基于比特串的生物演化模型研究
|
摘要
生物演化是生命科学的重要研究对象之一。随着计算机科学的发展,通过建立模型利用计算机模拟手段对生物演化进行研究已有很多工作。这些工作从不同侧面显示了相应研究方法的可行性和必要性,但其中对个体信息的表达一般不充分,利用效率不高。
Penna TJP于1995年提出了一个用比特串来表示个体基因的模型,称之为Penna模型。该模型基于生物基因突变积聚假说,考虑了环境、年龄、基因的工作方式以及遗传、突变等因素定义了死亡和繁殖机制,模拟了由个体组成的种群的繁衍变化。该模型提出之后,常被应用于说明现实中的一些现象,阐述相应现象背后的意义,得到了广泛的发展与应用。
本文在第一章中对Penna模型及其发展和应用现状进行了回顾。接下来在第二、三、四章介绍了我所作的研究工作。
第二章给出了基于比特串模型的疾病动力学研究。首先通过附加比特串方法描述个体的获得性疾病,以此为基础讨论了相应群体的演化性质,给出了患病率与治愈率对群体演化的影响效果;其次,在一个地域上,以邻居传染为基本特征,讨论了传染病的传播问题。第三,和Penna模型基因逐渐开启相适应,定义了个体与病毒之间的基于年龄的Hamming距离,讨论了传染病在群体中的传播问题以及对种群演化的影响。
在第三章中介绍了作者建立的具有智能的比特串模型及其应用。首先,注意到智能具有遗传性,定义了具有智能因素的个体,其中的智能因素可以遗传,讨论了相应群体的规模及智能的演化性质;其次,在单物种种群中引入基于智能的学习机制,考虑了所学知识对个体生存的影响,讨论了种群的演化性质,表明知识对智能演化是有贡献的。模拟结果中的智商分布图和观察结果吻合很好;第三,在一个地域上,以从邻居中学习知识为基本特征,定义了具有智能个体的学习方式,讨论了相应系统的演化性质,结果表明活着的个体的平均智能要高于死亡个体的平均智能,这可理解为关于智能的自然选择;第四,研究了一个地域上的捕食被捕食系统,个体的捕食和逃逸与其智能和知识有关,且成功与否的经验是可以积累的。相应系统的演化性质表明被捕食者的智能要优于捕食者,而捕食者的知识要优于被捕食者。即每一个能存在于系统中的物种,都是各有其自身的优势。
第四章给出了基于比特串模型的一些其他模拟生物学工作。首先,建立了具有季节特征的比特串模型,并利用它讨论了中国的休渔政策的效果,发现休渔总是有利于种群规模的扩大,且当捕捞强度小时,不休渔的产量更高,而当捕捞强度大时,休渔的产量要高;其次,建立了一个三物种生态系统演化模型,详细讨论了该生态系统的各种最终状态;第三,将信息熵的概念引入到比特串模型的研究中,从熵的变化规律理解共同祖先的形成机制以及遗传多样性的产生机制。
Biological evolution is one of important phenomena in life science.Due to rapid developments in computing capability,modeling and numerical simulation methods have been applied to analyze biological evolution in many studies.These studies have shown the feasibility and necessity of the methods from different aspects.However some of them were not efficient due to insufficiency in individual information revelation.
The model proposed by Penna TJP in 1995 has then used a computer Bit-String to represent an individual,i.e.,the genome of this individual.The death and reproduction rules are introduced in Penna model by considering environment,age,gene and mutation based on mutation accumulation hypothesis.And the dynamics of population is simulated in this model. Since Penna model can explain many biological phenomena and their meaning,it has been used widely and feasibly.
Introduction to Penna model and review of it applications are given in Chapter 1.Our contributions to the model's application are then introduced in the chapters that follow.
Disease dynamics model based on the Bit-String model is given in Chapter 2.Firstly,the extragenetic disease is considered by adding another Bit-String.Based on this model the influences of disease-resistant and cure capability of species are discussed.Secondly,a cellular automata model is developed to study the epidemic on a two dimensional lattice.The influences of infection and death rates on the number of epidemical patients are discussed. Thirdly,the infection information is also denoted by a Bit-String corresponding to individual information.The hamming distance with age difference between individual and infection virus is defined.The existence and extinction for a certain infection on the process of evolution are discussed.
An intelligence model based on Bit-String and its application are given in Chapter 3. Firstly,an individual of intelligence is defined with the transmissibility of intelligence.And the evolution of population size and intelligence are discussed.Secondly,an evolutionary model based on Bit-String with intelligence and learning capability is constructed considering the influence of knowledge on survival of the individual.Then,the results of our simulations are presented and the evolution of population,intelligence and knowledge are discussed respectively.The results show that learning knowledge contributes to the evolution of intelligence,especially for children.In addition,the distribution of intelligence quotient is good agreement with observation.Thirdly,a learning model on the basis of Bit-String model with intelligence is set up.The individuals are set on the lattice.Then,the evolution of intelligence and knowledge are discussed.Results show that the intelligence for living individuals is more than that for dead ones.The effect of natural selection on the evolution of intelligence can then be summarized.Finally,a prey-predator model of learning based on Bit-String with intelligence is developed.The capacity of escape and predation for the individual depends on intelligence and knowledge,and the successful experience can be cumulated.The results show that for coexistence of predator and prey,higher average knowledge of the predator automatically leads to higher average intelligence of the prey.It can be concluded that every species has certain advantage.Thus they can coexist in an ecosystem forever.
Another contribution to the Bit-String model application is given in Chapter 4.Firstly, the Bit-String model with seasonal characteristics is presented.And then the "fishing fallow" policy and practice in China are discussed in this model.The conclusion is that though the policy is good for the species expanding,it would be significant only if fishing intensity is beyond a certain range.If the fishing intensity is limited below a certain level,appropriate fishing may lead to the highest production,not "fishing fallow".Therefore reducing fishing intensity is essential,but "fishing fallow" is only conditional.Secondly,a cellular automata model containing movable wolves,sheep and reproducible grass is set up.And the final states of this ecosystem are discussed.Thirdly,the information entropy is introduced in Bit-String model to discuss common ancestor and genetic diversity.We discuss the formation mechanism of common ancestor and the production mechanism of genetic diversity from the variation law of entropy.
The thesis is then concluded in a short summary.
Penna TJP于1995年提出了一个用比特串来表示个体基因的模型,称之为Penna模型。该模型基于生物基因突变积聚假说,考虑了环境、年龄、基因的工作方式以及遗传、突变等因素定义了死亡和繁殖机制,模拟了由个体组成的种群的繁衍变化。该模型提出之后,常被应用于说明现实中的一些现象,阐述相应现象背后的意义,得到了广泛的发展与应用。
本文在第一章中对Penna模型及其发展和应用现状进行了回顾。接下来在第二、三、四章介绍了我所作的研究工作。
第二章给出了基于比特串模型的疾病动力学研究。首先通过附加比特串方法描述个体的获得性疾病,以此为基础讨论了相应群体的演化性质,给出了患病率与治愈率对群体演化的影响效果;其次,在一个地域上,以邻居传染为基本特征,讨论了传染病的传播问题。第三,和Penna模型基因逐渐开启相适应,定义了个体与病毒之间的基于年龄的Hamming距离,讨论了传染病在群体中的传播问题以及对种群演化的影响。
在第三章中介绍了作者建立的具有智能的比特串模型及其应用。首先,注意到智能具有遗传性,定义了具有智能因素的个体,其中的智能因素可以遗传,讨论了相应群体的规模及智能的演化性质;其次,在单物种种群中引入基于智能的学习机制,考虑了所学知识对个体生存的影响,讨论了种群的演化性质,表明知识对智能演化是有贡献的。模拟结果中的智商分布图和观察结果吻合很好;第三,在一个地域上,以从邻居中学习知识为基本特征,定义了具有智能个体的学习方式,讨论了相应系统的演化性质,结果表明活着的个体的平均智能要高于死亡个体的平均智能,这可理解为关于智能的自然选择;第四,研究了一个地域上的捕食被捕食系统,个体的捕食和逃逸与其智能和知识有关,且成功与否的经验是可以积累的。相应系统的演化性质表明被捕食者的智能要优于捕食者,而捕食者的知识要优于被捕食者。即每一个能存在于系统中的物种,都是各有其自身的优势。
第四章给出了基于比特串模型的一些其他模拟生物学工作。首先,建立了具有季节特征的比特串模型,并利用它讨论了中国的休渔政策的效果,发现休渔总是有利于种群规模的扩大,且当捕捞强度小时,不休渔的产量更高,而当捕捞强度大时,休渔的产量要高;其次,建立了一个三物种生态系统演化模型,详细讨论了该生态系统的各种最终状态;第三,将信息熵的概念引入到比特串模型的研究中,从熵的变化规律理解共同祖先的形成机制以及遗传多样性的产生机制。
Biological evolution is one of important phenomena in life science.Due to rapid developments in computing capability,modeling and numerical simulation methods have been applied to analyze biological evolution in many studies.These studies have shown the feasibility and necessity of the methods from different aspects.However some of them were not efficient due to insufficiency in individual information revelation.
The model proposed by Penna TJP in 1995 has then used a computer Bit-String to represent an individual,i.e.,the genome of this individual.The death and reproduction rules are introduced in Penna model by considering environment,age,gene and mutation based on mutation accumulation hypothesis.And the dynamics of population is simulated in this model. Since Penna model can explain many biological phenomena and their meaning,it has been used widely and feasibly.
Introduction to Penna model and review of it applications are given in Chapter 1.Our contributions to the model's application are then introduced in the chapters that follow.
Disease dynamics model based on the Bit-String model is given in Chapter 2.Firstly,the extragenetic disease is considered by adding another Bit-String.Based on this model the influences of disease-resistant and cure capability of species are discussed.Secondly,a cellular automata model is developed to study the epidemic on a two dimensional lattice.The influences of infection and death rates on the number of epidemical patients are discussed. Thirdly,the infection information is also denoted by a Bit-String corresponding to individual information.The hamming distance with age difference between individual and infection virus is defined.The existence and extinction for a certain infection on the process of evolution are discussed.
An intelligence model based on Bit-String and its application are given in Chapter 3. Firstly,an individual of intelligence is defined with the transmissibility of intelligence.And the evolution of population size and intelligence are discussed.Secondly,an evolutionary model based on Bit-String with intelligence and learning capability is constructed considering the influence of knowledge on survival of the individual.Then,the results of our simulations are presented and the evolution of population,intelligence and knowledge are discussed respectively.The results show that learning knowledge contributes to the evolution of intelligence,especially for children.In addition,the distribution of intelligence quotient is good agreement with observation.Thirdly,a learning model on the basis of Bit-String model with intelligence is set up.The individuals are set on the lattice.Then,the evolution of intelligence and knowledge are discussed.Results show that the intelligence for living individuals is more than that for dead ones.The effect of natural selection on the evolution of intelligence can then be summarized.Finally,a prey-predator model of learning based on Bit-String with intelligence is developed.The capacity of escape and predation for the individual depends on intelligence and knowledge,and the successful experience can be cumulated.The results show that for coexistence of predator and prey,higher average knowledge of the predator automatically leads to higher average intelligence of the prey.It can be concluded that every species has certain advantage.Thus they can coexist in an ecosystem forever.
Another contribution to the Bit-String model application is given in Chapter 4.Firstly, the Bit-String model with seasonal characteristics is presented.And then the "fishing fallow" policy and practice in China are discussed in this model.The conclusion is that though the policy is good for the species expanding,it would be significant only if fishing intensity is beyond a certain range.If the fishing intensity is limited below a certain level,appropriate fishing may lead to the highest production,not "fishing fallow".Therefore reducing fishing intensity is essential,but "fishing fallow" is only conditional.Secondly,a cellular automata model containing movable wolves,sheep and reproducible grass is set up.And the final states of this ecosystem are discussed.Thirdly,the information entropy is introduced in Bit-String model to discuss common ancestor and genetic diversity.We discuss the formation mechanism of common ancestor and the production mechanism of genetic diversity from the variation law of entropy.
The thesis is then concluded in a short summary.
引文
[1]Penna TJP.A Bit-String Model for Biological Aging[J].Journal of Statistical Physics,1995,78(5-6):1629-1633.
[2]Stauffer D,de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,et al.Monte Carlo simulations of sexual reproduction[J].PHYSICA A,1996,231(4):504-514.
[3]deOliveira SM,Penna TJP,Stauffer D.SIMULATING THE VANISHING OF NORTHERN COD FISH[J].PHYSICA A,1995,215(3):298-304.
[4]Feingold SJ.Monte Carlo simulation of Alaska wolf survival[J].PHYSICA A,1996,231(4):499-503.
[5]Makowiec D.Dynamical properties of the Penna aging model applied to the population of wolves[J].PHYSICA A,1997,245(1-2):99-112.
[6]Feingold SJ.Caribou overgrazing in the absence of predators[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(2):295-300.
[7]Penna TJP,Racco A,Sousa AO.Can microscopic models for age-structured populations contribute to ecology[J].PHYSICA A,2001,295(1-2):31-37.
[8]Puhl H,Stauffer D,Roux S.AGING,WAR AND PREDATORS[J].PHYSICA A,1995,221(4):445-452.
[9]Cebrat S,Kakol J.The effect of social alliances on wolf population on their survival under hunting[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1997,8(2):417-425.
[10]Piza AFRD.Dynamics of the Bit-String model of age structured populations[J].PHYSICA A,1997,242(1-2):195-218.
[11]Maksymowicz AZ,Bubak M,Zajac K,et al.Simulation of aging with an extended Penna model[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,1999,121-122:113-115.
[12]Maksymowicz AZ.Influence of variations in threshold of bad mutations on age structure of the population[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):150-157.
[13]Stauffer D.Probabilistic generalization of Penna ageing model and the oldest old[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1999,10(7):1363-1365..
[14]Maksymowicz AZ,Bubak M,Zajac K,et al.Computer simulation of ageing with an extended Penna model[J].HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING,PROCEEDINGS,1999,1593:43-49.
[15]Malarz K.Searching for scaling in the Penna Bit-String model of biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(2):309-315.
[16]Dabkowski J,Groth M,Makowiec D.Verhulst factor in the Penna model of biological aging[J].ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B,2000,31(5):1027-1035.
[17]Niewczas E,Kurdziel A,Cebrat S.Housekeeping genes and death genes in the Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(4):775-783.
[18]Martins JSS,Cebrat S.Random deaths in a computational model for age-structured populations[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2000,119(2):156-165.
[19]Magdon-Maksymowicz M,Maksymowicz AZ,Kulakowski K.Biological ageing with birth rate controlled by mutations in the Penna model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2000,119(2):139-144.
[20]De Almeida RMC,Thomas GL.Scaling in a continuous time model for biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(6):1209-1224.
[21]Martins JSS,Stauffer D.Justification of sexual reproduction by modified Penna model of ageing[J].PHYSICA A,2001,294(1-2):191-194.
[22]Stauffer D,Radomski JP.Social effects in simple computer model of aging[J].EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY,2001,37(1):175-180.
[23]Maksymowicz AZ.Simulation of population growth and structure of the population[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,2002,147(1-2):577-581.
[24]Magdon-Maksymowicz MS,Sitarz M,Bubak M,et al.Effect of time slowing in biological ageing[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,2002,147(1-2):621-624.
[25]Magdon-Maksymowicz MS,Bubak M,Maksymowicz AZ.Biological time scale and ageing in the Penna model[J].PARALLEL PROCESSING APPLIED MATHEMATICS,2002,2328:888-895.
[26]Luz-Burgoa K,de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS,et al.Computer simulation of sympatric speciation with Penna ageing model[J].BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2003,33(3):623-627.
[27]de Oliveira SM,Stauffer D,de Oliveira PMC,et al.Positive mutations and mutation-dependent Verhulst factor in Penna ageing model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2004,332:380-386.
[28]Bustillos AT,de Oliveira PMC.Evolutionary model with genetics,aging,and knowledge[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,69(2):021903.
[29]Malarz K,Sitarz M,Gronek P,et al.Size of the stable population in the Penna Bit-String model of biological aging[J].Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2004,3037:638-641.
[30]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS.Penna Bit-String model with constant population[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(2):301-305.
[31]Brigatti E,Martins JSS,Roditi I.Scaling properties of the Penna model[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2004,42(3):431-434.
[32]Kim GO,Shim S.A modified Penna model for biological aging[J].Key Engineering Materials,2005,277-279:130-136.
[33]Kim GO,Shim S.Self-organization of aging in a modified Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(10):1377-1386.
[34]Kim GO,Shim S.A study of biological aging by using a modified Penna model[J].Sae Mulli,2004,49(5):445-9.
[35]Laszkiewicz A,Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Scaling effects in the Penna ageing model[J].ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS,2005,8(1):7-14.
[36]Biecek P,Cebrat S.Fluctuations,environment,mutations accumulation and ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(6):923-931.
[37]Biecek P,Cebrat S.Immunity in the noisy Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(12):1823-1829..
[38]Cebrat S,Biecek P,Bonkbwsk K,et al.White noise and synchronization shaping the age structure of the human population[J].Noise and Fluctuations in Biological,Biophysical,and Biomedical Systems,2007,6602:06020.
[39]THOMS J,DONAHUE P,JAN N.SENESCENCE FROM REPRODUCTION[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(8):935-940.
[40]de Oliveira SM,de Oliveira PMC,Stauffer D.MODELING THE OLDEST-OLD[J].PHYSICA A,1995,221(4):453-459.
[41]Bernardes AT.Strategies for reproduction and ageing[J].ANNALEN DER PHYSIK,1996,5(6):539-550.
[42]Stauffer D.Getting older-Monte Carlo simulations of biological aging[J].Computers in Physics,1996,10(4):341-8.
[43]de Almeida RMC,Moukarzel C.Aging and sexual reproduction[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,1998,257(1-4):10-20.
[44]Laszkiewicz A,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.The oldest old and the population heterogeneity[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(10):1355-1362.
[45]PENNA TJP,DEOLIVEIRA SM,STAUFFER D.MUTATION ACCUMULATION AND THE CATASTROPHIC SENESCENCE OF THE PACIFIC SALMON[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,1995,52(4):R3309-R3312.
[46]Ito N.Reproduction risk and self-organization of fertility[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C-PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS,1996,7(1):107-112.
[47]Redfield RJ.Male mutations and the cost of sex for males[J].Nature,1994,369:145-147.
[48]deMenezes MA,Racco A,Penna TJP.Why trees live longer?[J].PHYSICA A,1996,233 (1-2):221-225.
[49]Bernardes AT.Can males contribute to the genetic improvement of a species?[J].JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS,1997,86(1-2):431-439.
[50]Dasgupta S.Genetic crossing vs cloning by computer simulation[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1997,8(3):605-608.
[51]Martins SGF,Penna TJP.Computer simulation of sexual selection on age-structured populations[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(3):491-496.
[52]Martins JSS,De Oliveira SM.Why sex?-Monte Carlo simulations of survival after catastrophes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(3):421-432.
[53]Altevolmer AK.Virginia opossums,minimum reproduction age and predators in the Penna aging model.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1999,10(4):717-721.
[54]Stauffer D.Why care about sex?Some Monte Carlo justification[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,1999,273(1-2):132-139.
[55]Pekalski A.Model of evolution with sexual and non-sexual reproduction[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2000,13(4):791-796.
[56]Martins JSS.Simulated coevolution in a mutating ecology[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2000,61(3):R2212-R2215.
[57]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT.Simulating inbreeding depression through the mutation accumulation theory[J].PHYSICA A,2000,278(3-4):563-570.
[58]Stauffer D,de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,et al.Computer Simulations for Biological Ageing and Sexual Reproduction[J].Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias,2001,73(1):15-32.
[59]Dasgupta S.Fluctuation of population in Penna model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120(1):29-32.
[60]Stauffer D,de Oliviera PMC,de Oliveira SM,et al.Computer simulations for biological aging and sexual reproduction[J].Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias,2001,73(1):15-32.
[61]Pekalski A,Sznajd-Weron K.Population dynamics with and without selection[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2001,6303(3):031903.
[62]Stauffer D,Martins JSS,de Oliveira SM.On the uselessness of men-Comparison of sexual and asexual reproduction[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(7):1305-1312.
[63]Martins JSS,Racco A.Simulated emergence of cyclic sexual-asexual reproduction[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2001,297(3-4):485-494.
[64]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS.Evolutionary advantage of diploidal over polypoidal sexual reproduction[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2003,67(3):032903.
[65]de Oliveira SM,de Oliveira PMC,Stauffer D.Bit-String models for parasex[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2003 322(1-4):521-530.
[66]Laszkiewicz A,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.Speciation effect in the Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(6):765-774.
[67]He MF,Yu CL,Ruan HB,et al.Evolution of population with sexual and asexual reproduction in changing environment[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(2):289-299.
[68]Bonkowska K,Kula M,Cebrat S,et al.Inbreeding and outbreeding depressions in the Penna model as a result of crossover frequency[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2007,18(8):1329-1338.
[69]BERNARDES AT.MUTATIONAL MELTDOWN IN LARGE SEXUAL POPULATIONS[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(11):1501-1515.
[70]Bernardes AT.Mutation load and the extinction of large populations[J].PHYSICA A,1996,230(1-2):156-173.
[71]Stauffer D.Review of biological ageing on the computer[J].Biological Evolution and Statistical Physics,2000,585(1):255-267.
[72]Colonius K.The dauer mutation of the Caenorhabditis elegans,simulated with the Penna and the Stauffer models[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(7):939-945.
[72]Berntsen KN.Age-of-parent dependent mutation rate and weak children in the Penna model in biological ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C-PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS,1996,7(5):731-737.
[74]Penna TJP,Stauffer D.Bit-String ageing model and German population[J].ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIK B-CONDENSED MATTER,1996,101(3):469-470.
[75]Pal KF.Extinction of small populations in the Bit-String model of biological ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1996,7(6):899-908.
[76]Penna TJP,Wolf D.Computer simulations of the difference between male and female death rates[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1997,116(2):118-124.
[77]Racco A,de Menezes MA,Penna TJP.Search for an unitary mortality law through a theoretical model for biological ageing[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1998,117(2):101-108.
[78]Medeiros G,Idiart MA,de Almeida RMC.Selection experiments in the Penna model for biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(7):1283-1295.
[79]Huang ZF,Stauffer D.Stochastic Penna model for biological aging[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120(1):21-28.
[80]Pletcher SD,Neuhauser C.Biological aging-Criteria for modeling and a new mechanistic model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(3):525-546.
[81]Laszkiewicz A,Niewczas E,Szymczak S,et al.Higher mortality of the youngest organisms predicted by the Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2002,13(7):967-973.
[82]Schwammle V,de Oliveira SM.Simulations of a mortality plateau in the sexual Penna model for biological aging[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(3):031911.
[83]Bernardes AT,Moreira,JG,Castro-e-Silva A.Simulation of chaotic behaviour in population dynamics[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1998,1(3):393-396.
[84]Castro-e-Silva A,Bernardes AT.Analysis of chaotic behaviour in the population dynamics[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2001,301(1-4):63-70.
[85]Fehsenfeld KM,Dickman R,Bernardes AT.Survival-extinction phase transition in a Bit-String population with mutation[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2003,67(3):031915.
[86]De Menezes MA,Racco A,Penna TJP.Strategies of reproduction and longevity[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(6):787-791.
[87]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT,et al.Monte Carlo simulation of inherited longevity[J].PHYSICA A,1999,262(1-2):242-248.
[88]de Oliveira PM,de Oliveira SM,Stauffer D,et al.Penna ageing model and improvement of medical care in 20th century[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):145-149.
[89]Niewczas E,Cebrat S,Stauffer D.The influence of the medical care on the human life expectancy in 20(th) century and the Penna ageing model[J].THEORY IN BI0SCIENCES,2000,119( 2):122-131.
[90]Laszkiewicz A,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.Prediction of the human life expectancy[J].THEORY
IN BI0SCIENCES,2003,122( 4):313-320.
[91]Droz M,Pekalski A.Dynamics of populations in a changing environment.Phys Rev E,
2002,65:051911.
[92]Nowicka A,Duda A,Dudek MR.Effect of variable surrounding on species creation[J].
C0MPTES RENDUS BIOLOGIES,2004,327( 3):283-292.
[93]Stauffer D,Arndt H.Simulation and experiment of extinction or adaptation of
biological species after temperature changes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS
C,2005,16( 3):389-392.
[94]deOliveira PMC,deOliveira SM,Stauffer D.Searching for Eve through Monte Carlo
simulations of biFological ageing[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1997,116( 1):3-10.
[95]De Oliveira SM,De Medeiros GA,De Oliveira PMC.Studying the number of lineages through
Monte Carlo simulations of biological ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS
C,1998,9( 6):809-813.
[96]Makowiec D,Dabkowski J,Groth M.The Eve effect in the Penna model of biological ageing
[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273( 1-2):169-181.
[97]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Radomski JP.Simulating the mitochondrial DNA
inheritance[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120( 2):77-86.
[98]de Oliveira PMC,Martins JSS,Stauffer D,et al.Simple Bit-String model for lineage
branching.PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,70( 5):051910.
[99]Sitarz M,Maksymowicz A.Divergent evolution paths of different genetic families in
the Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16( 12):1917-1925.
[100]Schneider J,Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Why do women live longer than men? A Monte Carlo
simulation of Penna-type models with X and Y chromosomes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9( 5):721-725.
[101]Stauffer D.Self-organisation of testosteron level in Penna-Klotz ageing model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120(2):87-91.
[102]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM.Simulating male selfish strategy in reproduction dispute[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(2):241-245.
[103]Sousa AO.Simulation of reproductive risk and emergence of female reproductive cessation[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2003,326(1-2):233-240.
[104]Ticona A,Penna TJP.Simulation of zahavi's handicap principle[J].BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2003,33(3):619-622.
[105]Nazareno GF,de Medeiros,Roberto NO,Heumann-Hotzel model for aging revisited[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2001,64(4):041915.
[106]Lobo MP,Onody RN.Degeneration of the Y chromosome in evolutionary aging models[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2005,45(4):533-537.
[107]Biecek P,Cebrat S.Why Y chromosome is shorter and women live longer?[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2008,65(1):149-153.
[108]THOMS J,DONAHUE P,HUNTER D,et al.AGING-PARENTAL CARE AND REPRODUCTION STRATEGIES[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(12):1689-1695.
[109]Fehsenfeld KM,Martins JSS,de Oliveira SM,et al.Semelparous Penna ageing model with parental care[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(7):935-941.
[110]de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT,Martins JSS.Self-organisation of female menopause in populations with child-care and reproductive risk[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1999,7(3):501-504.s
[111]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.High reproduction rate versus sexual fidelity[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1999,10(4):781-785.
[112]Bernardes AT,Stauffer D.Monte Carlo simulation of ageing:Beyond Bit-String models[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C-PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS,1995,6(6):789-806.
[113]Malarz K.The risk of extinction-the mutational meltdown or the overpopulation[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2007,125(2):147-156.
[114]Martins JSS,de Oliveira SM,de Medeiros GA.Simulated ecology-driven sympatric speciation[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2001,6402(2):021906.
[115]Sousa AO.Sympatric speciation in an age-structured population living on a lattice[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2004,39(4):521-525.
[116]Schwammle V,Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.Monte Carlo simulations of parapatric speciation[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2006,51(4):563-570.
[117]Brigatti E,Martins JSS,Roditi I.Evolution of biodiversity and sympatric speciation through competition in a unimodal distribution of resources.PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2007,376:378-386.
[118]Tainaka K.Perturbation expansion and optimized death rate in a lattice ecosystem[J].Ecological Modelling,2003,163(1-2):73-85.
[119]Makowiec D.Penna model of biological aging on a lattice[J].ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B,2000,31(5):1037-1049.
[120]Makowiec D.Penna model of biological aging on a lattice[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2001,289(1-2):208-222.
[121]Duda A,Dys P,Nowicka A,et al.Effect of inherited genetic information on stochastic predator-prey model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(8):1527-1538.
[122]He MF,Lin J,Jiang H,et al.The two populations' cellular automata model with predation based on the Penna model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2002,312(1-2):243-250.
[123]Zia RKP,Astalos RJ.Statistics of an age structured population with two competing species:Analytic and Monte Carlo studies[J].COMPUTER SIMULATION STUDIES IN CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS XIV,2002,89:235-254.
[124]He MF,Ruan HB,Yu CL.A predator-prey model based on the fully parallel cellular automata[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(9):1237-1249.
[125]Luz-Burgoa K,Dell T,de Oliveira SM.Computer simulations of sympatric speciation in a simple food web[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(1):011914.
[126]Dudek MR.Lotka-Volterra population model of genetic evolution[J].COMMUNICATIONS IN COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS,2007,2(6):1174-1183.
[127]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.The Penna model for biological ageing on a lattice:spatial consequences of child-care[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1999,9(2):365-369.
[128]de Oliveira SM.Consequences of parental care on population dynamics[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):140-144.
[129]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM,Stauffer D.Applications and sexual version of a simple model for biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2001,12(10):1477-1483.
[130]Magdon-Maksymowicz M.Simulation of a horizontal and vertical disease spread in population[J].Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2004,3039:750-757.
[131]Magdon-Maksymowicz MS,Maksymowicz AZ,Goldasz J.Simulation of mad cow disease propagation[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(2):213-222.
[132]He M,Wang S.A study of immunity based on Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(4):479-492.
[133]Coe JB,Mao Y,Cates ME.Solvable senescence model showing a mortality plateau[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS,2002,89(28):288103.
[134]Coe JB,Mao Y.Analytical solution of a generalized Penna model[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2003,67(6):061909.
[135]Coe JB,Mao Y.Population dynamics in the Penna model[J],PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,69(4):041907.
[136]Coe JB,Mao Y,Cates ME.Solvable senescence model with positive mutations[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,70(2):021907.
[137]Coe JB,Mao Y.Gompertz mortality law and scaling behavior of the Penna model[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(5):051925.
[138]Preece T,Mao Y.Anomalies and the Eve effect in the asexual Penna model[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2006,74(5):051915.
[139]Haddad DN,Penna TJP.Anomalous relaxation of the Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2008,19(4):671-676.
[140]Li CG,Maini PK.Complex networks generated by the Penna Bit-String model:Emergence of small-world and assortative mixing[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(4):045102.
[141]Chen F,Li CG.Transmission of sexually transmitted disease in complex network of the Penna model.JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT,2007,:P04006.
[142]Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Altruism and antagonistic pleiotropy in Penna ageing model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2005,123(3):235-241.
[143]He MF,Yu BL,Chen LY,et al.Population evolution model with the wealth of the.individual based on Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(5):807-814.
[144]Schwammle V.Simulation for competition of languages with an aging sexual population[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(10):1519-1526.
[145]Sun Q,Luo LD,Li B,et al.Opinion evolution on the Sznajd model with family influence and age threshold[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(11):1745-1752.
[146]Schwammle V.Phase transition:in a sexual age-structured model of learning foreign languages[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(1):103-111.
[147]He MF,Pan XW,Mu XJ,et al.New learning strategies in Bustillos and Oliveira model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(10):1415-1427.
[148]Stauffer D.Why sex-Are men useful for anything?[J].COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 1,1999,(1):78-80.
[149]Stauffer D,Proykova A,Lampe KH.Monte Carlo simulation of age-dependent host-parasite relations[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2007,384:387-391.
[150]Brigatti E,Martins JSS,Roditi I.Sharp gene pool transition in a population affected by phenotype-based selective hunting[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2005,45(4):529-532.
[151]Gultepe E,Kurnaz ML.Monte Carlo simulation and statistical analysis of genetic information coding[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2005,357(3-4):525-533.
[152]Cebrat S,Pekalski A,Scharf F.Monte Carlo simulations of the inside intron recombination[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(2):305-314.
[153]Diana G,Cebrat S,Stauffer D,et al.Why are diploid genomes widespread and dominant mutations rare?[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2007,126(2-3):47-52.
[154]Magdon MS,Maksymowicz AZ.Penna model in migrating population-effect of environmental factor and genetics[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):182-189.
[155]Magdon MS.Effect of migration on population dynamics[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1999,10(6):1163-1174.
[156]Maksymowicz AZ,Gronek P,Alda W,et al.Population growth in the Penna model for migrating population[J].HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING,PROCEEDINGS,2000,1823:588-591.
[157]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.An unusual antagonistic pleiotropy in the Penna model for biological ageing[J].PHYSICA A,2001,294(3-4):431-438.
[158]de Oliveira ACS,Martins SGE,Zacarias MS.Computer simulation of the coffee leaf miner using sexual Penna aging model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2008,387(2-3):476-484.
[159]Bonkowska K,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.Microscopic modeling the demographic changes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(10):\1477-1484.
[160]PENNA TJP,DE OLIVEIRA SM.EXACT RESULTS OF THE BIT-STRING MODEL FOR CATASTROPHIC SENESCENCE[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(12):1697-1703.
[161]Ito N.Analytic approach for age-structured populations with genetic mutations[J].PHYSICA A,1996,232(1-2):134-144.
[162]Meisgen F.Dynamic load balancing for simulations of biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1997,8(3):575-582.
[163]de Almeida RMC,de Oliveira SM,Penna TJP.Theoretical approach to biological aging[J].PHYSICA A,1998,253(1-4):366-378.
[164]Giarola LTP,Martins SGF,Costa MCPT.Computer simulation of Aphis gossypii insects using Penna aging model.PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2006,368(1):147-154.
[165]Cebrat S,Bonkowska K,Biecek P.Pandemics and immune memory in the noisy Penna model[J].Noise and Fluctuations in Biological,Biophysical,and Biomedical Systems,2007,6602:6020.
[166]Vandewalle N.The effect of sexual cannibalism on the evolution of large populations[J].PHYSICA A,1997,245(1-2):113-123.
[167]Lobo MP,Onody RN.Ploidy,sex and crossing over in an evolutionary aging model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2006,361(1):239-249.
[168]Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Gamete recognition and complementary haplotypes in sexual Penna ageing model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2008,19(2):259-265.
[169]Dzwinel W,Yuen DA.Aging in hostile environment modeled by cellular automata with genetic dynamics[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(3):357-376.
[170]Pletcher SD,Neuhauser C.Biological aging-Criteria for modeling and a new mechanistic model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(3):525-546.
[171]Magdon-Maksymowicz M.On Penna model of population evolution[J].TASK Quarterly,2000,4(1):5-18.
[172]Mikolaj S.Population structure in the Penna model[J].TASK Quarterly,7,2003,(2):263-9.
[173]de Oliveira SM.Evolution,ageing and speciation:Monte Carlo simulations of biological systems[J].BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2004,34(3B):1066-1076.
[174]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT,et al.Siblings of centenarians live longer:a computer simulation[J].LANCET,1998,352(9131):911.
[175]Desai RC,James F,Lui E.Biological ageing:A Bit-String model with fertility and fecundity[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1999,118(2):97-112.
[176]Orcal B,Tuzel E,Sevim V,et al.Testing a hypothesis for the evolution of sex[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(5):973-986.
[177]Schwammle V,Luz-Burgoa K,Martins JSS,et al.Phase transition in a mean-field model for sympatric speciation[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2006,369(2):612-618.
[178]Luz-Burgoa K,de Oliveira SM,Schwammle V,et al.Thermodynamic behavior of a phase transition in a model for sympatric speciation[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2006,74(2):021910.
[179]Malarz K,Stauffer D.Search for bottleneck effects in Penna ageing and Schulze language model[J].ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS,2008.11(1):165-169.
[180]de Oliveira SM.A small review of the Penna model for biological ageing[J].PHYSICA A,1998,257(1-4):465-469.
[181]Cebrat S.Penna model from the perspective of one geneticist[J].PHYSICA A,1998,258(3-4):493-498.
[182]Raab A.Comment on“A Bit-String model for biological aging”[J].JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS,1998,91(5-6):1055-1060.
[183]Stauffer D.Interdisciplinary applications of computational statistical physics[J].AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,1999,67(12):1207-1211.
[184]Penna TJP,Racco A,de Menezes MA.Getting older with computers[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,1999,122:108-112.
[185]Ausloos M,Kramer M,Vandewalle N.Evolution on trees:a brief review about the extinctions of species,and the case of genocide in a Darwinistic punctuated equilibrium evolution model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,1999,273(1-2):33-45.
[186]Pletcher SD,Neuhauser C.Biological aging - Criteria for modeling and a new mechanistic model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(3):525-546.
[187]de Oliveira SM,Alves D,Martins JSS.Evolution and ageing[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2000,285(1-2):77-100.
[188]de Oliveira PMC.Evolutionary computer simulations[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2002,306(1-4):351-358.
[189]Dasgupta S.Computer simulation of biological ageing - A bird's-eye view[J].PHYSICA SCRIPTA T,2003,106:19-20.
[190]de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS,de Oliveira PMC,et al.The Penna model for biological aging and speciation[J].COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,2004,6(3):74-81.
[191]Stauffer D.The complexity of biological ageing[M]//NovakMM.Electronic resources:THINKING IN PATTERNS.Singapore:World Scientific,2004:131-142.
[192]Stauffer D.Teaching computational bio-socio-econo-physics[J].EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2005,26(5):S79-S84.
[193]Cebrat S,Laszkiewicz A.Monte Carlo simulations of the age structure of the human population[J].J Insur Med,2005,37(1):3-12.
[194]Stauffer D.Cellular automata:Applications - Invited talk[J].VECTOR AND PARALLEL PROCESSING - VECPAR,2001,1981:199-206.
[195]ruzel E,Sevim V,Erzan A.Evolutionary route to diploidy and sex[J].PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,2001,98(24):13774-13777.
[192]D Mollison(ed.),Epidemic Models[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[193]hethcote H W,Ma Liao S.Effects of quarantine in six endemic models for infectious diseases[J].Math.Biosci.,2002,180:141-160.
[194]Wang W,Mulnoe G.Threshold of disease transmission in a path environments[J].J.Math.Anal.Appl.,2003,285:321-335.
[195]Brauer F.Models for dieases with vertical transmission and nonlinear population dynamics[J].Math.Biosci.,1995,128:13-24.
[196]Wachter KW,Finch CE.Between Zeus and the Salmon-The Biodemography of Longevity[M].Washington DC:National Academy Press,1997.
[197]Wang Xiaoyun,Fu Jihua.Song Dong.Epidemic Evolution of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Shandong Province[J].Disease Surveillance,1998,13(8):294-295.
[198]徐文兵.某些传染病系统的建模、分析与控制研究[D].北京:北京信息控制研究所,2007.
[199]王勤环,郭雁宾.传染病学(第3版)[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2008.
[200]D Mollison,Epidemic Models[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[201]hethcote H W,Ma Liao S.Effects of quarantine in six endemic models for infectious diseases[J].Math.Biosci.,2002,180:141-160.
[202]Wang W,Mulnoe G.Threshold of disease transmission in a path environments[J].J.Math.Anal.Appl.,2003,285:321-3315.
[203]Brauer F.Models for dieases with vertical transmission and nonlinear population dynamics[J].Math.Biosci.,1995,128:13-24.
[204]Busenberg S N,Hadeler K P.Demography and epidemics[J].Math.Biosci.,1990,101:63-74.
[205]Greenhalgh D.Vaccination campaigns for common childhood dieases[J].Math.Biosci.,1990,100:201-240.
[206]Beretta E,Hara T,et al.Global asymptotic stability of an SIR epidemic model with distributed time delay[J].Nonlinear Analysis,2001,47:4107-4115.
[207]Yuan S,Ma Z.Global stability and hopf bifurcation of an SIS epidemic model with time delays[J].Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,2001,14:327-336.
[208]D'Onofrio A.Stability properties of pulse vaccination strategy in SEIR epidemic model [J].Math.Biosci.,2002,179:57-72.
[209]Shulgin B,Stone L,Agur Z.Pulse vaccination strategy in the Sir epidemic model[J].Bull.Math.Biol.,1998,60:1123-1148.
[210]Stone L,Shulgin B,Agur Z.Theoretical examination of the pulse vaccination policy in the SIR epidemic model[J].Math.Comput.Modelling,2000,31:207-215.
[211]Hui J,Chen h.Impulsive vaccination of SIR epidemic models with nonlinear incidence rates[J].Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems,series B 2004,4:595-605.
[212]D'Onofrio A.On pulse vaccination strategy in the SIR epidemic model with vertical transmission[J].Appl.Math.Letters,2005,18:729-732.
[213]Roberts M G,Kao R R.The dynamics of an infectious disease in a population with birth pulses[J].Math.Biosci.,1998,149:23-36.
[214]Ahmed E,Agiza HN.On modelling epidemics Including latency,incubation and variable susceptibility[J].Physica A,1998,253:347-352.
[215]Isaacs A.The Macmillan encyclopedia[M].London:Macmillan,1983.
[216]Bray NJ,Preece A,Williams NM,et al.Haplotypes at the dystrobrevin binding protein 1(DTNBP1) gene locus mediate risk for schizophrenia through reduced DTNBP1 expression[J].Human Molecular Genetics,2005,14(14):1947-1954.
[217]Zimmer C.The search for intelligence[J].Scientific American,2008,299(4):68-75.
[218]Plomin R,Spinath FM.Intelligence:genetics,genes,and genomics[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2004,86(1):112-29.
[219]Teevan RC,Birney RC,Readings for Introductory Psychology[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace ＆ World,1965.
[220]Ridley M.Genome:The Autobiography of A Species in 23 Chapters[M].New York:HarDer Perennial,2006.
[221]Steen RG.DNAand Destiny:Nature & Nurture in Human Behavior[M].New York:Plenum Press,1996.
[222]国家海洋局海洋发展战略研究所课题组.中国海洋发展报告[M].北京:海洋出版社,2007.
[223]中华人民共和国渔业法.http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/law/647631.htm[EB/OL].(2004,8,29).
[224]Partridge L,Barton NH.Optimality,mutation and the evolution of ageing[J].Nature,1993,362:305-311.
[225]Stauffer D.Monte Carlo simulations of biological ageing[J].Braz.J.Phys.,1994,24:900-906.
[226]de Oliveira SM,de Oliveira PMC,Stauffer D.Evolution,Money,War and Computers[M].Teubner:Stuttgart-Leipzig,1999.
[227]Droz M,Pekalski A.Coexistence in a predator-prey system[J].Phys.Rev.E,2001,63:051909.
[228]Cannas SA,Marco DE,Paez SA.Modelling biological invasions:species traits,species interactions,and habitat heterogeneity[J].Mathematical Biosciences,2003,183:93-110.
[229]Tavare S,Marshall CR,Will O,Soligo C,Martin RD,Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates[J].Nature,2002,416:726-729.
[230]Thomson R,Pritchard JK,Shen P,Oefner PJ,Feldman MW.Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes:Evidence from DNA sequence data[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,2000,97:7360-7365.
[231]Kaessmann H,Heiβig F,yon Haeseler A,P(a|¨)(a|¨)bo S.DNA sequence variation in a non-coding region of low recombination on the human X chromosome[J].Nature,1999,22:78-81.
[232]Barry AE,Leliwa A,Choi M,Nielsen KM,Hartl DL,Day KP.DNA sequence artifacts and the estimation of time to the most recent common ancestor(TMRCA) of Plasmodium falciparum [J].Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology,2003,130:143-147.
[233]Rohde DLT,Olson S,Chang JT.Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans [J].Nature,2004,431:562-566.
[234]Coop G,Griffiths RC.Ancestral inference on gene trees under selection[J].Theoretical Population Biology,2004,66:219-232.
[235]Zhaxybayeva O,Gogarten JP,Cladogenesis,Coalescence and the Evolution of the Three Domains of Life[J].TRENDS in Genetics,2004,20:182-187.
[236]Wakeley J,Aliacar N.Gene genealogies in a metapopulation[J].Genetics 2001,159:893-905.
[237]Harpending HC,Batzer MA,Gurven M,Jorde LB,Rogers AR,Sherry ST.Genetic traces of ancient demography[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1998,95:1961-1967.
[238]Slade PF.Simulation of Selected Genealogies[J].Theoretical Population Biology,2000,57:35-49.
[239]Chang JT.Recent common ancestors of all present-day individuals[J].Adv.Appl.Probab.,1999,31:1002-1026,1027-1038.
[240]Tilman D,Reich PB,Knops JMH.Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment[J].Nature,2006,441:629-632.
[241]Emerson BC,Kolm N.Species diversity can drive speciation[J].Nature,2005,434:1015-1017.
[242]Vellend M.Species diversity and genetic diversity:parallel processes and correlated patterns[J].The American Naturalist,2005,166:199-215.
[243]Rauch EM,Bar-Yam Y.Theory predicts the uneven distribution of genetic diversity within species[J].Nature,2004,431:449-452.
[244]Prendergast JR,Quinn RM,Lavrton JH,Eversham BC,Gibbons DW.Rare species,the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies[J].Nature,1993,365:335-337.
[245]Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mitterneier CG,da Fonseca GAB,Kent J.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities[J].Nature,2000,403:853-858.
[246]Gaston KJ.Global patterns in biodiversity[J].Nature,2000,405:220-227.
[247]Ehrlich PR,Wilson EO.Biodiversity studies:Science and Policy[J].Science,1991,253:758-761.
[248]Faith DP.Genetic diversity and taxonomic priorities for conservation[J].Biol.Conserv.,1994,68:69-74.
[249]Shannon CE.A mathematical theory of communication[J].The Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27:379-423 and 623-656.
[2]Stauffer D,de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,et al.Monte Carlo simulations of sexual reproduction[J].PHYSICA A,1996,231(4):504-514.
[3]deOliveira SM,Penna TJP,Stauffer D.SIMULATING THE VANISHING OF NORTHERN COD FISH[J].PHYSICA A,1995,215(3):298-304.
[4]Feingold SJ.Monte Carlo simulation of Alaska wolf survival[J].PHYSICA A,1996,231(4):499-503.
[5]Makowiec D.Dynamical properties of the Penna aging model applied to the population of wolves[J].PHYSICA A,1997,245(1-2):99-112.
[6]Feingold SJ.Caribou overgrazing in the absence of predators[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(2):295-300.
[7]Penna TJP,Racco A,Sousa AO.Can microscopic models for age-structured populations contribute to ecology[J].PHYSICA A,2001,295(1-2):31-37.
[8]Puhl H,Stauffer D,Roux S.AGING,WAR AND PREDATORS[J].PHYSICA A,1995,221(4):445-452.
[9]Cebrat S,Kakol J.The effect of social alliances on wolf population on their survival under hunting[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1997,8(2):417-425.
[10]Piza AFRD.Dynamics of the Bit-String model of age structured populations[J].PHYSICA A,1997,242(1-2):195-218.
[11]Maksymowicz AZ,Bubak M,Zajac K,et al.Simulation of aging with an extended Penna model[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,1999,121-122:113-115.
[12]Maksymowicz AZ.Influence of variations in threshold of bad mutations on age structure of the population[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):150-157.
[13]Stauffer D.Probabilistic generalization of Penna ageing model and the oldest old[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1999,10(7):1363-1365..
[14]Maksymowicz AZ,Bubak M,Zajac K,et al.Computer simulation of ageing with an extended Penna model[J].HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING,PROCEEDINGS,1999,1593:43-49.
[15]Malarz K.Searching for scaling in the Penna Bit-String model of biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(2):309-315.
[16]Dabkowski J,Groth M,Makowiec D.Verhulst factor in the Penna model of biological aging[J].ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B,2000,31(5):1027-1035.
[17]Niewczas E,Kurdziel A,Cebrat S.Housekeeping genes and death genes in the Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(4):775-783.
[18]Martins JSS,Cebrat S.Random deaths in a computational model for age-structured populations[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2000,119(2):156-165.
[19]Magdon-Maksymowicz M,Maksymowicz AZ,Kulakowski K.Biological ageing with birth rate controlled by mutations in the Penna model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2000,119(2):139-144.
[20]De Almeida RMC,Thomas GL.Scaling in a continuous time model for biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(6):1209-1224.
[21]Martins JSS,Stauffer D.Justification of sexual reproduction by modified Penna model of ageing[J].PHYSICA A,2001,294(1-2):191-194.
[22]Stauffer D,Radomski JP.Social effects in simple computer model of aging[J].EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY,2001,37(1):175-180.
[23]Maksymowicz AZ.Simulation of population growth and structure of the population[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,2002,147(1-2):577-581.
[24]Magdon-Maksymowicz MS,Sitarz M,Bubak M,et al.Effect of time slowing in biological ageing[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,2002,147(1-2):621-624.
[25]Magdon-Maksymowicz MS,Bubak M,Maksymowicz AZ.Biological time scale and ageing in the Penna model[J].PARALLEL PROCESSING APPLIED MATHEMATICS,2002,2328:888-895.
[26]Luz-Burgoa K,de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS,et al.Computer simulation of sympatric speciation with Penna ageing model[J].BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2003,33(3):623-627.
[27]de Oliveira SM,Stauffer D,de Oliveira PMC,et al.Positive mutations and mutation-dependent Verhulst factor in Penna ageing model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2004,332:380-386.
[28]Bustillos AT,de Oliveira PMC.Evolutionary model with genetics,aging,and knowledge[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,69(2):021903.
[29]Malarz K,Sitarz M,Gronek P,et al.Size of the stable population in the Penna Bit-String model of biological aging[J].Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2004,3037:638-641.
[30]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS.Penna Bit-String model with constant population[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(2):301-305.
[31]Brigatti E,Martins JSS,Roditi I.Scaling properties of the Penna model[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2004,42(3):431-434.
[32]Kim GO,Shim S.A modified Penna model for biological aging[J].Key Engineering Materials,2005,277-279:130-136.
[33]Kim GO,Shim S.Self-organization of aging in a modified Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(10):1377-1386.
[34]Kim GO,Shim S.A study of biological aging by using a modified Penna model[J].Sae Mulli,2004,49(5):445-9.
[35]Laszkiewicz A,Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Scaling effects in the Penna ageing model[J].ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS,2005,8(1):7-14.
[36]Biecek P,Cebrat S.Fluctuations,environment,mutations accumulation and ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(6):923-931.
[37]Biecek P,Cebrat S.Immunity in the noisy Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(12):1823-1829..
[38]Cebrat S,Biecek P,Bonkbwsk K,et al.White noise and synchronization shaping the age structure of the human population[J].Noise and Fluctuations in Biological,Biophysical,and Biomedical Systems,2007,6602:06020.
[39]THOMS J,DONAHUE P,JAN N.SENESCENCE FROM REPRODUCTION[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(8):935-940.
[40]de Oliveira SM,de Oliveira PMC,Stauffer D.MODELING THE OLDEST-OLD[J].PHYSICA A,1995,221(4):453-459.
[41]Bernardes AT.Strategies for reproduction and ageing[J].ANNALEN DER PHYSIK,1996,5(6):539-550.
[42]Stauffer D.Getting older-Monte Carlo simulations of biological aging[J].Computers in Physics,1996,10(4):341-8.
[43]de Almeida RMC,Moukarzel C.Aging and sexual reproduction[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,1998,257(1-4):10-20.
[44]Laszkiewicz A,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.The oldest old and the population heterogeneity[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(10):1355-1362.
[45]PENNA TJP,DEOLIVEIRA SM,STAUFFER D.MUTATION ACCUMULATION AND THE CATASTROPHIC SENESCENCE OF THE PACIFIC SALMON[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,1995,52(4):R3309-R3312.
[46]Ito N.Reproduction risk and self-organization of fertility[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C-PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS,1996,7(1):107-112.
[47]Redfield RJ.Male mutations and the cost of sex for males[J].Nature,1994,369:145-147.
[48]deMenezes MA,Racco A,Penna TJP.Why trees live longer?[J].PHYSICA A,1996,233 (1-2):221-225.
[49]Bernardes AT.Can males contribute to the genetic improvement of a species?[J].JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS,1997,86(1-2):431-439.
[50]Dasgupta S.Genetic crossing vs cloning by computer simulation[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1997,8(3):605-608.
[51]Martins SGF,Penna TJP.Computer simulation of sexual selection on age-structured populations[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(3):491-496.
[52]Martins JSS,De Oliveira SM.Why sex?-Monte Carlo simulations of survival after catastrophes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(3):421-432.
[53]Altevolmer AK.Virginia opossums,minimum reproduction age and predators in the Penna aging model.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1999,10(4):717-721.
[54]Stauffer D.Why care about sex?Some Monte Carlo justification[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,1999,273(1-2):132-139.
[55]Pekalski A.Model of evolution with sexual and non-sexual reproduction[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2000,13(4):791-796.
[56]Martins JSS.Simulated coevolution in a mutating ecology[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2000,61(3):R2212-R2215.
[57]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT.Simulating inbreeding depression through the mutation accumulation theory[J].PHYSICA A,2000,278(3-4):563-570.
[58]Stauffer D,de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,et al.Computer Simulations for Biological Ageing and Sexual Reproduction[J].Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias,2001,73(1):15-32.
[59]Dasgupta S.Fluctuation of population in Penna model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120(1):29-32.
[60]Stauffer D,de Oliviera PMC,de Oliveira SM,et al.Computer simulations for biological aging and sexual reproduction[J].Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias,2001,73(1):15-32.
[61]Pekalski A,Sznajd-Weron K.Population dynamics with and without selection[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2001,6303(3):031903.
[62]Stauffer D,Martins JSS,de Oliveira SM.On the uselessness of men-Comparison of sexual and asexual reproduction[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(7):1305-1312.
[63]Martins JSS,Racco A.Simulated emergence of cyclic sexual-asexual reproduction[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2001,297(3-4):485-494.
[64]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS.Evolutionary advantage of diploidal over polypoidal sexual reproduction[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2003,67(3):032903.
[65]de Oliveira SM,de Oliveira PMC,Stauffer D.Bit-String models for parasex[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2003 322(1-4):521-530.
[66]Laszkiewicz A,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.Speciation effect in the Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(6):765-774.
[67]He MF,Yu CL,Ruan HB,et al.Evolution of population with sexual and asexual reproduction in changing environment[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(2):289-299.
[68]Bonkowska K,Kula M,Cebrat S,et al.Inbreeding and outbreeding depressions in the Penna model as a result of crossover frequency[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2007,18(8):1329-1338.
[69]BERNARDES AT.MUTATIONAL MELTDOWN IN LARGE SEXUAL POPULATIONS[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(11):1501-1515.
[70]Bernardes AT.Mutation load and the extinction of large populations[J].PHYSICA A,1996,230(1-2):156-173.
[71]Stauffer D.Review of biological ageing on the computer[J].Biological Evolution and Statistical Physics,2000,585(1):255-267.
[72]Colonius K.The dauer mutation of the Caenorhabditis elegans,simulated with the Penna and the Stauffer models[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2004,15(7):939-945.
[72]Berntsen KN.Age-of-parent dependent mutation rate and weak children in the Penna model in biological ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C-PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS,1996,7(5):731-737.
[74]Penna TJP,Stauffer D.Bit-String ageing model and German population[J].ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIK B-CONDENSED MATTER,1996,101(3):469-470.
[75]Pal KF.Extinction of small populations in the Bit-String model of biological ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1996,7(6):899-908.
[76]Penna TJP,Wolf D.Computer simulations of the difference between male and female death rates[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1997,116(2):118-124.
[77]Racco A,de Menezes MA,Penna TJP.Search for an unitary mortality law through a theoretical model for biological ageing[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1998,117(2):101-108.
[78]Medeiros G,Idiart MA,de Almeida RMC.Selection experiments in the Penna model for biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(7):1283-1295.
[79]Huang ZF,Stauffer D.Stochastic Penna model for biological aging[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120(1):21-28.
[80]Pletcher SD,Neuhauser C.Biological aging-Criteria for modeling and a new mechanistic model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(3):525-546.
[81]Laszkiewicz A,Niewczas E,Szymczak S,et al.Higher mortality of the youngest organisms predicted by the Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2002,13(7):967-973.
[82]Schwammle V,de Oliveira SM.Simulations of a mortality plateau in the sexual Penna model for biological aging[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(3):031911.
[83]Bernardes AT,Moreira,JG,Castro-e-Silva A.Simulation of chaotic behaviour in population dynamics[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1998,1(3):393-396.
[84]Castro-e-Silva A,Bernardes AT.Analysis of chaotic behaviour in the population dynamics[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2001,301(1-4):63-70.
[85]Fehsenfeld KM,Dickman R,Bernardes AT.Survival-extinction phase transition in a Bit-String population with mutation[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2003,67(3):031915.
[86]De Menezes MA,Racco A,Penna TJP.Strategies of reproduction and longevity[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(6):787-791.
[87]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT,et al.Monte Carlo simulation of inherited longevity[J].PHYSICA A,1999,262(1-2):242-248.
[88]de Oliveira PM,de Oliveira SM,Stauffer D,et al.Penna ageing model and improvement of medical care in 20th century[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):145-149.
[89]Niewczas E,Cebrat S,Stauffer D.The influence of the medical care on the human life expectancy in 20(th) century and the Penna ageing model[J].THEORY IN BI0SCIENCES,2000,119( 2):122-131.
[90]Laszkiewicz A,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.Prediction of the human life expectancy[J].THEORY
IN BI0SCIENCES,2003,122( 4):313-320.
[91]Droz M,Pekalski A.Dynamics of populations in a changing environment.Phys Rev E,
2002,65:051911.
[92]Nowicka A,Duda A,Dudek MR.Effect of variable surrounding on species creation[J].
C0MPTES RENDUS BIOLOGIES,2004,327( 3):283-292.
[93]Stauffer D,Arndt H.Simulation and experiment of extinction or adaptation of
biological species after temperature changes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS
C,2005,16( 3):389-392.
[94]deOliveira PMC,deOliveira SM,Stauffer D.Searching for Eve through Monte Carlo
simulations of biFological ageing[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1997,116( 1):3-10.
[95]De Oliveira SM,De Medeiros GA,De Oliveira PMC.Studying the number of lineages through
Monte Carlo simulations of biological ageing[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS
C,1998,9( 6):809-813.
[96]Makowiec D,Dabkowski J,Groth M.The Eve effect in the Penna model of biological ageing
[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273( 1-2):169-181.
[97]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Radomski JP.Simulating the mitochondrial DNA
inheritance[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120( 2):77-86.
[98]de Oliveira PMC,Martins JSS,Stauffer D,et al.Simple Bit-String model for lineage
branching.PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,70( 5):051910.
[99]Sitarz M,Maksymowicz A.Divergent evolution paths of different genetic families in
the Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16( 12):1917-1925.
[100]Schneider J,Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Why do women live longer than men? A Monte Carlo
simulation of Penna-type models with X and Y chromosomes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9( 5):721-725.
[101]Stauffer D.Self-organisation of testosteron level in Penna-Klotz ageing model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2001,120(2):87-91.
[102]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM.Simulating male selfish strategy in reproduction dispute[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(2):241-245.
[103]Sousa AO.Simulation of reproductive risk and emergence of female reproductive cessation[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2003,326(1-2):233-240.
[104]Ticona A,Penna TJP.Simulation of zahavi's handicap principle[J].BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2003,33(3):619-622.
[105]Nazareno GF,de Medeiros,Roberto NO,Heumann-Hotzel model for aging revisited[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2001,64(4):041915.
[106]Lobo MP,Onody RN.Degeneration of the Y chromosome in evolutionary aging models[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2005,45(4):533-537.
[107]Biecek P,Cebrat S.Why Y chromosome is shorter and women live longer?[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2008,65(1):149-153.
[108]THOMS J,DONAHUE P,HUNTER D,et al.AGING-PARENTAL CARE AND REPRODUCTION STRATEGIES[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(12):1689-1695.
[109]Fehsenfeld KM,Martins JSS,de Oliveira SM,et al.Semelparous Penna ageing model with parental care[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1998,9(7):935-941.
[110]de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT,Martins JSS.Self-organisation of female menopause in populations with child-care and reproductive risk[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1999,7(3):501-504.s
[111]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.High reproduction rate versus sexual fidelity[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1999,10(4):781-785.
[112]Bernardes AT,Stauffer D.Monte Carlo simulation of ageing:Beyond Bit-String models[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C-PHYSICS AND COMPUTERS,1995,6(6):789-806.
[113]Malarz K.The risk of extinction-the mutational meltdown or the overpopulation[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2007,125(2):147-156.
[114]Martins JSS,de Oliveira SM,de Medeiros GA.Simulated ecology-driven sympatric speciation[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2001,6402(2):021906.
[115]Sousa AO.Sympatric speciation in an age-structured population living on a lattice[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2004,39(4):521-525.
[116]Schwammle V,Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.Monte Carlo simulations of parapatric speciation[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2006,51(4):563-570.
[117]Brigatti E,Martins JSS,Roditi I.Evolution of biodiversity and sympatric speciation through competition in a unimodal distribution of resources.PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2007,376:378-386.
[118]Tainaka K.Perturbation expansion and optimized death rate in a lattice ecosystem[J].Ecological Modelling,2003,163(1-2):73-85.
[119]Makowiec D.Penna model of biological aging on a lattice[J].ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B,2000,31(5):1037-1049.
[120]Makowiec D.Penna model of biological aging on a lattice[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2001,289(1-2):208-222.
[121]Duda A,Dys P,Nowicka A,et al.Effect of inherited genetic information on stochastic predator-prey model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(8):1527-1538.
[122]He MF,Lin J,Jiang H,et al.The two populations' cellular automata model with predation based on the Penna model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2002,312(1-2):243-250.
[123]Zia RKP,Astalos RJ.Statistics of an age structured population with two competing species:Analytic and Monte Carlo studies[J].COMPUTER SIMULATION STUDIES IN CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS XIV,2002,89:235-254.
[124]He MF,Ruan HB,Yu CL.A predator-prey model based on the fully parallel cellular automata[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2003,14(9):1237-1249.
[125]Luz-Burgoa K,Dell T,de Oliveira SM.Computer simulations of sympatric speciation in a simple food web[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(1):011914.
[126]Dudek MR.Lotka-Volterra population model of genetic evolution[J].COMMUNICATIONS IN COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS,2007,2(6):1174-1183.
[127]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.The Penna model for biological ageing on a lattice:spatial consequences of child-care[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,1999,9(2):365-369.
[128]de Oliveira SM.Consequences of parental care on population dynamics[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):140-144.
[129]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM,Stauffer D.Applications and sexual version of a simple model for biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2001,12(10):1477-1483.
[130]Magdon-Maksymowicz M.Simulation of a horizontal and vertical disease spread in population[J].Lecture Notes in Computer Science,2004,3039:750-757.
[131]Magdon-Maksymowicz MS,Maksymowicz AZ,Goldasz J.Simulation of mad cow disease propagation[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(2):213-222.
[132]He M,Wang S.A study of immunity based on Penna aging model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(4):479-492.
[133]Coe JB,Mao Y,Cates ME.Solvable senescence model showing a mortality plateau[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS,2002,89(28):288103.
[134]Coe JB,Mao Y.Analytical solution of a generalized Penna model[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2003,67(6):061909.
[135]Coe JB,Mao Y.Population dynamics in the Penna model[J],PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,69(4):041907.
[136]Coe JB,Mao Y,Cates ME.Solvable senescence model with positive mutations[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2004,70(2):021907.
[137]Coe JB,Mao Y.Gompertz mortality law and scaling behavior of the Penna model[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(5):051925.
[138]Preece T,Mao Y.Anomalies and the Eve effect in the asexual Penna model[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2006,74(5):051915.
[139]Haddad DN,Penna TJP.Anomalous relaxation of the Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2008,19(4):671-676.
[140]Li CG,Maini PK.Complex networks generated by the Penna Bit-String model:Emergence of small-world and assortative mixing[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2005,72(4):045102.
[141]Chen F,Li CG.Transmission of sexually transmitted disease in complex network of the Penna model.JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT,2007,:P04006.
[142]Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Altruism and antagonistic pleiotropy in Penna ageing model[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2005,123(3):235-241.
[143]He MF,Yu BL,Chen LY,et al.Population evolution model with the wealth of the.individual based on Penna model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(5):807-814.
[144]Schwammle V.Simulation for competition of languages with an aging sexual population[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(10):1519-1526.
[145]Sun Q,Luo LD,Li B,et al.Opinion evolution on the Sznajd model with family influence and age threshold[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(11):1745-1752.
[146]Schwammle V.Phase transition:in a sexual age-structured model of learning foreign languages[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(1):103-111.
[147]He MF,Pan XW,Mu XJ,et al.New learning strategies in Bustillos and Oliveira model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(10):1415-1427.
[148]Stauffer D.Why sex-Are men useful for anything?[J].COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 1,1999,(1):78-80.
[149]Stauffer D,Proykova A,Lampe KH.Monte Carlo simulation of age-dependent host-parasite relations[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2007,384:387-391.
[150]Brigatti E,Martins JSS,Roditi I.Sharp gene pool transition in a population affected by phenotype-based selective hunting[J].EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B,2005,45(4):529-532.
[151]Gultepe E,Kurnaz ML.Monte Carlo simulation and statistical analysis of genetic information coding[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2005,357(3-4):525-533.
[152]Cebrat S,Pekalski A,Scharf F.Monte Carlo simulations of the inside intron recombination[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(2):305-314.
[153]Diana G,Cebrat S,Stauffer D,et al.Why are diploid genomes widespread and dominant mutations rare?[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,2007,126(2-3):47-52.
[154]Magdon MS,Maksymowicz AZ.Penna model in migrating population-effect of environmental factor and genetics[J].PHYSICA A,1999,273(1-2):182-189.
[155]Magdon MS.Effect of migration on population dynamics[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1999,10(6):1163-1174.
[156]Maksymowicz AZ,Gronek P,Alda W,et al.Population growth in the Penna model for migrating population[J].HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING,PROCEEDINGS,2000,1823:588-591.
[157]Sousa AO,de Oliveira SM.An unusual antagonistic pleiotropy in the Penna model for biological ageing[J].PHYSICA A,2001,294(3-4):431-438.
[158]de Oliveira ACS,Martins SGE,Zacarias MS.Computer simulation of the coffee leaf miner using sexual Penna aging model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2008,387(2-3):476-484.
[159]Bonkowska K,Szymczak S,Cebrat S.Microscopic modeling the demographic changes[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2006,17(10):\1477-1484.
[160]PENNA TJP,DE OLIVEIRA SM.EXACT RESULTS OF THE BIT-STRING MODEL FOR CATASTROPHIC SENESCENCE[J].JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE I,1995,5(12):1697-1703.
[161]Ito N.Analytic approach for age-structured populations with genetic mutations[J].PHYSICA A,1996,232(1-2):134-144.
[162]Meisgen F.Dynamic load balancing for simulations of biological aging[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,1997,8(3):575-582.
[163]de Almeida RMC,de Oliveira SM,Penna TJP.Theoretical approach to biological aging[J].PHYSICA A,1998,253(1-4):366-378.
[164]Giarola LTP,Martins SGF,Costa MCPT.Computer simulation of Aphis gossypii insects using Penna aging model.PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2006,368(1):147-154.
[165]Cebrat S,Bonkowska K,Biecek P.Pandemics and immune memory in the noisy Penna model[J].Noise and Fluctuations in Biological,Biophysical,and Biomedical Systems,2007,6602:6020.
[166]Vandewalle N.The effect of sexual cannibalism on the evolution of large populations[J].PHYSICA A,1997,245(1-2):113-123.
[167]Lobo MP,Onody RN.Ploidy,sex and crossing over in an evolutionary aging model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2006,361(1):239-249.
[168]Cebrat S,Stauffer D.Gamete recognition and complementary haplotypes in sexual Penna ageing model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2008,19(2):259-265.
[169]Dzwinel W,Yuen DA.Aging in hostile environment modeled by cellular automata with genetic dynamics[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2005,16(3):357-376.
[170]Pletcher SD,Neuhauser C.Biological aging-Criteria for modeling and a new mechanistic model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(3):525-546.
[171]Magdon-Maksymowicz M.On Penna model of population evolution[J].TASK Quarterly,2000,4(1):5-18.
[172]Mikolaj S.Population structure in the Penna model[J].TASK Quarterly,7,2003,(2):263-9.
[173]de Oliveira SM.Evolution,ageing and speciation:Monte Carlo simulations of biological systems[J].BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2004,34(3B):1066-1076.
[174]de Oliveira PMC,de Oliveira SM,Bernardes AT,et al.Siblings of centenarians live longer:a computer simulation[J].LANCET,1998,352(9131):911.
[175]Desai RC,James F,Lui E.Biological ageing:A Bit-String model with fertility and fecundity[J].THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES,1999,118(2):97-112.
[176]Orcal B,Tuzel E,Sevim V,et al.Testing a hypothesis for the evolution of sex[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(5):973-986.
[177]Schwammle V,Luz-Burgoa K,Martins JSS,et al.Phase transition in a mean-field model for sympatric speciation[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2006,369(2):612-618.
[178]Luz-Burgoa K,de Oliveira SM,Schwammle V,et al.Thermodynamic behavior of a phase transition in a model for sympatric speciation[J].PHYSICAL REVIEW E,2006,74(2):021910.
[179]Malarz K,Stauffer D.Search for bottleneck effects in Penna ageing and Schulze language model[J].ADVANCES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS,2008.11(1):165-169.
[180]de Oliveira SM.A small review of the Penna model for biological ageing[J].PHYSICA A,1998,257(1-4):465-469.
[181]Cebrat S.Penna model from the perspective of one geneticist[J].PHYSICA A,1998,258(3-4):493-498.
[182]Raab A.Comment on“A Bit-String model for biological aging”[J].JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS,1998,91(5-6):1055-1060.
[183]Stauffer D.Interdisciplinary applications of computational statistical physics[J].AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,1999,67(12):1207-1211.
[184]Penna TJP,Racco A,de Menezes MA.Getting older with computers[J].COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS,1999,122:108-112.
[185]Ausloos M,Kramer M,Vandewalle N.Evolution on trees:a brief review about the extinctions of species,and the case of genocide in a Darwinistic punctuated equilibrium evolution model[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,1999,273(1-2):33-45.
[186]Pletcher SD,Neuhauser C.Biological aging - Criteria for modeling and a new mechanistic model[J].INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C,2000,11(3):525-546.
[187]de Oliveira SM,Alves D,Martins JSS.Evolution and ageing[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2000,285(1-2):77-100.
[188]de Oliveira PMC.Evolutionary computer simulations[J].PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS,2002,306(1-4):351-358.
[189]Dasgupta S.Computer simulation of biological ageing - A bird's-eye view[J].PHYSICA SCRIPTA T,2003,106:19-20.
[190]de Oliveira SM,Martins JSS,de Oliveira PMC,et al.The Penna model for biological aging and speciation[J].COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,2004,6(3):74-81.
[191]Stauffer D.The complexity of biological ageing[M]//NovakMM.Electronic resources:THINKING IN PATTERNS.Singapore:World Scientific,2004:131-142.
[192]Stauffer D.Teaching computational bio-socio-econo-physics[J].EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2005,26(5):S79-S84.
[193]Cebrat S,Laszkiewicz A.Monte Carlo simulations of the age structure of the human population[J].J Insur Med,2005,37(1):3-12.
[194]Stauffer D.Cellular automata:Applications - Invited talk[J].VECTOR AND PARALLEL PROCESSING - VECPAR,2001,1981:199-206.
[195]ruzel E,Sevim V,Erzan A.Evolutionary route to diploidy and sex[J].PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,2001,98(24):13774-13777.
[192]D Mollison(ed.),Epidemic Models[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[193]hethcote H W,Ma Liao S.Effects of quarantine in six endemic models for infectious diseases[J].Math.Biosci.,2002,180:141-160.
[194]Wang W,Mulnoe G.Threshold of disease transmission in a path environments[J].J.Math.Anal.Appl.,2003,285:321-335.
[195]Brauer F.Models for dieases with vertical transmission and nonlinear population dynamics[J].Math.Biosci.,1995,128:13-24.
[196]Wachter KW,Finch CE.Between Zeus and the Salmon-The Biodemography of Longevity[M].Washington DC:National Academy Press,1997.
[197]Wang Xiaoyun,Fu Jihua.Song Dong.Epidemic Evolution of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Shandong Province[J].Disease Surveillance,1998,13(8):294-295.
[198]徐文兵.某些传染病系统的建模、分析与控制研究[D].北京:北京信息控制研究所,2007.
[199]王勤环,郭雁宾.传染病学(第3版)[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2008.
[200]D Mollison,Epidemic Models[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[201]hethcote H W,Ma Liao S.Effects of quarantine in six endemic models for infectious diseases[J].Math.Biosci.,2002,180:141-160.
[202]Wang W,Mulnoe G.Threshold of disease transmission in a path environments[J].J.Math.Anal.Appl.,2003,285:321-3315.
[203]Brauer F.Models for dieases with vertical transmission and nonlinear population dynamics[J].Math.Biosci.,1995,128:13-24.
[204]Busenberg S N,Hadeler K P.Demography and epidemics[J].Math.Biosci.,1990,101:63-74.
[205]Greenhalgh D.Vaccination campaigns for common childhood dieases[J].Math.Biosci.,1990,100:201-240.
[206]Beretta E,Hara T,et al.Global asymptotic stability of an SIR epidemic model with distributed time delay[J].Nonlinear Analysis,2001,47:4107-4115.
[207]Yuan S,Ma Z.Global stability and hopf bifurcation of an SIS epidemic model with time delays[J].Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,2001,14:327-336.
[208]D'Onofrio A.Stability properties of pulse vaccination strategy in SEIR epidemic model [J].Math.Biosci.,2002,179:57-72.
[209]Shulgin B,Stone L,Agur Z.Pulse vaccination strategy in the Sir epidemic model[J].Bull.Math.Biol.,1998,60:1123-1148.
[210]Stone L,Shulgin B,Agur Z.Theoretical examination of the pulse vaccination policy in the SIR epidemic model[J].Math.Comput.Modelling,2000,31:207-215.
[211]Hui J,Chen h.Impulsive vaccination of SIR epidemic models with nonlinear incidence rates[J].Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems,series B 2004,4:595-605.
[212]D'Onofrio A.On pulse vaccination strategy in the SIR epidemic model with vertical transmission[J].Appl.Math.Letters,2005,18:729-732.
[213]Roberts M G,Kao R R.The dynamics of an infectious disease in a population with birth pulses[J].Math.Biosci.,1998,149:23-36.
[214]Ahmed E,Agiza HN.On modelling epidemics Including latency,incubation and variable susceptibility[J].Physica A,1998,253:347-352.
[215]Isaacs A.The Macmillan encyclopedia[M].London:Macmillan,1983.
[216]Bray NJ,Preece A,Williams NM,et al.Haplotypes at the dystrobrevin binding protein 1(DTNBP1) gene locus mediate risk for schizophrenia through reduced DTNBP1 expression[J].Human Molecular Genetics,2005,14(14):1947-1954.
[217]Zimmer C.The search for intelligence[J].Scientific American,2008,299(4):68-75.
[218]Plomin R,Spinath FM.Intelligence:genetics,genes,and genomics[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2004,86(1):112-29.
[219]Teevan RC,Birney RC,Readings for Introductory Psychology[M].New York:Harcourt,Brace ＆ World,1965.
[220]Ridley M.Genome:The Autobiography of A Species in 23 Chapters[M].New York:HarDer Perennial,2006.
[221]Steen RG.DNAand Destiny:Nature & Nurture in Human Behavior[M].New York:Plenum Press,1996.
[222]国家海洋局海洋发展战略研究所课题组.中国海洋发展报告[M].北京:海洋出版社,2007.
[223]中华人民共和国渔业法.http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/law/647631.htm[EB/OL].(2004,8,29).
[224]Partridge L,Barton NH.Optimality,mutation and the evolution of ageing[J].Nature,1993,362:305-311.
[225]Stauffer D.Monte Carlo simulations of biological ageing[J].Braz.J.Phys.,1994,24:900-906.
[226]de Oliveira SM,de Oliveira PMC,Stauffer D.Evolution,Money,War and Computers[M].Teubner:Stuttgart-Leipzig,1999.
[227]Droz M,Pekalski A.Coexistence in a predator-prey system[J].Phys.Rev.E,2001,63:051909.
[228]Cannas SA,Marco DE,Paez SA.Modelling biological invasions:species traits,species interactions,and habitat heterogeneity[J].Mathematical Biosciences,2003,183:93-110.
[229]Tavare S,Marshall CR,Will O,Soligo C,Martin RD,Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates[J].Nature,2002,416:726-729.
[230]Thomson R,Pritchard JK,Shen P,Oefner PJ,Feldman MW.Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes:Evidence from DNA sequence data[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,2000,97:7360-7365.
[231]Kaessmann H,Heiβig F,yon Haeseler A,P(a|¨)(a|¨)bo S.DNA sequence variation in a non-coding region of low recombination on the human X chromosome[J].Nature,1999,22:78-81.
[232]Barry AE,Leliwa A,Choi M,Nielsen KM,Hartl DL,Day KP.DNA sequence artifacts and the estimation of time to the most recent common ancestor(TMRCA) of Plasmodium falciparum [J].Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology,2003,130:143-147.
[233]Rohde DLT,Olson S,Chang JT.Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans [J].Nature,2004,431:562-566.
[234]Coop G,Griffiths RC.Ancestral inference on gene trees under selection[J].Theoretical Population Biology,2004,66:219-232.
[235]Zhaxybayeva O,Gogarten JP,Cladogenesis,Coalescence and the Evolution of the Three Domains of Life[J].TRENDS in Genetics,2004,20:182-187.
[236]Wakeley J,Aliacar N.Gene genealogies in a metapopulation[J].Genetics 2001,159:893-905.
[237]Harpending HC,Batzer MA,Gurven M,Jorde LB,Rogers AR,Sherry ST.Genetic traces of ancient demography[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1998,95:1961-1967.
[238]Slade PF.Simulation of Selected Genealogies[J].Theoretical Population Biology,2000,57:35-49.
[239]Chang JT.Recent common ancestors of all present-day individuals[J].Adv.Appl.Probab.,1999,31:1002-1026,1027-1038.
[240]Tilman D,Reich PB,Knops JMH.Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment[J].Nature,2006,441:629-632.
[241]Emerson BC,Kolm N.Species diversity can drive speciation[J].Nature,2005,434:1015-1017.
[242]Vellend M.Species diversity and genetic diversity:parallel processes and correlated patterns[J].The American Naturalist,2005,166:199-215.
[243]Rauch EM,Bar-Yam Y.Theory predicts the uneven distribution of genetic diversity within species[J].Nature,2004,431:449-452.
[244]Prendergast JR,Quinn RM,Lavrton JH,Eversham BC,Gibbons DW.Rare species,the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies[J].Nature,1993,365:335-337.
[245]Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mitterneier CG,da Fonseca GAB,Kent J.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities[J].Nature,2000,403:853-858.
[246]Gaston KJ.Global patterns in biodiversity[J].Nature,2000,405:220-227.
[247]Ehrlich PR,Wilson EO.Biodiversity studies:Science and Policy[J].Science,1991,253:758-761.
[248]Faith DP.Genetic diversity and taxonomic priorities for conservation[J].Biol.Conserv.,1994,68:69-74.
[249]Shannon CE.A mathematical theory of communication[J].The Bell System Technical Journal,1948,27:379-423 and 623-656.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |