新疆罗布泊地区末次冰期晚期的环境变化及其对全球变化的响应
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摘要
湖泊沉积物是过去气候和环境变化信息的重要载体之一,在重建不同时间尺度气候环境演化序列,探讨区域气候与环境变化对全球变化的响应及其驱动机制方面,湖泊沉积物的研究发挥着不可替代的作用。
罗布泊地处我国最大的内陆干旱盆地-塔里木盆地东部,是整个盆地海拔最低的地区,历史时期是众多水系的归宿地,曾经发育成我国最大的内陆湖泊并孕育了著名的“楼兰文明”。自十九世纪末以来就成为全世界科学家和探险家关注的重点区域。本文以罗布泊地区罗北洼地的CK-2钻孔(位置为91°03′E,40°47′N)为研究对象,在对沉积物中石膏和石盐矿物进行质谱-铀系定年的基础上,精确地测定了沉积物的磁化率、粒度、色度、碳酸盐、烧失量、有机碳及其同位素、环境地球化学元素等古气候和古环境的代用指标,并对各代用指标的气候和环境意义进行了细致的讨论和分析,并结合孢粉分析的结果,重建了末次冰盛期到全新世早期该地区的气候和环境变化序列,得出以下主要结论:
(1)依据各指标的相对波动将整个变化序列划分为四个阶段:31,900-19,200 yr B.P.和13,500-12,700 yr B.P.间为冷湿期,19,200-13,500 yr B.P.和12,700-9,100 yr B.P.间为暖干期。
(2)罗布泊地区的气候变化有不同于季风气候区的水热配置特点,即冷期湿润,暖期干旱。根据各代用指标在全新世早期的变化特征,提出了本地区干旱化的进程是自然变化的必然结果,人类活动只起到叠加作用的观点。
(3)利用统计学主因子分析的办法,对多种气候和环境代用指标进行信息集合的提取,定义第一主成分的值为气候变化的“暖干指数”,将指数应用到32-9ka BP的变化序列中,并与格陵兰冰芯、古里雅冰芯以及葫芦洞石笋氧同位素变化曲线进行了对比。结果发现北半球高纬度地区发生的千年尺度冷-暖事件,如海因里希事件(H1、H2、H3)和新仙女木冷事件以及Dansgaard-Oeschger暖事件(IS4、IS3、IS2和IS1)等在新疆罗布泊湖相沉积物的记录中均得到了响应。这表明晚更新世晚期以来全球气候变化的不稳定性,同样对本研究地区有着深远的影响,其气候变化在千年尺度上受到了全球变化的制约。这种制约突显出地球是一个完整的气候-环境系统,并且为全球不同气候系统之间相互影响的研究提供了新的证据。
(4)针对罗布泊湖相沉积记录的过程以及其特性,提出了全球气候变化的信号传输到本地区的可能机制,即轨道要素变化导致的全球冷暖变化影响了北半球高纬度的大气环流,这些气团的南下活动影响了西风环流的位置和强度的变化,而罗布泊地区正是一个典型的西风带气候区。在冰期阶段北半球极地气团和西伯利亚高压影响范围向南扩大,迫使西风环流南移,同时强度增大,影响到罗布泊地区的温度下降,同时降水相应增多;而在间冰期阶段气候的状态则正好相反。
本文通过系列气候和环境代用指标的测定,以及数理统计方法的应用,揭示了罗布泊地区气候冷暖干湿的波动,阐明了盐湖沉积记录可以较好地反映千年尺度的气候变化。过去3万年以来区域与全球变化的幅度和周期,是过去全球变化研究最为关心的内容。本环境变化序列的建立,丰富了新疆地区古气候和古环境变化研究的内涵。在未来对于特征气候事件和区域气候变化差异的详细研究中,盐湖沉积将发挥重要的作用。从目前的实验结果看,研究区的气候和环境变化以自然进程为主,人类活动起到了叠加和累进的作用。我国“西部大开发”战略的实施,应当充分考虑自然背景,制定出适合当地环境保护和经济持续发展的方针和政策。
Lake sediments are one of the prime archives for recording the past global climate and environment evolution.The studies on the lake sediments play an important role in many aspects,such as reconstructing the paleoclimatic evolution, finding the mechanism of driving climate change about some area,and exploring the relationship between human activities and nature processes,etc.
Lake Lop Nur is located in the eastern Tarim Basin,which is the lowest part of the basin.In the periods of history it was the end point of several main rivers and gestated the famous "Loulan Civilization",which made it had been concerned by many scientists and explorers since 19~(th) century.Being one of the aridest regions in China,Lop Nur lake basin receives precipitation of only 22mm annually with annual mean evaporation of 3000mm.The region is sensitive to global changes owing to its special location at the transition zone is affected by westerlies and monsoon circulation.Therefore the sediments in such an enclosed basin can provide good archives for paleoenvironmental or paleoclimatic changes.
A late Pleistocene climate variability is inferred from the stratigraphy and geochemistry of sediment core taken from the Luobei depression(91°03′E,40°47′N), lake Lop Nur.Analyses,including magnetic susceptibility,granularity,chroma, carbonate contents,loss on ignition,trace element geochemistry,stable isotope and pollen analysis,were performed to reconstruct the environmental evolution of the area during 32-9 ka BP,which covers the special period from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene.The chronology is provided by the uranium/thorium disequilibrium dates.
(1) The results suggested four paleoclimatic stages,which indicated the glacial variations between cold-humid and warm-arid environment.A period of extreme humidity,attributed to LGM,occurred at 31,900-19,200 yr BP.The period was followed by a warm-arid episode at 19,200-13,500 yr BP.Then a cold-humid interval at 13,500-12,700 yr BP may generally correspond to another cooling phases in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.The last stage showed the obvious trend of turning warm and arid from 12,700 yr BP.
(2) This work will give some help for understanding the relationship between human activities and nature processes for the arid tendency before dramatic human activities appeared.
(3) The application of multivariate statistical methods to compositional variables is useful in interpreting geochemical data.Factor analysis and principal component analysis have been performed.The first principle component is refined as the warm-dry index,which is used by comparison with the isotope records of Greenland ice core and Hulu cave stalagmite.The climate variability of this district was restricted by global change,suggested by correlation with Dansgaard/Oeschger, Heinrich events and Younger Dryas event,which were observed in northern high latitudes.The synchroneity of the paleoclimatic events suggested that cold air activity in northern high latitudes was the most important factor to impact the climate evolution of this region.
(4) A candidate mechanism involving immigration of westerly winds is tentatively proposed to account for this synchroneity.Lop Nur is a typical region affected by westerlies.In glacial period,the cold air activity at the high latitudes of the North Atlantic region has fundamentally influenced the westerly winds through pressure systems such as Mongolia high and Siberian high.The intensification of these two systems and southward shift of the polar front,which were consistent with the increase in global ice volume,induced the southward migration of westerlies and brought rainfall in Xinjiang.The continent-ocean-atmosphere interaction shows that the earth is an integrated climate-environmental system.The evolution of Lop Nur climate,which mainly reflects precipitation and temperature,is a result of the migration of westerly zone and changing intensity.It is closely related to the behavior of global climatic system.
罗布泊地处我国最大的内陆干旱盆地-塔里木盆地东部,是整个盆地海拔最低的地区,历史时期是众多水系的归宿地,曾经发育成我国最大的内陆湖泊并孕育了著名的“楼兰文明”。自十九世纪末以来就成为全世界科学家和探险家关注的重点区域。本文以罗布泊地区罗北洼地的CK-2钻孔(位置为91°03′E,40°47′N)为研究对象,在对沉积物中石膏和石盐矿物进行质谱-铀系定年的基础上,精确地测定了沉积物的磁化率、粒度、色度、碳酸盐、烧失量、有机碳及其同位素、环境地球化学元素等古气候和古环境的代用指标,并对各代用指标的气候和环境意义进行了细致的讨论和分析,并结合孢粉分析的结果,重建了末次冰盛期到全新世早期该地区的气候和环境变化序列,得出以下主要结论:
(1)依据各指标的相对波动将整个变化序列划分为四个阶段:31,900-19,200 yr B.P.和13,500-12,700 yr B.P.间为冷湿期,19,200-13,500 yr B.P.和12,700-9,100 yr B.P.间为暖干期。
(2)罗布泊地区的气候变化有不同于季风气候区的水热配置特点,即冷期湿润,暖期干旱。根据各代用指标在全新世早期的变化特征,提出了本地区干旱化的进程是自然变化的必然结果,人类活动只起到叠加作用的观点。
(3)利用统计学主因子分析的办法,对多种气候和环境代用指标进行信息集合的提取,定义第一主成分的值为气候变化的“暖干指数”,将指数应用到32-9ka BP的变化序列中,并与格陵兰冰芯、古里雅冰芯以及葫芦洞石笋氧同位素变化曲线进行了对比。结果发现北半球高纬度地区发生的千年尺度冷-暖事件,如海因里希事件(H1、H2、H3)和新仙女木冷事件以及Dansgaard-Oeschger暖事件(IS4、IS3、IS2和IS1)等在新疆罗布泊湖相沉积物的记录中均得到了响应。这表明晚更新世晚期以来全球气候变化的不稳定性,同样对本研究地区有着深远的影响,其气候变化在千年尺度上受到了全球变化的制约。这种制约突显出地球是一个完整的气候-环境系统,并且为全球不同气候系统之间相互影响的研究提供了新的证据。
(4)针对罗布泊湖相沉积记录的过程以及其特性,提出了全球气候变化的信号传输到本地区的可能机制,即轨道要素变化导致的全球冷暖变化影响了北半球高纬度的大气环流,这些气团的南下活动影响了西风环流的位置和强度的变化,而罗布泊地区正是一个典型的西风带气候区。在冰期阶段北半球极地气团和西伯利亚高压影响范围向南扩大,迫使西风环流南移,同时强度增大,影响到罗布泊地区的温度下降,同时降水相应增多;而在间冰期阶段气候的状态则正好相反。
本文通过系列气候和环境代用指标的测定,以及数理统计方法的应用,揭示了罗布泊地区气候冷暖干湿的波动,阐明了盐湖沉积记录可以较好地反映千年尺度的气候变化。过去3万年以来区域与全球变化的幅度和周期,是过去全球变化研究最为关心的内容。本环境变化序列的建立,丰富了新疆地区古气候和古环境变化研究的内涵。在未来对于特征气候事件和区域气候变化差异的详细研究中,盐湖沉积将发挥重要的作用。从目前的实验结果看,研究区的气候和环境变化以自然进程为主,人类活动起到了叠加和累进的作用。我国“西部大开发”战略的实施,应当充分考虑自然背景,制定出适合当地环境保护和经济持续发展的方针和政策。
Lake sediments are one of the prime archives for recording the past global climate and environment evolution.The studies on the lake sediments play an important role in many aspects,such as reconstructing the paleoclimatic evolution, finding the mechanism of driving climate change about some area,and exploring the relationship between human activities and nature processes,etc.
Lake Lop Nur is located in the eastern Tarim Basin,which is the lowest part of the basin.In the periods of history it was the end point of several main rivers and gestated the famous "Loulan Civilization",which made it had been concerned by many scientists and explorers since 19~(th) century.Being one of the aridest regions in China,Lop Nur lake basin receives precipitation of only 22mm annually with annual mean evaporation of 3000mm.The region is sensitive to global changes owing to its special location at the transition zone is affected by westerlies and monsoon circulation.Therefore the sediments in such an enclosed basin can provide good archives for paleoenvironmental or paleoclimatic changes.
A late Pleistocene climate variability is inferred from the stratigraphy and geochemistry of sediment core taken from the Luobei depression(91°03′E,40°47′N), lake Lop Nur.Analyses,including magnetic susceptibility,granularity,chroma, carbonate contents,loss on ignition,trace element geochemistry,stable isotope and pollen analysis,were performed to reconstruct the environmental evolution of the area during 32-9 ka BP,which covers the special period from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the early Holocene.The chronology is provided by the uranium/thorium disequilibrium dates.
(1) The results suggested four paleoclimatic stages,which indicated the glacial variations between cold-humid and warm-arid environment.A period of extreme humidity,attributed to LGM,occurred at 31,900-19,200 yr BP.The period was followed by a warm-arid episode at 19,200-13,500 yr BP.Then a cold-humid interval at 13,500-12,700 yr BP may generally correspond to another cooling phases in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.The last stage showed the obvious trend of turning warm and arid from 12,700 yr BP.
(2) This work will give some help for understanding the relationship between human activities and nature processes for the arid tendency before dramatic human activities appeared.
(3) The application of multivariate statistical methods to compositional variables is useful in interpreting geochemical data.Factor analysis and principal component analysis have been performed.The first principle component is refined as the warm-dry index,which is used by comparison with the isotope records of Greenland ice core and Hulu cave stalagmite.The climate variability of this district was restricted by global change,suggested by correlation with Dansgaard/Oeschger, Heinrich events and Younger Dryas event,which were observed in northern high latitudes.The synchroneity of the paleoclimatic events suggested that cold air activity in northern high latitudes was the most important factor to impact the climate evolution of this region.
(4) A candidate mechanism involving immigration of westerly winds is tentatively proposed to account for this synchroneity.Lop Nur is a typical region affected by westerlies.In glacial period,the cold air activity at the high latitudes of the North Atlantic region has fundamentally influenced the westerly winds through pressure systems such as Mongolia high and Siberian high.The intensification of these two systems and southward shift of the polar front,which were consistent with the increase in global ice volume,induced the southward migration of westerlies and brought rainfall in Xinjiang.The continent-ocean-atmosphere interaction shows that the earth is an integrated climate-environmental system.The evolution of Lop Nur climate,which mainly reflects precipitation and temperature,is a result of the migration of westerly zone and changing intensity.It is closely related to the behavior of global climatic system.
引文
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