延庆风沙区景观生态风险评价及景观格局优化
|
摘要
随着社会的进步,生态环境问题越来越受到世界的普遍关注。北京地区的生态环境比较脆弱,尤其是风沙问题一直困扰着北京的发展。近年来为保障北京的生态安全和改善环境质量,国家和政府投入了巨大的财力和人力,把风沙防治作为生态环境建设的重要组成部分,开展了一系列的防沙治沙工程,使其生态环境得到一定程度的改善。但从总体上分析,北京市的生态环境状况还比较脆弱,生态质量不高,其防沙治沙任务仍然十分艰巨。
鉴于此背景,本文选取北京市重点风沙危害区—延庆风沙区为典型区域,以1962～2005年地面气象记录和三期TM影像(1989年、1996年和2005年)为主要数据源,运用3S技术,结合野外观测、景观生态学、生态风险理论和自然灾害理论,进行景观生态风险研究,客观分析和评价了区域景观结构生态风险和风沙扩散风险水平,并对风沙扩散灾害进行了模拟。在此基础上,应用景观生态学原理,从理论和方法上探讨区域景观格局优化配置问题,以期为当前区域生态风险水平下减少风沙扩散灾害找出切实可行的格局优化模型。本文包括如下几个部分:
首先,根据研究区特点,收集并处理图形、图像和文字数据,在GIS中构建研究区基础数据库;其次,结合景观生态风险理论,以1996和2005两期遥感影像为数据源,以人为活动为风险源,通过Frag软件计算得到的景观格局指数去构建景观生态风险指数,并划分风险小区,进行风险指数计算,最后通过克里格插值,把风险结果反映到空间上。结果表明:2005年区域内的生态风险相比1996年整体上有了很大的降低,生态环境得到了很好的改善,但是区域内的高生态风险区仍然存在。第三,根据自然灾害风险理论方法,本研究从致灾因子和孕灾环境两个方面出发,在深入分析了降雨、风等气象致灾因子的基础上,选取植被覆盖度、土地利用类型、植被干旱指数、土壤类型四个指标指标,建立风沙扩散的危险性评价体系,在GIS环境中实现对研究区风沙扩散风险评价,确立风沙扩散危险等级;在下垫面风沙扩散危险性评价的基础上,结合致灾风力强度,对研究区进行风沙扩散风险评价,确定研究区风沙扩散风险等级的空间分布区域,评价结果表明:风险等级从高度、较高、中等、较低到低度,所对应的区域面积分别占研究区总面积的7.57%、29.38%、14.28%、26.23%和22.54%;第四,利用地理信息系统技术,根据景观生态流运行受空间距离、障碍物等因素影响的原理,构建累积耗费距离模型,并结合风险扩散风险评价,在GIS系统中实现风沙扩散致灾情景的模拟。第五,从景观功能角度出发,通过景观结构生态风险评价结果和风沙扩散生态风险评价结果的结合来分析景观生态功能空间强度,通过累积耗费模型构建生态廊道和生态结点,从而对研究区进行格局优化。
现在国内外对风沙灾害危险性评价及治理对策的研究比较多,但从风险角度分析风沙扩散,并把景观结构生态风险和风沙扩散生态风险评价与景观生态功能空间特性相结合寻找防治风沙扩散的模式的研究较为欠缺,本文致力于这方面的研究与探讨。
选题以景观生态风险理论、景观生态学理论为指导,运用3S技术和最小耗费模型等新方法,综合多个多学科知识,在理论基础上做防沙治沙方面的探索,为风沙防治、灾害预防提供科学依据,有一定的理论创新意义。
With the progress of the society,more and more attention is paid to sandstorm and the resulting ecological problems in the whole world.Beijing also suffers from the natural disaster.In recent years, sandstorm diffusion happened frequently and has caused serious problems.In order to improve the environmental quality and protect the ecological safety,governments have taken some measures,But from the overall analysis,we can see that Beijing's ecological environment is more frangible,and ecological quality is more lower.Corresponding,the task of preventing and controlling desertification is severely difficult and important.
A case study was carried out in Yanqing Sandstorm District,which is located in the northwest suburb of Beijing.In this artical,based on 3S techniques,we took 30-m resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) images(in 1989,in 1996,in2005) of the Beijing region and the climate data from 1962 to 2005 as the date foundation,and used integrated approaches of field investigation,landscape ecology theory,principle of landscape ecological risk and natural disaster theory.We objectively analyzed and assessed the risk of landscape structure and wind erosion in research region,and simulate the sandstorm diffusion.Based on that,according to methods of landscape ecology and ecological risk theory,this study discusses the landscape optimization pattern theoretically and technically for controlling desertification and reducing sandstorm diffusion disaster in the research areas.This paper includes the following several parts:
Firstly,base on the conditions in Yanqing,we through collect and deal with many correlative data to build fundamental geographic database in GIS environment;secondly,According to risk theory of Landscape Ecology and natural disasters theory,we used landscape structure index to Construct Landscape ecological risk index.By risk cell division,we calculated the risk index.At last,through kriging prediction,we get the map of Landscape ecological risk.The results indicate:As a whole,in the research distract,in 2005,the ecological risk decreased obviously more than what in 1996,but but high ecological risk distract still exist.Thirdly,according to risk theory of Natural Disasters,we analyze the disaster-pregnant environment and natural disaster-causing factors of study field,and select four indicators(land use,vegetation cover,TDVI and soil type) to assess the sandstorm hazard of underlying surfaces in the research field.According to the study the five classes of blown sand disaster degree were defined,the results indicate that from very low risk level to very high risk level,and the proportion of corresponding land areas are 7.57%、29.38%、14.28%、26.23%和22.54%respectively;on the base of sandstorm disaster hazard assessment based on GIS environment,by combining with the wind forces factors create the spatial pattern of sandstorm diffusion risk.It synthetically explains the spatial distribution character of the risk level;fourthly,in a landscape the movements of flow,energy and material are common related to some factors such as distance,time,impedance,etc.according to the principle we built the accumulative cost distance model,and combines with above sandstorm,diffusion risk assessment achievement,we simulate the sandstorm diffusion use GIS technology;at last,based on the landscape function theory,combines with landscape ecological risk assessment achievement and sandstorm.Diffusion risk assessment achievement to analyzes the spatial difference of the ecological function in Yanqing and through accumulative cost distance model to built the ecological corridors and ecological nodes for the landscape pattern optimization in wind-eroded regions.
Now,at home and abroad there are many researches on sandstorm mechanism of blown-sand activities and the hazard assessment,while from the viewpoint of risk the sandstorm diffusion research combined the results of landscape structure ecological risk assessment and risk assessment sandstorm diffusion with ecological spatial character of landscape are quite rare for combating and controlling desertification.The article 's aim is to explore and study in this field.
This paper tries to revise the common theory for sandstorm diffusion and natural disaster prevention guided by the landscape ecology and ecological risk theory,based on accumulative cost distance model and 3S techniques.
鉴于此背景,本文选取北京市重点风沙危害区—延庆风沙区为典型区域,以1962～2005年地面气象记录和三期TM影像(1989年、1996年和2005年)为主要数据源,运用3S技术,结合野外观测、景观生态学、生态风险理论和自然灾害理论,进行景观生态风险研究,客观分析和评价了区域景观结构生态风险和风沙扩散风险水平,并对风沙扩散灾害进行了模拟。在此基础上,应用景观生态学原理,从理论和方法上探讨区域景观格局优化配置问题,以期为当前区域生态风险水平下减少风沙扩散灾害找出切实可行的格局优化模型。本文包括如下几个部分:
首先,根据研究区特点,收集并处理图形、图像和文字数据,在GIS中构建研究区基础数据库;其次,结合景观生态风险理论,以1996和2005两期遥感影像为数据源,以人为活动为风险源,通过Frag软件计算得到的景观格局指数去构建景观生态风险指数,并划分风险小区,进行风险指数计算,最后通过克里格插值,把风险结果反映到空间上。结果表明:2005年区域内的生态风险相比1996年整体上有了很大的降低,生态环境得到了很好的改善,但是区域内的高生态风险区仍然存在。第三,根据自然灾害风险理论方法,本研究从致灾因子和孕灾环境两个方面出发,在深入分析了降雨、风等气象致灾因子的基础上,选取植被覆盖度、土地利用类型、植被干旱指数、土壤类型四个指标指标,建立风沙扩散的危险性评价体系,在GIS环境中实现对研究区风沙扩散风险评价,确立风沙扩散危险等级;在下垫面风沙扩散危险性评价的基础上,结合致灾风力强度,对研究区进行风沙扩散风险评价,确定研究区风沙扩散风险等级的空间分布区域,评价结果表明:风险等级从高度、较高、中等、较低到低度,所对应的区域面积分别占研究区总面积的7.57%、29.38%、14.28%、26.23%和22.54%;第四,利用地理信息系统技术,根据景观生态流运行受空间距离、障碍物等因素影响的原理,构建累积耗费距离模型,并结合风险扩散风险评价,在GIS系统中实现风沙扩散致灾情景的模拟。第五,从景观功能角度出发,通过景观结构生态风险评价结果和风沙扩散生态风险评价结果的结合来分析景观生态功能空间强度,通过累积耗费模型构建生态廊道和生态结点,从而对研究区进行格局优化。
现在国内外对风沙灾害危险性评价及治理对策的研究比较多,但从风险角度分析风沙扩散,并把景观结构生态风险和风沙扩散生态风险评价与景观生态功能空间特性相结合寻找防治风沙扩散的模式的研究较为欠缺,本文致力于这方面的研究与探讨。
选题以景观生态风险理论、景观生态学理论为指导,运用3S技术和最小耗费模型等新方法,综合多个多学科知识,在理论基础上做防沙治沙方面的探索,为风沙防治、灾害预防提供科学依据,有一定的理论创新意义。
With the progress of the society,more and more attention is paid to sandstorm and the resulting ecological problems in the whole world.Beijing also suffers from the natural disaster.In recent years, sandstorm diffusion happened frequently and has caused serious problems.In order to improve the environmental quality and protect the ecological safety,governments have taken some measures,But from the overall analysis,we can see that Beijing's ecological environment is more frangible,and ecological quality is more lower.Corresponding,the task of preventing and controlling desertification is severely difficult and important.
A case study was carried out in Yanqing Sandstorm District,which is located in the northwest suburb of Beijing.In this artical,based on 3S techniques,we took 30-m resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) images(in 1989,in 1996,in2005) of the Beijing region and the climate data from 1962 to 2005 as the date foundation,and used integrated approaches of field investigation,landscape ecology theory,principle of landscape ecological risk and natural disaster theory.We objectively analyzed and assessed the risk of landscape structure and wind erosion in research region,and simulate the sandstorm diffusion.Based on that,according to methods of landscape ecology and ecological risk theory,this study discusses the landscape optimization pattern theoretically and technically for controlling desertification and reducing sandstorm diffusion disaster in the research areas.This paper includes the following several parts:
Firstly,base on the conditions in Yanqing,we through collect and deal with many correlative data to build fundamental geographic database in GIS environment;secondly,According to risk theory of Landscape Ecology and natural disasters theory,we used landscape structure index to Construct Landscape ecological risk index.By risk cell division,we calculated the risk index.At last,through kriging prediction,we get the map of Landscape ecological risk.The results indicate:As a whole,in the research distract,in 2005,the ecological risk decreased obviously more than what in 1996,but but high ecological risk distract still exist.Thirdly,according to risk theory of Natural Disasters,we analyze the disaster-pregnant environment and natural disaster-causing factors of study field,and select four indicators(land use,vegetation cover,TDVI and soil type) to assess the sandstorm hazard of underlying surfaces in the research field.According to the study the five classes of blown sand disaster degree were defined,the results indicate that from very low risk level to very high risk level,and the proportion of corresponding land areas are 7.57%、29.38%、14.28%、26.23%和22.54%respectively;on the base of sandstorm disaster hazard assessment based on GIS environment,by combining with the wind forces factors create the spatial pattern of sandstorm diffusion risk.It synthetically explains the spatial distribution character of the risk level;fourthly,in a landscape the movements of flow,energy and material are common related to some factors such as distance,time,impedance,etc.according to the principle we built the accumulative cost distance model,and combines with above sandstorm,diffusion risk assessment achievement,we simulate the sandstorm diffusion use GIS technology;at last,based on the landscape function theory,combines with landscape ecological risk assessment achievement and sandstorm.Diffusion risk assessment achievement to analyzes the spatial difference of the ecological function in Yanqing and through accumulative cost distance model to built the ecological corridors and ecological nodes for the landscape pattern optimization in wind-eroded regions.
Now,at home and abroad there are many researches on sandstorm mechanism of blown-sand activities and the hazard assessment,while from the viewpoint of risk the sandstorm diffusion research combined the results of landscape structure ecological risk assessment and risk assessment sandstorm diffusion with ecological spatial character of landscape are quite rare for combating and controlling desertification.The article 's aim is to explore and study in this field.
This paper tries to revise the common theory for sandstorm diffusion and natural disaster prevention guided by the landscape ecology and ecological risk theory,based on accumulative cost distance model and 3S techniques.
引文
[1]北京市沙化土地普查.北京市林业局,1995.
[2]陈晨,刘媛媛,王文种.基于温度植被干旱指数的三花间流域旱情监测[J].东北水利水电,2008,26(283):32-34.
[3]陈广庭.北京强沙尘暴史和周围生态环境变化[J].中国沙漠 2002,22(3):211-213.
[4]陈广庭.近50年北京的沙尘天气及治理对策[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(4):402-407.
[5]陈浩,周金星,陆中臣等.荒漠化地区生态安全评价-以首都圈怀来为例[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):58-62.
[6]陈辉,刘劲松,曹宇,等.生态风险评价研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1558-1566.
[7]陈利顶,傅伯杰,赵文武.“源””汇”景观理论及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1444-1449.
[8]陈效逑,谭文垦,刘大平,等.北京平原地区裸露土地的时空分布[J].水土保持研究,2003,(2):18-25
[9]陈艳华,张万昌.植被类型对温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)的影响研究——以黑河绿洲区为例[J].遥感技术与应用,2007,22(6):700-706.
[10]《大兴区“三北”防护林工程建设总结》,大兴区林业局,2005
[11]党安荣,王晓栋,陈晓峰,等.《ERDAS IMAGINE遥感图像处理方法》,清华大学出版社,2000
[12]董光荣,李长治,金炯等.关于土壤风蚀模拟实验的某些结果[J].科学通报,1987,32(4).
[13]董玉祥,刘毅华.对荒漠化研究基本问题的评述[J].地理科学,1993,13(3):242-249.
[14]董玉祥,刘毅华.我国沙漠化研究的回顾与展望[J].地理研究,1993,12(2):94-102.
[15]董治宝,董光荣,陈广庭.风沙物理学研究进展与展望[J].大自然探索,1995,14(53):30-38.
[16]董治宝,李振山.国外土壤风蚀的研究历史与特点[J].中国沙漠,1995,15(1):100-104.
[17]杜子璇.内蒙古中西部地区沙尘灾害危险度研究[D].硕士学位论文.北京师范大学,2005
[18]方天纵.风沙化土地防护林体系结构配置优化研究——以北京市大兴区为例[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2001
[19]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001,52-56.
[20]付在毅,许学工.地球科学进展,2001,16(2):267-271.
[21]高尚玉,史培军,哈斯,等.我国北方风沙灾害加剧的成因及其发展趋势[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):31-37.
[22]高寿仙.明代北京的沙尘天气及其成因[J].北京教育学院学报,2003,17(3):33-38.
[23]贡璐,鞠强,潘晓玲.博斯腾湖区域景观生态风险评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(1):27-31.
[24]顾镜清.风险管理.中国国际广播出版社,1993.
[25]关文彬,谢春华,马克明.景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途经[J].生态学报,2003,23(1):64-73.
[26]郭中伟.建设国家生态安全维护体系[J].生态环境与保护,2000,5:60-61.
[27]韩文权.杂谷脑流域景观格局优化配置研究[D].中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所硕十学位文,2005.
[28]韩文权,常禹,胡远满.景观格局优化研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(12):1487-1492.
[29]何萍,史培军,高吉喜.过程与格局的关系及其在区域景观生态规划中的应用[J].热带地理,2007,27(5):390-394.
[30]韩丽,曾添文.生态风险评价的方法与管理简介[J].重庆环境科学,2001,23(3):21-23.
[31]黄崇福.自然灾害风险评价的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
[32]黄崇福.自然灾害风险分析的信息矩阵方法[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(1):1-10.
[33]黄富祥,王明星,王跃思,等.植被覆盖对风蚀地表保护作用研究的某些新进展[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(5):627-633.
[34]黄崇福.自然灾害风险分析的信息矩阵方法[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(1):1-10.
[35]侯绍刚,张宴卿.生态风险评价进展[J].安阳工学院学报,2006,1:5-8.
[36]胡孟春.科尔沁土地沙漠化分类定量指标初步研究[J].中国沙漠,1991,11(3):57-60.
[37]胡巍巍,王根绪,邓伟.景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2008,27(1):18-23.
[38]胡巍巍,王根绪.湿地景观格局与生态过程研究进展[J].2007,22(9):969-975.
[39]贾丹.基于RS和GIS的北京康庄地区荒漠化现状评价与防治[D].北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006
[40]贾宝全.景观生态规划:概念、内容、原则与模型[J].干旱区研究,2000,17(2):70-77.
[41]蒋维,金磊.中国城市综合减灾对策[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[42]寇俊卿,张海涛,杨德五,仁跃明.生态风险分析及研究进[J].河南科技大学学报(农学版),2003,23(:)71-74.
[43]黎晓亚,马克明,傅伯杰,等.区域生态安全格局:设计原则与方法[J].生态学报,2004,24(5):1055-1062.
[44]李晓娜,武菊英,徐彪.京郊延庆康庄地区不同土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):22-24.
[45]李海龙.风沙灾害危险性评价及防沙治安全格局构建研究[D].北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[46]李自珍,何俊红.生态风险评价与风险决策模型及其应用一以河西走廊荒漠绿洲开发为例[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(6):617-622.
[47]李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应[J].生态学报,2004,24(1):123-134.
[48]李谢辉.渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价及管理研究[D].兰州大学博士学位论文,2008.
[49]李谢辉,李景宜.我国生态风险评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(3):70-74.
[50]李振山.地形起伏对气流速度影响的风洞实验研究[J].水土保持研究,1999.6(4):75-79.
[51]刘永兵,岳德鹏,王晓东,等.北京南郊沙地风蚀物理特征及防护对策研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):32-35.
[52]刘永兵.北京市永定河沙地土壤风蚀与人工植被防风阻沙效益研究[D].北京林业大学硕士学位论文.2004
[53]刘玉璋,董光荣,李长治.影响土壤风蚀主要因素的风洞实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1992,12(4):41-49.
[54]卢宏玮,曾光明,谢更新,等.洞庭湖流域区域生态风险评价[J],生态学报,2003,23(12): 2520-2530.
[55]吕一河,陈利顶,傅伯杰.景观格局与生态过程的耦合途径分析[J],地理科学进展,2007.26(3):1-10.
[56]郭青霞,土地系统健康评价[D].中国农业大学博士论文,2007.
[57]马德毅,王菊英.中国主要河口沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价[J],中国环境科学,2003,23(5):521-525.
[58]马娅娟,傅桦.浅谈生态风险及其评价方法的要点[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(4):80-84.
[59]马克明,傅伯杰,黎晓亚,等.区域生态安全格局:概念与理论基础[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):761-768.
[60]毛小苓,倪晋仁.生态风险评价研究述评[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(4):646-654.
[61]阳文锐,王如松,黄锦楼,等生态风险评价及研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(8):1869-1876.
[62]彭羽,刘雪华,张爽,靳强.基于综合生态损失度的顺义区生态风险评价[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(3):366-369.
[63]齐述华,王长耀,牛铮.利用温度植被旱情指数(TVDI)进行全国旱情监测研究[J].遥感学报,2007,7(5):420-427.
[64]任志远,张艳芳.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:
[65]申向东,邹春霞.裸露耕地风沙运动特性试验研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(5):909-912.
[66]《“十一五”期间大兴区农业产业发展规划》,大兴区政府,2005
[67]史东梅.亚湿润干旱区沿河沙地可持续发展研究-以北京市大兴区为例[J].北京林业大学博士论文,1999
[68]史培军,陈晋.RS与GIS支持的草地雪灾监测实验研究[J].地理学报,1996,51(4).
[69]史培军.沙漠化概念释[J].世界沙漠研究,1983(4).
[70]史培军,严平,高尚玉,等.中国沙尘暴灾害及其研究进展与展望[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):71-77.
[71]史培军,严平,袁艺,等.中国北方风沙活动的驱动力分析[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(1):41-47.
[72]史培军.三论灾害研究的理论与实践[J].自然灾害学报,2002,11(3):1-9.
[73]史培军.灾害研究的理论与实践.南京大学学报(自然科学版),自然灾害研究专辑,1991
[74]史培军等.从区域安全建设到风险管理体系的形成——从第一届世界风险大会看灾害与风险研究的现状与发展趋向[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(2):173-179.
[75]史培军等.灾害过程与综合灾害风险防范模式[R].第六届DPRI—IIASA综合灾害风险管理论坛,2006年8月13日-8月17日,伊斯坦布尔,土耳其.
[76]孙向东.风险分析的系统理论与技术体系研究及实证分析[D].广西大学硕士学位论文,2001
[77]王静爱,徐伟,史培军,等.2000年中国风沙灾害的时空格局与危险性评价[J].自然灾害学报,2001,10(4)1-7.
[78]王洪翠.生态服务功能、生态安全和风险评价-以武夷山风景区为例[D].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[79]王升堂,邹学勇,程宏.北京郊区农地起沙起尘与防治的初步研究[J].2007,14(2):1-3.
[80]王升堂,赵延治,邹学勇.北京郊区不同土地利用类型起沙起尘的特征研究[J].2005,25(5):601-605.
[81]吴正.风沙地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[82]巫丽云.区域景观生态风险评价及生态风险管理研究[D].福建师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[83]肖笃宁.宏观生态学研究的特点与方法[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(1):95-102.
[84]肖风劲,欧阳华,程淑兰,等.中国森林生态健康风险评价[J],应用生态学报,2004,15(2):349-353.
[85]谢花林,基于景观结构和空间统计学的区域生态风险分析[J],生态学报,2008,28(10):5020-5026.
[86]荆玉平,张树文,李颖.基于景观结构的城乡交错带生态风险分析[J],生态学杂志,2008,27(2):229-234.
[87]杨梅英.风险管理与保险[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1999.3-5.
[88]杨克磊,张建芳,杨晓帆.唐山市南湖生态示范区景观生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2008,28(3):104-109.
[89]俞孔坚,李迪华,潮洛漾,等.城市生态基础设施建设的十大景观战略[J].规划师,2001,17(6):9-17.
[90]俞孔坚,李迪华.城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式.国外城市规划,1997,(3).
[91]俞孔坚.生物保护的景观生态安全格局[J].生态学报,1999,19(1):8-15.
[92]余新晓.景观生态学[M].北京:中国高教出版社,2007.
[93]岳德鹏,王计平,刘永兵等GIS与RS技术支持下的北京西北地区景观格局优化研究[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1223-1231.
[94]岳德鹏,刘永兵,王贤,等.北京市永定河沙地不同土地利用类型风蚀规律研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,1(2):21-24.
[95]岳德鹏,刘永兵,王计平,等.河流冲积沉积沙地风蚀规律及植被防风蚀效应——以北京市永定河沙地为例[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):2948-2956.
[96]岳德鹏,刘永兵,臧润国,等.北京市永定河沙地不同土地利用类型风蚀规律研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):62-67.
[97]岳德鹏,王冬梅.北京市大兴区北臧乡景观格局及生态变化的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1997,3(1):23-27.
[98]张克存,屈建军,俎瑞平等.下垫面条件对风沙活动层气流紊动性影响的风洞模拟[J].水土保持通报,2004,24(3):1-4.
[99]张一扬,周冀衡,杨虹琦.基于地统计与GIS的土壤有机质空间变异性研究——以湖南省主产烟区为例[J].青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版),2008,25(1):48-52.
[100]臧淑英,梁欣,冯仲科.黑龙江省大庆市生态风险评价研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(2):58-62.
[101]臧淑英,梁欣,张思冲.基于GIS的大庆市土地利用生态风险分析[J].自然灾害学报, 2005,14(4):141-145.
[102]张继权,冈田宪夫,多多纳裕一.综合自然灾害风险管理——全面整合的模式与中国的战略选择[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(1):29-37.
[103]张继权,刘兴朋,周道玮,等.基于信息矩阵的草原火灾损失风险研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2006,38(4):129-133.
[104]张小由.沙河洼农田地表风沙运动与土壤风蚀的初步研究[J].干早区研究,1996,13(1).
[105]张小飞,王仰麟.李正国基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化—以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1707-1703.
[106]赵东娟,齐伟,赵胜亭.基于GIS的山区县域土地利用格局优化研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):101-106.
[107]中国科学院兰州沙漠所北京风沙课题组.北京地区风沙活动及其整治的初步研究[J],中国沙漠,1987,7(3):1-14.
[108]周冰冰.北京的沙尘灾害及其控制技术[J].林业科技管理,2001,(4):55-58.
[109]周隽,国庆喜.林木竞争指数空间格局的地统计学分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,9(35):42-44.
[110]朱朝云,丁国栋.风沙物理学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:
[111]朱求安,张万昌,余钧辉.基于6IS的空间插值方法研究
[112]朱震达,刘恕,高前兆.内蒙西部古居延黑城地区历史时期环境的变化与沙化过程[J].中国沙漠,1983,3(2):1-8.
[113]US EPA.1992.Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment.EPA/630/R-92/001.
[114]Suter GW.2001.Applicability of indicator monitoring to ecological risk assessment.Ecological Indicators,1:101-112.
[115]Hunsaker CT,Grahm RL,Suter GW,et al.Assessing Ecological Risk on a Regional Scale.Environmental Management,1990,(14):325-332.
[116]Lipton J,Galbraith H,Burger J,et al.A Paradigm for Ecological Risk Assessment.Environmental Management,1993(17):1-5.
[117]Barnthouse LW,SuterⅡ GW.Use Manual for Ecological Risk Assessment.ORNL-6251,1988.
[118]US EPA.Clinch and Powell Valley Watershed Ecological Risk Assessment,EPA/600/R-01/050,2002.
[119]Rubenstein.Rubenstein M.Patterns in Problem Solving[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall Inc,1975.
[120]Wayne G Landis.Twenty years before and hence;ecological risk assessment at multiple scales with multiple stressors and multiple endpoints.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2003,9:1317-1326.
[121]US EPA.1998.Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.EPA 630-R-95-002F.
[122]Chapman PM.2002.Ecological risk assessment(ERA)and hormesis.Science of the Total Environment,288:131-140.
[123]Hayes KR.2004.Best Practice and Current Practice in Ecological Risk Assessment for Genetically Modified Organisms.Hobart:CSIRO Division of Marine Research.
[124]EmmanuelE,Perrodin Y,Keck G,et al.2005.Eco-toxicological risk assessment of hospital wastewater:Aproposed framework for raw effluents discharging into urban sewer network.Journal ofHazardous Materials,117:1-11.
[125]Suterll GW,Vermeire T,Munns W R,et al.2005.An integrated framework for health and ecological risk assessment.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,207(supp):611-616.
[126]Chapman PM.2002.Ecological risk assessment(ERA)and hormesis.Science of the Total Environment,288:131-140.
[127]Munns WR,Kroes R,Veith G,et al.2003.Approaches for integrated risk assessment.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,9(1):267-272.
[128]Rachel N.Wallack and Bruce K.Hope,quantitative consideration of ecosystem characteristics in an ecological risk assessment:A case study.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002,8(7):1805-1814.
[129]Efroymson RA,Murphy DL.2001.Ecological risk assessment of multimedia hazardous air pollutants:Estimating exposure and effects.Science of the Total Environment,274:219-230.
[130]Karman CC,Reerink HG.1998.Dynamic assessment of the ecological risk of the discharge of produced water from oil and gas producing platforms.Journal of Hazardous Materials,61:43-51.
[131]Qian Yi～Bing,Zhou Xing～Jia.Multi-sources of desert sands for the Jungger Basin.Journal of Arid Environments(2003) 53:241～256.
[132]Qu Jianjun,Huang Ning～,Dong Guangrong& Zhang Weimin.The role and significance of the Gobi Desert pavement in controlling sand movement on the cliff top near the Dunhuang Magao Grottoes.Journal of Arid Environments(2001) 48:357～371.
[133]Remigius Egwuonwu Okoli.Wind tunnel Study on Aeolian Saltation Dynamics and Mass flow.Journal of Arid Environments(2003) 53:569～583.
[134]Sharp R P.Wind-driven sand in Coachella valley,California[J].Geological Society of America,Bulletin,1964,75:785～804.
[135]Sherman D J.An equilibrum relationship for shear velocity and apparent roughness length in aeolian saltation[J].Geomorphology.1992,5:419～431.
[136]Shin-Ang Hsu.Wind stress criteria in eolian sand transport[J].Journal of Geographyscial Research,1976,76(36):84～86.
[137]Shin-Ang Hsu.Wind stress criteria in eolian sand transport[J].Journal of Geographyscial Research,1976,76(36):84～86.
[138]Singg,A.W.Wind tunnel studies of the movement of sedimentary material,5th Hydraul.Conf.Proc,Iowa Inst Hydraul Bull 1953,34,111～135
[139]Tong-Hui Zhang,Ha-Lin Zhao,Sheng-Gong Li,Feng-Rui Li,Yasuhito Shiratob,Toshiya Ohkurob.A comparison of different measures forstabilizingmoving sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land of Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Environments 58(2004) 203～214.
[140]U.S National Research Council.Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems.Washington DC:Nat Acad press,1992.
[141]Zandbergen PA.1998.Urban watershed ecological risk assessment using GIS:A case study of the Brunette River water shed in British Columbia,Canada.Journal of Hazardous Materials,61:163-173.
[142]Crawford C.2003.Qualitative risk assessment of the effects of shellfish farming on the environment in Tasmania,Australia.Ocean and Coastal Management,46:47-58.
[143]Zandbergen PA.1998.Urban watershed ecological risk assessment using GIS:A case study of the Brunette River watershed in British Columbia,Canada.Journal of HazardousMaterials,61:163-173.
[144]Fernandez MD,Cagigal E,Vega MM,et al.2005.Ecological risk assessment of contaminated soils through direct toxicity assessment.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,62(2):174-184.
[145]Weimin Zhangjianjun Qu,Zhibao Dong,Xiaoze Li& Wanfu Wang.The airflow field and dynamic processes of pyramid dunes.Journal of Arid Environments(2000) 45:357-368.
[146]Xiaoping Yang Karl Tilman Rostb,Frank Lehmkuhlc,Zhu Zhendad,John Dodson.The evolution of dry lands in northern China and in the Republic of Mongolia since the Last Glacial Maximum.Quaternary International 118-119(2004) 69-85.
[147]Xunming Wang,Zhibao Dong,Lichao Liu,Jianjun Qu.Sand sea activity and interactions with climatic parameters in the Taklimakan Sand Sea,ChinaJournal of Arid Environments 57(2004)85-98.
[148]Xunming Wang,Zhibao Donga,Ping Yanc,Jiawu Zhangb,Guangqiang Qiana.Wind energy environments and dunefield activity in the Chinese deserts.Geomorphology 2004.11(6):57～62
[149]Y T Gumaa,I Haffar & M A.Al-Afifi.Financial appraisal of date-frond mat fence systems for wind erosion control and sand dune stabilization in the arid region of the United Arab Emirates.Journal of Arid Environments(1998) 39:549-557.
[150]Yong Gao,Guo Yu Qiu ETAL.A 10-Year Study on Techniques for Vegetation Restoration in a Desertified Salt Lake Area,Journal of Arid Environments;2002 52:483-497.
[151]Zhibao Dong,Shangyu Gao,Donald W.Fryrear.Drag coefficients,roughness length and zero-plane displacement height as disturbed by artificial standing vegetation.Journal of Arid Environments(2001) 49:485)505.
[152]Zingg A W.Wind tunnel studies of the movement of sedimentary material[A].In:Proceedings of the 5th hydraulics conf.Bull[C].Iowa City:Inst of Hydraulics,1953,34,111-135.
[153]HAN Wenquan,CHANG Yu,HU Yuanman,et al.Research advance in landscape pattern optimization.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(12):1487-1492.
[2]陈晨,刘媛媛,王文种.基于温度植被干旱指数的三花间流域旱情监测[J].东北水利水电,2008,26(283):32-34.
[3]陈广庭.北京强沙尘暴史和周围生态环境变化[J].中国沙漠 2002,22(3):211-213.
[4]陈广庭.近50年北京的沙尘天气及治理对策[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(4):402-407.
[5]陈浩,周金星,陆中臣等.荒漠化地区生态安全评价-以首都圈怀来为例[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(1):58-62.
[6]陈辉,刘劲松,曹宇,等.生态风险评价研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1558-1566.
[7]陈利顶,傅伯杰,赵文武.“源””汇”景观理论及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1444-1449.
[8]陈效逑,谭文垦,刘大平,等.北京平原地区裸露土地的时空分布[J].水土保持研究,2003,(2):18-25
[9]陈艳华,张万昌.植被类型对温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)的影响研究——以黑河绿洲区为例[J].遥感技术与应用,2007,22(6):700-706.
[10]《大兴区“三北”防护林工程建设总结》,大兴区林业局,2005
[11]党安荣,王晓栋,陈晓峰,等.《ERDAS IMAGINE遥感图像处理方法》,清华大学出版社,2000
[12]董光荣,李长治,金炯等.关于土壤风蚀模拟实验的某些结果[J].科学通报,1987,32(4).
[13]董玉祥,刘毅华.对荒漠化研究基本问题的评述[J].地理科学,1993,13(3):242-249.
[14]董玉祥,刘毅华.我国沙漠化研究的回顾与展望[J].地理研究,1993,12(2):94-102.
[15]董治宝,董光荣,陈广庭.风沙物理学研究进展与展望[J].大自然探索,1995,14(53):30-38.
[16]董治宝,李振山.国外土壤风蚀的研究历史与特点[J].中国沙漠,1995,15(1):100-104.
[17]杜子璇.内蒙古中西部地区沙尘灾害危险度研究[D].硕士学位论文.北京师范大学,2005
[18]方天纵.风沙化土地防护林体系结构配置优化研究——以北京市大兴区为例[D].北京林业大学博士论文,2001
[19]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001,52-56.
[20]付在毅,许学工.地球科学进展,2001,16(2):267-271.
[21]高尚玉,史培军,哈斯,等.我国北方风沙灾害加剧的成因及其发展趋势[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):31-37.
[22]高寿仙.明代北京的沙尘天气及其成因[J].北京教育学院学报,2003,17(3):33-38.
[23]贡璐,鞠强,潘晓玲.博斯腾湖区域景观生态风险评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(1):27-31.
[24]顾镜清.风险管理.中国国际广播出版社,1993.
[25]关文彬,谢春华,马克明.景观生态恢复与重建是区域生态安全格局构建的关键途经[J].生态学报,2003,23(1):64-73.
[26]郭中伟.建设国家生态安全维护体系[J].生态环境与保护,2000,5:60-61.
[27]韩文权.杂谷脑流域景观格局优化配置研究[D].中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所硕十学位文,2005.
[28]韩文权,常禹,胡远满.景观格局优化研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(12):1487-1492.
[29]何萍,史培军,高吉喜.过程与格局的关系及其在区域景观生态规划中的应用[J].热带地理,2007,27(5):390-394.
[30]韩丽,曾添文.生态风险评价的方法与管理简介[J].重庆环境科学,2001,23(3):21-23.
[31]黄崇福.自然灾害风险评价的理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
[32]黄崇福.自然灾害风险分析的信息矩阵方法[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(1):1-10.
[33]黄富祥,王明星,王跃思,等.植被覆盖对风蚀地表保护作用研究的某些新进展[J].植物生态学报,2002,26(5):627-633.
[34]黄崇福.自然灾害风险分析的信息矩阵方法[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(1):1-10.
[35]侯绍刚,张宴卿.生态风险评价进展[J].安阳工学院学报,2006,1:5-8.
[36]胡孟春.科尔沁土地沙漠化分类定量指标初步研究[J].中国沙漠,1991,11(3):57-60.
[37]胡巍巍,王根绪,邓伟.景观格局与生态过程相互关系研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2008,27(1):18-23.
[38]胡巍巍,王根绪.湿地景观格局与生态过程研究进展[J].2007,22(9):969-975.
[39]贾丹.基于RS和GIS的北京康庄地区荒漠化现状评价与防治[D].北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006
[40]贾宝全.景观生态规划:概念、内容、原则与模型[J].干旱区研究,2000,17(2):70-77.
[41]蒋维,金磊.中国城市综合减灾对策[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[42]寇俊卿,张海涛,杨德五,仁跃明.生态风险分析及研究进[J].河南科技大学学报(农学版),2003,23(:)71-74.
[43]黎晓亚,马克明,傅伯杰,等.区域生态安全格局:设计原则与方法[J].生态学报,2004,24(5):1055-1062.
[44]李晓娜,武菊英,徐彪.京郊延庆康庄地区不同土地利用类型对土壤风蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):22-24.
[45]李海龙.风沙灾害危险性评价及防沙治安全格局构建研究[D].北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[46]李自珍,何俊红.生态风险评价与风险决策模型及其应用一以河西走廊荒漠绿洲开发为例[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(6):617-622.
[47]李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应[J].生态学报,2004,24(1):123-134.
[48]李谢辉.渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价及管理研究[D].兰州大学博士学位论文,2008.
[49]李谢辉,李景宜.我国生态风险评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(3):70-74.
[50]李振山.地形起伏对气流速度影响的风洞实验研究[J].水土保持研究,1999.6(4):75-79.
[51]刘永兵,岳德鹏,王晓东,等.北京南郊沙地风蚀物理特征及防护对策研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):32-35.
[52]刘永兵.北京市永定河沙地土壤风蚀与人工植被防风阻沙效益研究[D].北京林业大学硕士学位论文.2004
[53]刘玉璋,董光荣,李长治.影响土壤风蚀主要因素的风洞实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1992,12(4):41-49.
[54]卢宏玮,曾光明,谢更新,等.洞庭湖流域区域生态风险评价[J],生态学报,2003,23(12): 2520-2530.
[55]吕一河,陈利顶,傅伯杰.景观格局与生态过程的耦合途径分析[J],地理科学进展,2007.26(3):1-10.
[56]郭青霞,土地系统健康评价[D].中国农业大学博士论文,2007.
[57]马德毅,王菊英.中国主要河口沉积物污染及潜在生态风险评价[J],中国环境科学,2003,23(5):521-525.
[58]马娅娟,傅桦.浅谈生态风险及其评价方法的要点[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(4):80-84.
[59]马克明,傅伯杰,黎晓亚,等.区域生态安全格局:概念与理论基础[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):761-768.
[60]毛小苓,倪晋仁.生态风险评价研究述评[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,41(4):646-654.
[61]阳文锐,王如松,黄锦楼,等生态风险评价及研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(8):1869-1876.
[62]彭羽,刘雪华,张爽,靳强.基于综合生态损失度的顺义区生态风险评价[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(3):366-369.
[63]齐述华,王长耀,牛铮.利用温度植被旱情指数(TVDI)进行全国旱情监测研究[J].遥感学报,2007,7(5):420-427.
[64]任志远,张艳芳.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:
[65]申向东,邹春霞.裸露耕地风沙运动特性试验研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(5):909-912.
[66]《“十一五”期间大兴区农业产业发展规划》,大兴区政府,2005
[67]史东梅.亚湿润干旱区沿河沙地可持续发展研究-以北京市大兴区为例[J].北京林业大学博士论文,1999
[68]史培军,陈晋.RS与GIS支持的草地雪灾监测实验研究[J].地理学报,1996,51(4).
[69]史培军.沙漠化概念释[J].世界沙漠研究,1983(4).
[70]史培军,严平,高尚玉,等.中国沙尘暴灾害及其研究进展与展望[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):71-77.
[71]史培军,严平,袁艺,等.中国北方风沙活动的驱动力分析[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(1):41-47.
[72]史培军.三论灾害研究的理论与实践[J].自然灾害学报,2002,11(3):1-9.
[73]史培军.灾害研究的理论与实践.南京大学学报(自然科学版),自然灾害研究专辑,1991
[74]史培军等.从区域安全建设到风险管理体系的形成——从第一届世界风险大会看灾害与风险研究的现状与发展趋向[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(2):173-179.
[75]史培军等.灾害过程与综合灾害风险防范模式[R].第六届DPRI—IIASA综合灾害风险管理论坛,2006年8月13日-8月17日,伊斯坦布尔,土耳其.
[76]孙向东.风险分析的系统理论与技术体系研究及实证分析[D].广西大学硕士学位论文,2001
[77]王静爱,徐伟,史培军,等.2000年中国风沙灾害的时空格局与危险性评价[J].自然灾害学报,2001,10(4)1-7.
[78]王洪翠.生态服务功能、生态安全和风险评价-以武夷山风景区为例[D].福建农林大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[79]王升堂,邹学勇,程宏.北京郊区农地起沙起尘与防治的初步研究[J].2007,14(2):1-3.
[80]王升堂,赵延治,邹学勇.北京郊区不同土地利用类型起沙起尘的特征研究[J].2005,25(5):601-605.
[81]吴正.风沙地貌学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[82]巫丽云.区域景观生态风险评价及生态风险管理研究[D].福建师范大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[83]肖笃宁.宏观生态学研究的特点与方法[J].应用生态学报,1994,5(1):95-102.
[84]肖风劲,欧阳华,程淑兰,等.中国森林生态健康风险评价[J],应用生态学报,2004,15(2):349-353.
[85]谢花林,基于景观结构和空间统计学的区域生态风险分析[J],生态学报,2008,28(10):5020-5026.
[86]荆玉平,张树文,李颖.基于景观结构的城乡交错带生态风险分析[J],生态学杂志,2008,27(2):229-234.
[87]杨梅英.风险管理与保险[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1999.3-5.
[88]杨克磊,张建芳,杨晓帆.唐山市南湖生态示范区景观生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2008,28(3):104-109.
[89]俞孔坚,李迪华,潮洛漾,等.城市生态基础设施建设的十大景观战略[J].规划师,2001,17(6):9-17.
[90]俞孔坚,李迪华.城乡与区域规划的景观生态模式.国外城市规划,1997,(3).
[91]俞孔坚.生物保护的景观生态安全格局[J].生态学报,1999,19(1):8-15.
[92]余新晓.景观生态学[M].北京:中国高教出版社,2007.
[93]岳德鹏,王计平,刘永兵等GIS与RS技术支持下的北京西北地区景观格局优化研究[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1223-1231.
[94]岳德鹏,刘永兵,王贤,等.北京市永定河沙地不同土地利用类型风蚀规律研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2004,1(2):21-24.
[95]岳德鹏,刘永兵,王计平,等.河流冲积沉积沙地风蚀规律及植被防风蚀效应——以北京市永定河沙地为例[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):2948-2956.
[96]岳德鹏,刘永兵,臧润国,等.北京市永定河沙地不同土地利用类型风蚀规律研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):62-67.
[97]岳德鹏,王冬梅.北京市大兴区北臧乡景观格局及生态变化的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1997,3(1):23-27.
[98]张克存,屈建军,俎瑞平等.下垫面条件对风沙活动层气流紊动性影响的风洞模拟[J].水土保持通报,2004,24(3):1-4.
[99]张一扬,周冀衡,杨虹琦.基于地统计与GIS的土壤有机质空间变异性研究——以湖南省主产烟区为例[J].青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版),2008,25(1):48-52.
[100]臧淑英,梁欣,冯仲科.黑龙江省大庆市生态风险评价研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(2):58-62.
[101]臧淑英,梁欣,张思冲.基于GIS的大庆市土地利用生态风险分析[J].自然灾害学报, 2005,14(4):141-145.
[102]张继权,冈田宪夫,多多纳裕一.综合自然灾害风险管理——全面整合的模式与中国的战略选择[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(1):29-37.
[103]张继权,刘兴朋,周道玮,等.基于信息矩阵的草原火灾损失风险研究[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2006,38(4):129-133.
[104]张小由.沙河洼农田地表风沙运动与土壤风蚀的初步研究[J].干早区研究,1996,13(1).
[105]张小飞,王仰麟.李正国基于景观功能网络概念的景观格局优化—以台湾地区乌溪流域典型区为例[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1707-1703.
[106]赵东娟,齐伟,赵胜亭.基于GIS的山区县域土地利用格局优化研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):101-106.
[107]中国科学院兰州沙漠所北京风沙课题组.北京地区风沙活动及其整治的初步研究[J],中国沙漠,1987,7(3):1-14.
[108]周冰冰.北京的沙尘灾害及其控制技术[J].林业科技管理,2001,(4):55-58.
[109]周隽,国庆喜.林木竞争指数空间格局的地统计学分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,9(35):42-44.
[110]朱朝云,丁国栋.风沙物理学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:
[111]朱求安,张万昌,余钧辉.基于6IS的空间插值方法研究
[112]朱震达,刘恕,高前兆.内蒙西部古居延黑城地区历史时期环境的变化与沙化过程[J].中国沙漠,1983,3(2):1-8.
[113]US EPA.1992.Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment.EPA/630/R-92/001.
[114]Suter GW.2001.Applicability of indicator monitoring to ecological risk assessment.Ecological Indicators,1:101-112.
[115]Hunsaker CT,Grahm RL,Suter GW,et al.Assessing Ecological Risk on a Regional Scale.Environmental Management,1990,(14):325-332.
[116]Lipton J,Galbraith H,Burger J,et al.A Paradigm for Ecological Risk Assessment.Environmental Management,1993(17):1-5.
[117]Barnthouse LW,SuterⅡ GW.Use Manual for Ecological Risk Assessment.ORNL-6251,1988.
[118]US EPA.Clinch and Powell Valley Watershed Ecological Risk Assessment,EPA/600/R-01/050,2002.
[119]Rubenstein.Rubenstein M.Patterns in Problem Solving[M].New Jersey:Prentice Hall Inc,1975.
[120]Wayne G Landis.Twenty years before and hence;ecological risk assessment at multiple scales with multiple stressors and multiple endpoints.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2003,9:1317-1326.
[121]US EPA.1998.Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.EPA 630-R-95-002F.
[122]Chapman PM.2002.Ecological risk assessment(ERA)and hormesis.Science of the Total Environment,288:131-140.
[123]Hayes KR.2004.Best Practice and Current Practice in Ecological Risk Assessment for Genetically Modified Organisms.Hobart:CSIRO Division of Marine Research.
[124]EmmanuelE,Perrodin Y,Keck G,et al.2005.Eco-toxicological risk assessment of hospital wastewater:Aproposed framework for raw effluents discharging into urban sewer network.Journal ofHazardous Materials,117:1-11.
[125]Suterll GW,Vermeire T,Munns W R,et al.2005.An integrated framework for health and ecological risk assessment.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,207(supp):611-616.
[126]Chapman PM.2002.Ecological risk assessment(ERA)and hormesis.Science of the Total Environment,288:131-140.
[127]Munns WR,Kroes R,Veith G,et al.2003.Approaches for integrated risk assessment.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,9(1):267-272.
[128]Rachel N.Wallack and Bruce K.Hope,quantitative consideration of ecosystem characteristics in an ecological risk assessment:A case study.Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002,8(7):1805-1814.
[129]Efroymson RA,Murphy DL.2001.Ecological risk assessment of multimedia hazardous air pollutants:Estimating exposure and effects.Science of the Total Environment,274:219-230.
[130]Karman CC,Reerink HG.1998.Dynamic assessment of the ecological risk of the discharge of produced water from oil and gas producing platforms.Journal of Hazardous Materials,61:43-51.
[131]Qian Yi～Bing,Zhou Xing～Jia.Multi-sources of desert sands for the Jungger Basin.Journal of Arid Environments(2003) 53:241～256.
[132]Qu Jianjun,Huang Ning～,Dong Guangrong& Zhang Weimin.The role and significance of the Gobi Desert pavement in controlling sand movement on the cliff top near the Dunhuang Magao Grottoes.Journal of Arid Environments(2001) 48:357～371.
[133]Remigius Egwuonwu Okoli.Wind tunnel Study on Aeolian Saltation Dynamics and Mass flow.Journal of Arid Environments(2003) 53:569～583.
[134]Sharp R P.Wind-driven sand in Coachella valley,California[J].Geological Society of America,Bulletin,1964,75:785～804.
[135]Sherman D J.An equilibrum relationship for shear velocity and apparent roughness length in aeolian saltation[J].Geomorphology.1992,5:419～431.
[136]Shin-Ang Hsu.Wind stress criteria in eolian sand transport[J].Journal of Geographyscial Research,1976,76(36):84～86.
[137]Shin-Ang Hsu.Wind stress criteria in eolian sand transport[J].Journal of Geographyscial Research,1976,76(36):84～86.
[138]Singg,A.W.Wind tunnel studies of the movement of sedimentary material,5th Hydraul.Conf.Proc,Iowa Inst Hydraul Bull 1953,34,111～135
[139]Tong-Hui Zhang,Ha-Lin Zhao,Sheng-Gong Li,Feng-Rui Li,Yasuhito Shiratob,Toshiya Ohkurob.A comparison of different measures forstabilizingmoving sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land of Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Environments 58(2004) 203～214.
[140]U.S National Research Council.Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems.Washington DC:Nat Acad press,1992.
[141]Zandbergen PA.1998.Urban watershed ecological risk assessment using GIS:A case study of the Brunette River water shed in British Columbia,Canada.Journal of Hazardous Materials,61:163-173.
[142]Crawford C.2003.Qualitative risk assessment of the effects of shellfish farming on the environment in Tasmania,Australia.Ocean and Coastal Management,46:47-58.
[143]Zandbergen PA.1998.Urban watershed ecological risk assessment using GIS:A case study of the Brunette River watershed in British Columbia,Canada.Journal of HazardousMaterials,61:163-173.
[144]Fernandez MD,Cagigal E,Vega MM,et al.2005.Ecological risk assessment of contaminated soils through direct toxicity assessment.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,62(2):174-184.
[145]Weimin Zhangjianjun Qu,Zhibao Dong,Xiaoze Li& Wanfu Wang.The airflow field and dynamic processes of pyramid dunes.Journal of Arid Environments(2000) 45:357-368.
[146]Xiaoping Yang Karl Tilman Rostb,Frank Lehmkuhlc,Zhu Zhendad,John Dodson.The evolution of dry lands in northern China and in the Republic of Mongolia since the Last Glacial Maximum.Quaternary International 118-119(2004) 69-85.
[147]Xunming Wang,Zhibao Dong,Lichao Liu,Jianjun Qu.Sand sea activity and interactions with climatic parameters in the Taklimakan Sand Sea,ChinaJournal of Arid Environments 57(2004)85-98.
[148]Xunming Wang,Zhibao Donga,Ping Yanc,Jiawu Zhangb,Guangqiang Qiana.Wind energy environments and dunefield activity in the Chinese deserts.Geomorphology 2004.11(6):57～62
[149]Y T Gumaa,I Haffar & M A.Al-Afifi.Financial appraisal of date-frond mat fence systems for wind erosion control and sand dune stabilization in the arid region of the United Arab Emirates.Journal of Arid Environments(1998) 39:549-557.
[150]Yong Gao,Guo Yu Qiu ETAL.A 10-Year Study on Techniques for Vegetation Restoration in a Desertified Salt Lake Area,Journal of Arid Environments;2002 52:483-497.
[151]Zhibao Dong,Shangyu Gao,Donald W.Fryrear.Drag coefficients,roughness length and zero-plane displacement height as disturbed by artificial standing vegetation.Journal of Arid Environments(2001) 49:485)505.
[152]Zingg A W.Wind tunnel studies of the movement of sedimentary material[A].In:Proceedings of the 5th hydraulics conf.Bull[C].Iowa City:Inst of Hydraulics,1953,34,111-135.
[153]HAN Wenquan,CHANG Yu,HU Yuanman,et al.Research advance in landscape pattern optimization.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2005,24(12):1487-1492.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |