分析,验证了本论文理论分析的正确性、试验方法的合理性以及试验结果的可靠性、Ansys/Ls-dyna软件包对强夯数值模拟的准确性,最后,通过对强夯前后红砂岩碎石土雨水入渗的现场试验和理论分析,结合路基沉降特性的比较分析,探讨了强夯处理对减少红砂岩碎石路基雨水入渗和减小路基沉降的有效性与作用机理。
With the rapid development of expressway,more and more high embankment was constructed and how to improve compaction quality or decrease post-construction settlement of embankment should be solved quickly.Dynamic compaction has been adopted to improve embankment for its wide adaptation to the soils,remarkable effects,economical building material even no mateatical,low cost and short construction period etc.However,some problems in the reinforcement mechanism and design theory was exised due to the shortage of the design standard and theoretical basis of dynamic compaction,and the design of its construction parameters has been experiential and confused.In this case,it has to be determined by means of small scale tests and caused the result for the architects act blindly and randomly.
In combination with the dynamic compaction construction for Changde-Jishou expressway,dynamic compaction methed to improve crushed-stone embankment is systematically studied.Firstly,based on comprehending the recent study of dynamic compaction technique and engineering practice,deepcutting study on tamping-strengthening principle,mechanism of tamping-energy transmission and mechanism of faster consolidation settlement combining dynamic compaction with roller compaction is carried out.Secondly,considering the characteristic of non-perfect elastic collision and the theory of dynamic foundation in half space, vibration equilibrant equation of hammer is established and the process of impact is analyzed.Solutions of impact stress and deformation are also abtained,furthermore, the influence factors and orderliness of impact stress and deformation are researched in theory.Thirdly,the paper determines the parameters of dynamic compaction and analyzes the improvement effect and deformation orderliness via a novelty in-situ experiment.The strengthening effect on Crushed Red-sandstone embankment is analyzed comparing with Crushed Limestone embankment.Finally,3D FEM model of dynamic compaction is established.The numerical simulation of whole dynamic process is carried out and the coutours of displacement & stress are obtained with explicit dynamic finite element program Ansys/Ls-dyna.The results show that the orderliness of stress & strain are quite consistant with the experiment results and theoretical analysis results.All above results illuminate the correctness of theoretical analysis,rationality of experiment method,reliability of experiment results and the accuracy for numerical simulation by Ansys/Ls-dyna.
在全面分析国内外强夯处理地基的理论分析和工程实践现状的基础上,通过常吉高速公路红砂岩和灰岩填石路基的强夯加固现场试验,以及强夯前后碎石土路基沉降特性的比较分析,对碎石土路基强夯加固机理、红砂岩和灰岩碎石路基强夯处理减小沉降的有效性与作用机理以及强夯加固路基的沉降预测方法等进行了深入的分析研究;其次,基于夯锤与土体的非完全弹性碰撞特点,结合动力基础半空间理论,建立了夯锤振动的动力平衡方程,得到了强夯冲击应力和土体变形的关系式,研究了强夯冲击应力和土体变形的相互关系和影响因素;同时通过强夯加固路基的现场试验,确定了碎石土路基的强夯设计参数,分析了强夯的加固效果和变形规律,并对比分析了红砂岩和石灰岩碎石土路基强夯加固的效果;最后,采用Ansys/Ls-dyna软件包建立强夯三维模型,对强夯的动力响应进行了数值模拟,研究了强夯作用下土体的应力应变规律,得到了强夯后土体的应力场和位移场,并对理论分析、现场试验和数值分析结果进行对比分析,验证了本论文理论分析的正确性、试验方法的合理性以及试验结果的可靠性、Ansys/Ls-dyna软件包对强夯数值模拟的准确性,最后,通过对强夯前后红砂岩碎石土雨水入渗的现场试验和理论分析,结合路基沉降特性的比较分析,探讨了强夯处理对减少红砂岩碎石路基雨水入渗和减小路基沉降的有效性与作用机理。
With the rapid development of expressway,more and more high embankment was constructed and how to improve compaction quality or decrease post-construction settlement of embankment should be solved quickly.Dynamic compaction has been adopted to improve embankment for its wide adaptation to the soils,remarkable effects,economical building material even no mateatical,low cost and short construction period etc.However,some problems in the reinforcement mechanism and design theory was exised due to the shortage of the design standard and theoretical basis of dynamic compaction,and the design of its construction parameters has been experiential and confused.In this case,it has to be determined by means of small scale tests and caused the result for the architects act blindly and randomly.
In combination with the dynamic compaction construction for Changde-Jishou expressway,dynamic compaction methed to improve crushed-stone embankment is systematically studied.Firstly,based on comprehending the recent study of dynamic compaction technique and engineering practice,deepcutting study on tamping-strengthening principle,mechanism of tamping-energy transmission and mechanism of faster consolidation settlement combining dynamic compaction with roller compaction is carried out.Secondly,considering the characteristic of non-perfect elastic collision and the theory of dynamic foundation in half space, vibration equilibrant equation of hammer is established and the process of impact is analyzed.Solutions of impact stress and deformation are also abtained,furthermore, the influence factors and orderliness of impact stress and deformation are researched in theory.Thirdly,the paper determines the parameters of dynamic compaction and analyzes the improvement effect and deformation orderliness via a novelty in-situ experiment.The strengthening effect on Crushed Red-sandstone embankment is analyzed comparing with Crushed Limestone embankment.Finally,3D FEM model of dynamic compaction is established.The numerical simulation of whole dynamic process is carried out and the coutours of displacement & stress are obtained with explicit dynamic finite element program Ansys/Ls-dyna.The results show that the orderliness of stress & strain are quite consistant with the experiment results and theoretical analysis results.All above results illuminate the correctness of theoretical analysis,rationality of experiment method,reliability of experiment results and the accuracy for numerical simulation by Ansys/Ls-dyna.
引文
[1]范维垣.强夯法处理地基中的几个根本问题[J].太原工业学院学报,1982(2):15-26.
[2]M.P.Gambin.Ten Years of Dynamic Consolidation[C].In:Proc.Of the Eighth Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Harare,1984,363-370.
[3]龚晓南著.复合地基[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1992.
[4]龚晓南著.地基处理新技术[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1997.
[5]地基处理手册编写委员会.地基处理手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988.
[6]董耀.强夯加固软土地基的实践与机理[J].上海水利,1996(3):25-29.
[7]王盛源.强夯加固松软地基[J].水利水运科学研究.1985(4):79-96.
[8]谢春庆.山区机场高天方块碎石夯实地基形状及变形研究[D].成都:成都理工学院,2001.3.
[9]韩世莲.周虎鑫.陈荣生.机场高填方的填筑技术经济分析[J].华东公路,1998(03),57-61.
[10]何兆益,周虎鑫,张弛.山区机场高填方土石混填强夯参数的现场试验研究[J].公路交通科技,2002(04),30-32.
[11]何兆益,周虎鑫.吴国雄.攀枝花机场高填方地基强夯处理试验研究[J].重庆交通学院学报,2002(01),51-55.
[12]王建旗.强夯法处理碎石土地基[J].土工基础,1997(01),42-45.
[13]何开兆.深能钦州8.8×10×4m~3油气库地基强夯加固实录[J].西部探矿工程,2003(08),16-18.
[14]李廷.碎石土地基的高能量强夯试验[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2003(05),413-415.
[15]王铁宏,水伟厚,王亚凌,裴捷.10000kN·m高能级强夯时的地面变形与孔压试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005(07),759-762.
[16]水伟厚,裴捷,王铁宏,王亚凌.碎石回填地基在10000kN·m高能级强夯前后土性变化研究[J].建筑施工,2005(06),35-37.
[17]水伟厚,朱建锋.10000kN·m高能级强夯振动加速度实测分析[J].工业建筑,2006(01),37-39.
[18]徐至钧,张亦农.强夯和强夯置换法加固地基[J].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.1
[19]张学武,阮文保.强夯块石墩复合地基的应用[J].工程勘察,2000(03),33-36.
[20]张凤文,周洪彬.强夯置换碎石桩复合地基承载力的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000(04),522-525.
[21]汤定一.强夯技术加固机理与质量检测研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2002.9.
[22]费香泽.黄土强夯的模型试验研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2002.5.
[23]韩文喜,张倬元,李强.利用强夯模拟试验研究饱和砂土强夯动本构关系[J].工程地质学报,2001(04),362-367.
[24]费香泽,王钊,周正兵.黄土强夯的模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2002(04),437-441.
[25]于克萍,程侠,折学森.强夯处理黄土路堤的模型试验[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2003(23),22-24.
[26]李志.无粘性土强夯夯点间加固效果的估算[J].华东地质学院学报,2002(25),117-123.
[27]中华人民共和国标准,建筑地基处理技术规范(JGJ79-2002),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.12.
[28]水伟厚.冲击应力与10000kN.m高能级强夯系列试验研究[D].上海:同济大学,2003.9.
[29]吴铭炳,王钟琦.强夯机理的数值分析[J].工程勘察,1993(3).
[30]梁志荣,曹名葆,叶柏荣.强夯特性的数值分析[J].地基处理,1992(12).
[31]李本平.有限元法分析强夯加固机理[D].杭州:浙江大学,1993.12.
[32]钱家欢,帅方生.边界元法在地基强夯加固中的应用[J].中国科学(A辑),1987(3).
[33]钱家欢,钱学德等.动力固结的理论与实践[J].岩土工程学报,1986(6).
[34]孔令伟,袁建新.强夯的边界接触应力与沉降特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,1998(2).
[35]蒋鹏.强夯机理分析及其计算模型[D].成都:成都理工学院,1999.4.
[36]牛志荣.土体动力压密问题及其工程应用[D].太原:太原理工大学,2003.9.
[37]交通部第二公路勘察设计院.路基[M].第二版.北京:人民交通出版社,1996.
[38]中华人民共和国标准.公路路基设计规范(JTJ 013-95),北京:人民交通出版社,1995.11.
[39]中华人民共和国标准,公路路基设计规范(JTGD30-2004),北京:人民交通出版社,2004.12.
[40]D.A.Greenwood,G.H.Theomson.Ground Stabilization:Deep Compaction &Grouting[J].London,1984,345-356.
[41]Menard,L.and Broise,Y.(1975),Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Dynamic Consolidation[J].Geotechnigue,Vol.25.No.1.1975.pp3-18.
[42]D.A.Greenwood,G..H.Thomson.Ground Stabilization:Deep Compaction &Grouting[J].1984,234-243.
[43]Leonands,G.A.etal.Dynamic Compaction of Granular Soils[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE.Vol.106.No.G.T.1Proc,paper 15144.Jan 1980.
[44]B.O.Hardin.1-D Strain in Normally Comsolidated Cohesionless Soils[J].Journal of Geotechnicl Engineering,ASCE,1987,Vol.113(12):1449-1467.
[45]李广信主编.高等土力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.7.
[46]河海大学,钱家欢,殷宗仁主编.土工原理与计算(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996.
[47]D.S.Kimetal.Evaluation of Ground Densification by Dynamic Compaction Using SASE Method[J].In:Proc.of International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Golden:1997,Vol.1,707-713.
[48]陈仲颐,周景星,王洪瑾.土力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.6.
[49]水伟厚.冲击应力与10000kN.m高能级强夯系列试验研究[D].上海:同济大学,2003.9.
[50]水伟厚,高广运,吴延伟等.湿陷性黄土在强夯作用下的非弹性完全碰撞与冲击应力解析[J].建筑结构学报,2003(5):92-96.
[51]R.A.Scott,R.W.Peace.Soil compaction by impact[J].Geotechnique,1975,Vol.25(1):1-19.
[52]Mayne P.W.,Jones J.S.Impact Stressed During Dynamic Compaction[J].ASCE,Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,Vol.109(10):1342-1346.
[53]L.F.Johnsen,C,Tonzi.Dynamic Compaction as a Winter Construction Expedient[J].Deep Soil Improvement,1986,68-79.
[54]王铁宏,水伟厚,高广运等.Non-perfect Elastic Collision&Impact Stress Analysis During Dynamic Compaction on Collapsible Loess[J].GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN URBAN CONSTRUCTION,Tsinghua University Press,2003,1.15-120.
[55]曾庆军.强夯和强夯置换加固效果及冲击荷载下饱和粘土孔压特性[D].杭州:浙江大学,2000.12.
[56]陈仁伟.强夯大变形加固机理的数值分析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.2.
[57]孙进忠,谭捍华,王树理等.强夯振动的频域分析[J].岩土工程学报,2000(22)412-415.
[58]罗嗣海,杨泽平,龚晓南.强夯的地面变形规律初探[J].地质科技情报,2000(19)92-95.
[59]高大钊,袁聚云主编.土质学与土力学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001.
[60]王立朝,胡瑞德,李耀刚等.影响强夯加固深度德因素分析[J].施工技术,2004.(33)48-50.
[61]刘平.强夯法有效加固深度德估算[J].港工技术,2003(1)48-51.
[62]徐培达,陈忠达主编.路基路面试验检测技术[J].北京:人民交通出版社,2000.
[63]夏才初,潘国荣主编.土木工程检测技术[J].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[64]北京理工大ANSYS/LS-DYNA中国技术支持中心.ANSYS/LS-DYNA算法基础和使用方法[M],1999.
[65]白金泽编著.LS-DYNA3D理论基础与实例分析[M].北京:科技出版社,2005.
[66]赵海鸥编著,LS-DYNA动力分析指南[M],兵器工业出版社,2003.
[67]美国ANSYS公司,ANSYS/LS-DYNA技术应用报告[R],2002.
[68]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA User's Manual(960v) VolumeⅢ(Structured Format).Livemore,2001.
[69]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA Theoretical Manual,1998.
[70]时党勇,李裕春,张胜民编著.基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA8.1进行显示动力分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[71]乔继延.爆炸排淤填石法机理研究[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,2004.
[72]张言学,闫澍旺主编.岩土塑性力学基础[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2003.
[73]郑颖仁,龚晓南编著.岩土塑性力学基础[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989.
[74][美]陈惠发,A.F.萨里普著,余天庆,王勋文,刘再华编译.弹性与塑性力学[M].北京:中国建筑出版社,2004.
[75]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA Database Binary Output Files,1994.
[76]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA Keyword User's Manual,2003.
[77]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LSPOST:A New Post Processor for LS-DYNA,1999.
[78]雷学文、白世伟、孟庆山,灰色预测在软土地基沉降分析中的应用[J],岩土力学,2000,21(3)
[79]魏迎奇、张海霞,基础沉降的灰色预测模型[J],河海大学学报,1998,26(5)
[80]雷志栋,土壤水动力学.[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1985
[90]于德水,强夯法处理湿陷性黄土路基的试验研究及数值模拟[D],北京科技大学,2005年
[91]刘司坤,强夯法处理高速公路砂土液化地基的实践与理论研究[D],河北工业大学;2002年
[91]米峻,李爱国,湿陷性黄土路基强夯法施工工艺控制[J],筑路机械与施工机械化,2007,07
[91]郭乃正、邹金锋,大颗粒红砂岩高填方路基强夯加固理论与试验研究[J],中南大学学报(自然科学版),2008/02
[92]王秀格、乔兰,湿陷性黄土路基强夯加固机理及效果分析[J],施工技术,2007/08
[93]杨建华、胡振南,红砂岩填石路基强夯处理的试验研究[J],武汉理工大学学报,2008/03
[94]张鲲、刘念华,强夯法处理西湟路自重湿陷性黄土路基,公路,2002/06
[95]张子培,强夯法在高速公路填石路堤工程中的应用[J],公路交通科技(应用技术版)2006/07
[96]高一峰、柴贺军,土石混填路基强夯压实试验研究[J],公路交通技术,2003/06
[97]罗恒、邹金锋,红砂岩碎石土高填方路基强夯加固时的动应力扩散及土体变形试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2007,07
[98]周立新、黄晓波,强夯密实处理块碎石填料试验研究[J],工程地质学报,2007/12
[99]曾中林、李亮,红砂岩强夯特性试验研究[J],路基工程,2007/04
[100]Berry P L,Wilkinson W B.The Radial Consolidation of Caly Soil[J].Geotechnique Engineering,1969,19 (2):253-259.
[101]Loganathan N.Deformation Analysis of Embankments[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1993.119 (6):1185～1206.
[102]Chang B P.One Dimension Consolidation of Soft under Consolidation Loading ln:Proc of Int.Conf on Soft Soil Engineering.Guanzhou:Science Press,1993.
[103]Mesri G,Choi Y K.Settlement Analysis of Embankments on Soft Clays.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1985,111(4):441～447.
[104]Brand E W,Brenner R P.Soft Clay Engineering.Amsterdam:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1981.
[105]Skemptin A W,Bjerun L.A Contribution to the Settlement Analysis of Foundations on Clay.Geotechnique,1957,7(4):168.
[106]Lambel T W.Stress Path Method,In:Proc of ASCE,SM6,1967,:235～241.
[107]Yalcin B A.Mehmet T.T.FEM Analysis of Elastic Stress Distributions in Embankments.Jounrnal of Geotechnical Engineering,1988,114(6):711～717.
[108]Narasimha R,Kodandaranmaswamy K,Method to Predict Ultimate Compression in Clays.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1982,108 (GT2):108～113.
[109]McCulloch.W.S,Pitts.W.ALongical Calculus of The Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity.Bull Math Biophysics,1943,Vol.5 115～133.
[110]Hebb.D.The Organization of Behavior.Wiley,1949.
[111]R.Hecht-Nielsen.Counter Propagation Networks.Applied Options,1987,(26):4979～4984.
[112]Holland.L.H,Adaptation in Natural and Artificial System.Ann Arbor,MI:University of Michigan Press,1975.
[113]TAN S A.Validation of Hyperbolic Method for Settlement in Clays with Vertical Drain.Soil and Foundation.1995,35(1):101～113.
[2]M.P.Gambin.Ten Years of Dynamic Consolidation[C].In:Proc.Of the Eighth Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Harare,1984,363-370.
[3]龚晓南著.复合地基[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1992.
[4]龚晓南著.地基处理新技术[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1997.
[5]地基处理手册编写委员会.地基处理手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988.
[6]董耀.强夯加固软土地基的实践与机理[J].上海水利,1996(3):25-29.
[7]王盛源.强夯加固松软地基[J].水利水运科学研究.1985(4):79-96.
[8]谢春庆.山区机场高天方块碎石夯实地基形状及变形研究[D].成都:成都理工学院,2001.3.
[9]韩世莲.周虎鑫.陈荣生.机场高填方的填筑技术经济分析[J].华东公路,1998(03),57-61.
[10]何兆益,周虎鑫,张弛.山区机场高填方土石混填强夯参数的现场试验研究[J].公路交通科技,2002(04),30-32.
[11]何兆益,周虎鑫.吴国雄.攀枝花机场高填方地基强夯处理试验研究[J].重庆交通学院学报,2002(01),51-55.
[12]王建旗.强夯法处理碎石土地基[J].土工基础,1997(01),42-45.
[13]何开兆.深能钦州8.8×10×4m~3油气库地基强夯加固实录[J].西部探矿工程,2003(08),16-18.
[14]李廷.碎石土地基的高能量强夯试验[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2003(05),413-415.
[15]王铁宏,水伟厚,王亚凌,裴捷.10000kN·m高能级强夯时的地面变形与孔压试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2005(07),759-762.
[16]水伟厚,裴捷,王铁宏,王亚凌.碎石回填地基在10000kN·m高能级强夯前后土性变化研究[J].建筑施工,2005(06),35-37.
[17]水伟厚,朱建锋.10000kN·m高能级强夯振动加速度实测分析[J].工业建筑,2006(01),37-39.
[18]徐至钧,张亦农.强夯和强夯置换法加固地基[J].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.1
[19]张学武,阮文保.强夯块石墩复合地基的应用[J].工程勘察,2000(03),33-36.
[20]张凤文,周洪彬.强夯置换碎石桩复合地基承载力的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000(04),522-525.
[21]汤定一.强夯技术加固机理与质量检测研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2002.9.
[22]费香泽.黄土强夯的模型试验研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2002.5.
[23]韩文喜,张倬元,李强.利用强夯模拟试验研究饱和砂土强夯动本构关系[J].工程地质学报,2001(04),362-367.
[24]费香泽,王钊,周正兵.黄土强夯的模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2002(04),437-441.
[25]于克萍,程侠,折学森.强夯处理黄土路堤的模型试验[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2003(23),22-24.
[26]李志.无粘性土强夯夯点间加固效果的估算[J].华东地质学院学报,2002(25),117-123.
[27]中华人民共和国标准,建筑地基处理技术规范(JGJ79-2002),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.12.
[28]水伟厚.冲击应力与10000kN.m高能级强夯系列试验研究[D].上海:同济大学,2003.9.
[29]吴铭炳,王钟琦.强夯机理的数值分析[J].工程勘察,1993(3).
[30]梁志荣,曹名葆,叶柏荣.强夯特性的数值分析[J].地基处理,1992(12).
[31]李本平.有限元法分析强夯加固机理[D].杭州:浙江大学,1993.12.
[32]钱家欢,帅方生.边界元法在地基强夯加固中的应用[J].中国科学(A辑),1987(3).
[33]钱家欢,钱学德等.动力固结的理论与实践[J].岩土工程学报,1986(6).
[34]孔令伟,袁建新.强夯的边界接触应力与沉降特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,1998(2).
[35]蒋鹏.强夯机理分析及其计算模型[D].成都:成都理工学院,1999.4.
[36]牛志荣.土体动力压密问题及其工程应用[D].太原:太原理工大学,2003.9.
[37]交通部第二公路勘察设计院.路基[M].第二版.北京:人民交通出版社,1996.
[38]中华人民共和国标准.公路路基设计规范(JTJ 013-95),北京:人民交通出版社,1995.11.
[39]中华人民共和国标准,公路路基设计规范(JTGD30-2004),北京:人民交通出版社,2004.12.
[40]D.A.Greenwood,G.H.Theomson.Ground Stabilization:Deep Compaction &Grouting[J].London,1984,345-356.
[41]Menard,L.and Broise,Y.(1975),Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Dynamic Consolidation[J].Geotechnigue,Vol.25.No.1.1975.pp3-18.
[42]D.A.Greenwood,G..H.Thomson.Ground Stabilization:Deep Compaction &Grouting[J].1984,234-243.
[43]Leonands,G.A.etal.Dynamic Compaction of Granular Soils[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division ASCE.Vol.106.No.G.T.1Proc,paper 15144.Jan 1980.
[44]B.O.Hardin.1-D Strain in Normally Comsolidated Cohesionless Soils[J].Journal of Geotechnicl Engineering,ASCE,1987,Vol.113(12):1449-1467.
[45]李广信主编.高等土力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.7.
[46]河海大学,钱家欢,殷宗仁主编.土工原理与计算(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996.
[47]D.S.Kimetal.Evaluation of Ground Densification by Dynamic Compaction Using SASE Method[J].In:Proc.of International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.Golden:1997,Vol.1,707-713.
[48]陈仲颐,周景星,王洪瑾.土力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.6.
[49]水伟厚.冲击应力与10000kN.m高能级强夯系列试验研究[D].上海:同济大学,2003.9.
[50]水伟厚,高广运,吴延伟等.湿陷性黄土在强夯作用下的非弹性完全碰撞与冲击应力解析[J].建筑结构学报,2003(5):92-96.
[51]R.A.Scott,R.W.Peace.Soil compaction by impact[J].Geotechnique,1975,Vol.25(1):1-19.
[52]Mayne P.W.,Jones J.S.Impact Stressed During Dynamic Compaction[J].ASCE,Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,Vol.109(10):1342-1346.
[53]L.F.Johnsen,C,Tonzi.Dynamic Compaction as a Winter Construction Expedient[J].Deep Soil Improvement,1986,68-79.
[54]王铁宏,水伟厚,高广运等.Non-perfect Elastic Collision&Impact Stress Analysis During Dynamic Compaction on Collapsible Loess[J].GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN URBAN CONSTRUCTION,Tsinghua University Press,2003,1.15-120.
[55]曾庆军.强夯和强夯置换加固效果及冲击荷载下饱和粘土孔压特性[D].杭州:浙江大学,2000.12.
[56]陈仁伟.强夯大变形加固机理的数值分析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.2.
[57]孙进忠,谭捍华,王树理等.强夯振动的频域分析[J].岩土工程学报,2000(22)412-415.
[58]罗嗣海,杨泽平,龚晓南.强夯的地面变形规律初探[J].地质科技情报,2000(19)92-95.
[59]高大钊,袁聚云主编.土质学与土力学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001.
[60]王立朝,胡瑞德,李耀刚等.影响强夯加固深度德因素分析[J].施工技术,2004.(33)48-50.
[61]刘平.强夯法有效加固深度德估算[J].港工技术,2003(1)48-51.
[62]徐培达,陈忠达主编.路基路面试验检测技术[J].北京:人民交通出版社,2000.
[63]夏才初,潘国荣主编.土木工程检测技术[J].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[64]北京理工大ANSYS/LS-DYNA中国技术支持中心.ANSYS/LS-DYNA算法基础和使用方法[M],1999.
[65]白金泽编著.LS-DYNA3D理论基础与实例分析[M].北京:科技出版社,2005.
[66]赵海鸥编著,LS-DYNA动力分析指南[M],兵器工业出版社,2003.
[67]美国ANSYS公司,ANSYS/LS-DYNA技术应用报告[R],2002.
[68]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA User's Manual(960v) VolumeⅢ(Structured Format).Livemore,2001.
[69]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA Theoretical Manual,1998.
[70]时党勇,李裕春,张胜民编著.基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA8.1进行显示动力分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[71]乔继延.爆炸排淤填石法机理研究[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,2004.
[72]张言学,闫澍旺主编.岩土塑性力学基础[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2003.
[73]郑颖仁,龚晓南编著.岩土塑性力学基础[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989.
[74][美]陈惠发,A.F.萨里普著,余天庆,王勋文,刘再华编译.弹性与塑性力学[M].北京:中国建筑出版社,2004.
[75]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA Database Binary Output Files,1994.
[76]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LS-DYNA Keyword User's Manual,2003.
[77]Livermore Software Technology Corporation.LSPOST:A New Post Processor for LS-DYNA,1999.
[78]雷学文、白世伟、孟庆山,灰色预测在软土地基沉降分析中的应用[J],岩土力学,2000,21(3)
[79]魏迎奇、张海霞,基础沉降的灰色预测模型[J],河海大学学报,1998,26(5)
[80]雷志栋,土壤水动力学.[M],北京:清华大学出版社,1985
[90]于德水,强夯法处理湿陷性黄土路基的试验研究及数值模拟[D],北京科技大学,2005年
[91]刘司坤,强夯法处理高速公路砂土液化地基的实践与理论研究[D],河北工业大学;2002年
[91]米峻,李爱国,湿陷性黄土路基强夯法施工工艺控制[J],筑路机械与施工机械化,2007,07
[91]郭乃正、邹金锋,大颗粒红砂岩高填方路基强夯加固理论与试验研究[J],中南大学学报(自然科学版),2008/02
[92]王秀格、乔兰,湿陷性黄土路基强夯加固机理及效果分析[J],施工技术,2007/08
[93]杨建华、胡振南,红砂岩填石路基强夯处理的试验研究[J],武汉理工大学学报,2008/03
[94]张鲲、刘念华,强夯法处理西湟路自重湿陷性黄土路基,公路,2002/06
[95]张子培,强夯法在高速公路填石路堤工程中的应用[J],公路交通科技(应用技术版)2006/07
[96]高一峰、柴贺军,土石混填路基强夯压实试验研究[J],公路交通技术,2003/06
[97]罗恒、邹金锋,红砂岩碎石土高填方路基强夯加固时的动应力扩散及土体变形试验研究[J],岩石力学与工程学报,2007,07
[98]周立新、黄晓波,强夯密实处理块碎石填料试验研究[J],工程地质学报,2007/12
[99]曾中林、李亮,红砂岩强夯特性试验研究[J],路基工程,2007/04
[100]Berry P L,Wilkinson W B.The Radial Consolidation of Caly Soil[J].Geotechnique Engineering,1969,19 (2):253-259.
[101]Loganathan N.Deformation Analysis of Embankments[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1993.119 (6):1185～1206.
[102]Chang B P.One Dimension Consolidation of Soft under Consolidation Loading ln:Proc of Int.Conf on Soft Soil Engineering.Guanzhou:Science Press,1993.
[103]Mesri G,Choi Y K.Settlement Analysis of Embankments on Soft Clays.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1985,111(4):441～447.
[104]Brand E W,Brenner R P.Soft Clay Engineering.Amsterdam:Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,1981.
[105]Skemptin A W,Bjerun L.A Contribution to the Settlement Analysis of Foundations on Clay.Geotechnique,1957,7(4):168.
[106]Lambel T W.Stress Path Method,In:Proc of ASCE,SM6,1967,:235～241.
[107]Yalcin B A.Mehmet T.T.FEM Analysis of Elastic Stress Distributions in Embankments.Jounrnal of Geotechnical Engineering,1988,114(6):711～717.
[108]Narasimha R,Kodandaranmaswamy K,Method to Predict Ultimate Compression in Clays.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1982,108 (GT2):108～113.
[109]McCulloch.W.S,Pitts.W.ALongical Calculus of The Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity.Bull Math Biophysics,1943,Vol.5 115～133.
[110]Hebb.D.The Organization of Behavior.Wiley,1949.
[111]R.Hecht-Nielsen.Counter Propagation Networks.Applied Options,1987,(26):4979～4984.
[112]Holland.L.H,Adaptation in Natural and Artificial System.Ann Arbor,MI:University of Michigan Press,1975.
[113]TAN S A.Validation of Hyperbolic Method for Settlement in Clays with Vertical Drain.Soil and Foundation.1995,35(1):101～113.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |