我国资源型产业集群的动力机制研究
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摘要
近年来,伴随着经济的发展和人类的进步,资源环境问题逐步成为人们关注的热点。自然资源是经济发展的基本投入要素,资源型产业是一切产业的基础和源头,然而,长期以来,资源型产业生产效率低下、技术水平落后、产品附加值不高、产业结构简单、对环境危害大,逐步成为传统、落后的代名词。在全球资源供给紧张的前提下,如何提高资源型产业的生产效率和技术水平,增加产品附加值、完善产业结构,进而解决资源型产业发展与自然环境的协调问题成为各国关注的焦点。而另一方面,在全球经济一体化的今天,产业集群却异军突起,以其独特的优势迅速升温,展示出旺盛的生命力,逐步成为区域经济发展的重要工具。本文正是在这样的背景下,选择资源型产业集群为研究对象,以期利用产业集群这一组织形式来推动资源型产业的发展,从而推动资源型区域的经济发展,解决当前资源环境矛盾。
本文从资源型经济和产业集群的基础理论出发,运用资源经济学、产业经济学、区域经济学、系统动力学、演化经济学等理论知识,采取文献查阅、定性与定量相结合、规范与实证相结合以及调查访谈、比较分析等研究方法,对我国资源型产业集群的概念、分类、特征等进行了论述,分析了资源型产业集群的识别方法、动力机制、动力演化以及集群政策。本文认为资源型产业集群的识别应该从产业集群资源依赖程度和资源型产业的集群程度两个角度来考察;资源型产业集群的动力机制包括动力结构、动力功能和动力原理三个部分;资源型产业集群的发展演变可以分为积累、集聚、集群和级转四个阶段,并且各个阶段将面临着不同的风险,需要采取不同的集群政策。本文在理论分析的基础上,选取陕西资源型产业集群为案例,概述了陕西省资源型产业发展状况,对该地区的资源型产业集群进行了识别,并且指出产业集群的发展动力及应该采取的对策。本文研究主要有以下成果和创新:
第一,结合资源型产业特性,从资源集聚、产业网络和服务体系三个方面建立了资源型产业集群识别的“RIS模型”,并建立了定性与定量分析相结合的“RIS”识别评价体系,指出了该体系在识别和评价资源型产业集群中的应用。
第二,以资源型产业集群的依托条件为基础,根据机制的结构、功能和原理三个方面,建立了资源型产业集群的“SFP”动力机制模型,指出了用该模型对资源型产业集群动力进行评价的方法,并且结合资源型产业集群发展的生命周期演化,指出了“SFP”动力机制在生命周期不同阶段的动力特征及演变路径。
第三,分析了陕西省资源型产业发展现状,运用“RIS模型”识别出陕西省几个主要的资源型产业集群,并对陕西省资源型产业集群的动力机制进行了分析,提出了一些相应的政策建议。
For the past few years, problems of resource and environment generally become hotspots of the society with the development of economy and humanity. Natural resource is regarded as basic input in economic development, likewise, resource-based industry is regard as basis and origin of all industries. However, for the past long period, a series of issues make resource-based industry conservative and laggard, such as low productivity, poor technology, low added-value of product, simple industrial structure, and threat to environment. Facing the hardness of resource supply worldwide, a lot of countries begin to focus on how to enhance productivity and technology of resource-based industry, how to increase added-value of product and to improve industrial structure, so as to resolve the problem of coordination between resource-based industry development and natural environment. On the other hand, in the context of economic globalization, industrial cluster emerges and generally becomes an important path for regional economic development with its unique edge and vigorous vitality. On the background above, resource-based industrial cluster is selected as the object of study, to promote the development of resource-based industry by the term of industrial cluster, in order to promote economic development of resource-based region and solve current contradiction between resource and environment.
Based on theories of resource-based economy and industrial cluster, the study utilizes theoretical bases of resource economics, industry economics, region economics, system dynamics and evolution economics, meanwhile, it employs a series of research methodology, including literature collection and reference, combination of qualitative and quantitative method, combination of empirical and canonical study, interview and comparison. Besides, the study states the concepts, classification and characteristics of China's resource-based industrial clusters, also, analyzes recognition method, dynamic mechanism, dynamic evolution and clustering policies of resource-based industrial cluster. The recognition of resource-based industrial cluster should be investigated from perspectives of the extent of resource dependence of industrial cluster and the extent of clustering of resource-based industry. Dynamic mechanism of resource-based industrial cluster embraces dynamic structure, dynamic function and dynamic principle. Evolution of resource-based industrial cluster can be divided into four stages which are showed as accumulation, gathering, clustering and escalation (or transformation). Moreover, each stage will be facing different risk, hereby different clustering policies are necessary accordingly. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the study selects resource-based industrial cluster of Shaanxi as a case, illustrates current situation of the development of resource-based industries of Shaanxi, recognizes resource-based industrial clusters in Shaanxi, and proposes development dynamics of indusrial clusters together with adoptable solutions.
Achievements and innovations of the study are showed as the followings. Firstly, combining with features of resource-based industry, the study creates the RIS model for recognition of resource-based industrial cluster from the aspects of resource gathering, industrial network and service system. Furthermore, the study establishes the RIS system for recognition and estimation with the combination between qualitative and quantitative method. Specifically, the study points out the utilization of the RIS system in recognition and estimation of resource-based industrial cluster. Secondly, based on support conditions of resource-based industrial cluster and according to structure, function and principle of the mechanism, the study establishes the SFP model of dynamic mechanism of resource-based industrial cluster, indicates approach of evaluation on dynamics of resource-based industrial cluster by the SFP model, moreover, it proposes features of dynamics and evolution routes of SFP dynamic mechanism in different stages of life cycle of resource-based industrial cluster, combining with the evolution in life cycle of resource-based industrial cluster. Thirdly, the study analyzes current situations of the development of resource-based industries in Shaanxi, recognizes several main resource-based industrial clusters and their dynamics mechanism in Shaanxi by using the RIS and SFP model, and also puts forward some recommendations on policies on the development of resource-based industries of Shaanxi.
本文从资源型经济和产业集群的基础理论出发,运用资源经济学、产业经济学、区域经济学、系统动力学、演化经济学等理论知识,采取文献查阅、定性与定量相结合、规范与实证相结合以及调查访谈、比较分析等研究方法,对我国资源型产业集群的概念、分类、特征等进行了论述,分析了资源型产业集群的识别方法、动力机制、动力演化以及集群政策。本文认为资源型产业集群的识别应该从产业集群资源依赖程度和资源型产业的集群程度两个角度来考察;资源型产业集群的动力机制包括动力结构、动力功能和动力原理三个部分;资源型产业集群的发展演变可以分为积累、集聚、集群和级转四个阶段,并且各个阶段将面临着不同的风险,需要采取不同的集群政策。本文在理论分析的基础上,选取陕西资源型产业集群为案例,概述了陕西省资源型产业发展状况,对该地区的资源型产业集群进行了识别,并且指出产业集群的发展动力及应该采取的对策。本文研究主要有以下成果和创新:
第一,结合资源型产业特性,从资源集聚、产业网络和服务体系三个方面建立了资源型产业集群识别的“RIS模型”,并建立了定性与定量分析相结合的“RIS”识别评价体系,指出了该体系在识别和评价资源型产业集群中的应用。
第二,以资源型产业集群的依托条件为基础,根据机制的结构、功能和原理三个方面,建立了资源型产业集群的“SFP”动力机制模型,指出了用该模型对资源型产业集群动力进行评价的方法,并且结合资源型产业集群发展的生命周期演化,指出了“SFP”动力机制在生命周期不同阶段的动力特征及演变路径。
第三,分析了陕西省资源型产业发展现状,运用“RIS模型”识别出陕西省几个主要的资源型产业集群,并对陕西省资源型产业集群的动力机制进行了分析,提出了一些相应的政策建议。
For the past few years, problems of resource and environment generally become hotspots of the society with the development of economy and humanity. Natural resource is regarded as basic input in economic development, likewise, resource-based industry is regard as basis and origin of all industries. However, for the past long period, a series of issues make resource-based industry conservative and laggard, such as low productivity, poor technology, low added-value of product, simple industrial structure, and threat to environment. Facing the hardness of resource supply worldwide, a lot of countries begin to focus on how to enhance productivity and technology of resource-based industry, how to increase added-value of product and to improve industrial structure, so as to resolve the problem of coordination between resource-based industry development and natural environment. On the other hand, in the context of economic globalization, industrial cluster emerges and generally becomes an important path for regional economic development with its unique edge and vigorous vitality. On the background above, resource-based industrial cluster is selected as the object of study, to promote the development of resource-based industry by the term of industrial cluster, in order to promote economic development of resource-based region and solve current contradiction between resource and environment.
Based on theories of resource-based economy and industrial cluster, the study utilizes theoretical bases of resource economics, industry economics, region economics, system dynamics and evolution economics, meanwhile, it employs a series of research methodology, including literature collection and reference, combination of qualitative and quantitative method, combination of empirical and canonical study, interview and comparison. Besides, the study states the concepts, classification and characteristics of China's resource-based industrial clusters, also, analyzes recognition method, dynamic mechanism, dynamic evolution and clustering policies of resource-based industrial cluster. The recognition of resource-based industrial cluster should be investigated from perspectives of the extent of resource dependence of industrial cluster and the extent of clustering of resource-based industry. Dynamic mechanism of resource-based industrial cluster embraces dynamic structure, dynamic function and dynamic principle. Evolution of resource-based industrial cluster can be divided into four stages which are showed as accumulation, gathering, clustering and escalation (or transformation). Moreover, each stage will be facing different risk, hereby different clustering policies are necessary accordingly. On the basis of theoretical analysis, the study selects resource-based industrial cluster of Shaanxi as a case, illustrates current situation of the development of resource-based industries of Shaanxi, recognizes resource-based industrial clusters in Shaanxi, and proposes development dynamics of indusrial clusters together with adoptable solutions.
Achievements and innovations of the study are showed as the followings. Firstly, combining with features of resource-based industry, the study creates the RIS model for recognition of resource-based industrial cluster from the aspects of resource gathering, industrial network and service system. Furthermore, the study establishes the RIS system for recognition and estimation with the combination between qualitative and quantitative method. Specifically, the study points out the utilization of the RIS system in recognition and estimation of resource-based industrial cluster. Secondly, based on support conditions of resource-based industrial cluster and according to structure, function and principle of the mechanism, the study establishes the SFP model of dynamic mechanism of resource-based industrial cluster, indicates approach of evaluation on dynamics of resource-based industrial cluster by the SFP model, moreover, it proposes features of dynamics and evolution routes of SFP dynamic mechanism in different stages of life cycle of resource-based industrial cluster, combining with the evolution in life cycle of resource-based industrial cluster. Thirdly, the study analyzes current situations of the development of resource-based industries in Shaanxi, recognizes several main resource-based industrial clusters and their dynamics mechanism in Shaanxi by using the RIS and SFP model, and also puts forward some recommendations on policies on the development of resource-based industries of Shaanxi.
引文
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41 陕西省2008年统计年鉴。
42 陕西省2007年国土资源公报。
43 陕西2008年统计年鉴。
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47 以下数据如无特别说明均来自陕西省2008年统计年鉴。
48 矿产资源存量和药材种植数据来自陕西各地政府网站,但由于统计口径不同,造成了统计数字的不统一,但不影响本文研究。
49 以下数字除非特别说明,均来源于陕西省2007年统计年鉴。
50 郑宗林,古老的茶区,蓬勃的产业,《东裕茗茶》,A2版,企业内部资料。
51 数据来源:2007年陕西省各地统计公报。
52 数据来源:2007年陕西省果业统计公报。
53 以下数据来源于2007年陕西省统计年鉴和统计公报。
54 2002年榆林市统计公报。
55 2002年延安市统计公报。
56 三个转化即煤向电转化、煤电向载能工业品转化、煤油气盐向化工产品转化的发展战略;四大产业链即在陕北构建煤电载能工业、煤制油、煤盐化工、油气化工等四大产业链,形成相互配套、相互支撑的产业集群。
57 七个工业区分别为:府谷火电工业区,榆神煤化学工业区,榆横煤化工及载能工业区,鱼米绥盐化工工业区,延安石油化工区,靖定石油化工区和陕北商品煤产能区等7个各具特色的工业区。
58 能源生产包括原煤、原油、天然气和水电,能源生产总量单位为万吨标准煤(当量值)。
59 钟民军.果汁深加工延长陕西苹果产业链[N].市场报,2005-10-24日(十六)
60 2005年统计数字。
61 2003年统计数字。
62 陕西省2007年大中型工业企业主要经济指标统计(一),陕西省统计年鉴。
63 西北大学.关于成立以西北大学为依托的陕西省能源化工研究院的论证报告[R].2006
64 张连业.资源产业集群的可持续发展研究[D].西安:西北大学,2007
65 陕西省2008年统计年鉴。
66 陕西省煤炭工业局.陕西省煤炭工业“十一五”发展规划及2020年展望,2008。
67 “两引八库”指引汉济渭调水工程、引红济石调水工程、采兔沟水库、王圪堵水库、南沟门水库、东庄水库、李家河水库、亭口水库、焦岩水库、洞河水库。
68 数据来源于陕西省统计年鉴。
74 数据来源:榆林市2003年统计公报:榆林市2007年统计公报:艾保全,关于榆林市2008年上半年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况的报告,榆林市发展与改革委员会,http://www.yldrc.gov.cn/detail/2008-8-28/20088281036005084.htm。
75 杨尚勤,石英、裴成荣.陕西经济发展报告(2009)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009:156
76 数据来源:2008年陕西统计年鉴,2008年山东统计年鉴。
77 根据2008年陕西省和云南省统计年鉴相关数字测算。
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23 中煤网.http://www.3jjj.cmo/coal_new.asp?nid=17557&lid=58,2003年2月19日
24 我国《宪法》(2004年3月14日)第一章第九条明确规定,“矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源,都属于国家所有,即全民所有;由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外”。
25 白永秀,徐波.中国经济改革30年资源环境卷.重庆:重庆大学出版社,17-19
26 张建华,张淑静.产业集群的识别标准、集聚度和绩效评价研究[C].2005年第五届经济学年会区域经济学年会论文,P5-6,9-10
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33 2007年嘉善县国民经济和社会发展的统计公报。
36 硬的方面主要是财政和税收方面的政策手段,软的方面主要是政府对新产业的投入、孵化新企业和专业化服务等方面的手段,以实现企业在区域内的积聚和联系。
37 世界银行.1997年世界发展报告:变革世界中的政府[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,1997:32
38 集群政策是区域经济发展的必要条件而非充分条件。
39 Jay Mitra.Building Entrepreneurial Regional Clusters:an overview.International Seminar on ICT Policy Reform and Rural Communication Infrastructure,Japan August 23-September 1,2004,http://opencityportal.net/Doc/JayMitraBUILDING%20ENTREPRENEURIAL%20CLUSTERS%20%202%20final.ppt.
40 IRE subgroup,Design of cluster initiatives-An overview of policies and praxis in Europe,13-26,http://www.innovating-regions.org/download/Design_of_cluster_initiatives.pdf.
41 陕西省2008年统计年鉴。
42 陕西省2007年国土资源公报。
43 陕西2008年统计年鉴。
44 杨尚勤,石英、裴成荣.陕西经济发展报告(2009)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009:334
47 以下数据如无特别说明均来自陕西省2008年统计年鉴。
48 矿产资源存量和药材种植数据来自陕西各地政府网站,但由于统计口径不同,造成了统计数字的不统一,但不影响本文研究。
49 以下数字除非特别说明,均来源于陕西省2007年统计年鉴。
50 郑宗林,古老的茶区,蓬勃的产业,《东裕茗茶》,A2版,企业内部资料。
51 数据来源:2007年陕西省各地统计公报。
52 数据来源:2007年陕西省果业统计公报。
53 以下数据来源于2007年陕西省统计年鉴和统计公报。
54 2002年榆林市统计公报。
55 2002年延安市统计公报。
56 三个转化即煤向电转化、煤电向载能工业品转化、煤油气盐向化工产品转化的发展战略;四大产业链即在陕北构建煤电载能工业、煤制油、煤盐化工、油气化工等四大产业链,形成相互配套、相互支撑的产业集群。
57 七个工业区分别为:府谷火电工业区,榆神煤化学工业区,榆横煤化工及载能工业区,鱼米绥盐化工工业区,延安石油化工区,靖定石油化工区和陕北商品煤产能区等7个各具特色的工业区。
58 能源生产包括原煤、原油、天然气和水电,能源生产总量单位为万吨标准煤(当量值)。
59 钟民军.果汁深加工延长陕西苹果产业链[N].市场报,2005-10-24日(十六)
60 2005年统计数字。
61 2003年统计数字。
62 陕西省2007年大中型工业企业主要经济指标统计(一),陕西省统计年鉴。
63 西北大学.关于成立以西北大学为依托的陕西省能源化工研究院的论证报告[R].2006
64 张连业.资源产业集群的可持续发展研究[D].西安:西北大学,2007
65 陕西省2008年统计年鉴。
66 陕西省煤炭工业局.陕西省煤炭工业“十一五”发展规划及2020年展望,2008。
67 “两引八库”指引汉济渭调水工程、引红济石调水工程、采兔沟水库、王圪堵水库、南沟门水库、东庄水库、李家河水库、亭口水库、焦岩水库、洞河水库。
68 数据来源于陕西省统计年鉴。
74 数据来源:榆林市2003年统计公报:榆林市2007年统计公报:艾保全,关于榆林市2008年上半年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况的报告,榆林市发展与改革委员会,http://www.yldrc.gov.cn/detail/2008-8-28/20088281036005084.htm。
75 杨尚勤,石英、裴成荣.陕西经济发展报告(2009)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009:156
76 数据来源:2008年陕西统计年鉴,2008年山东统计年鉴。
77 根据2008年陕西省和云南省统计年鉴相关数字测算。
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