中韩双边自由贸易协定研究
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摘要
1990年代以来,在WTO所代表的多边自由贸易体制发展止步不前的背景下,世界范围内的区域或双边自由贸易区(FTA)得到了迅猛发展。与北美和西欧的经济一体化发展水平和广泛的经贸合作程度相比较,东亚区域合作的整体推进还仅仅处于起步阶段,官方合作机制尚比较松散,亦并未生成任何实质性的区域层面的经贸安排和合作组织,中韩缔结双边FTA将有助于推进“10+1”、“10+3”合作进程,为东亚区域经济一体化注入新的活力。中韩双边贸易、投资规模不断扩大,经济联系日益紧密,两国产业结构和贸易、投资结构具有较强的互补特征。通过建立中韩双边FTA将有助于实现两国产业结构调整、增强企业效益和国际竞争力,并强化现有的双边经贸联系。中韩建立双边FTA需要共同信守互惠互利原则、全面性原则、渐进性原则、实质性和一致性原则,并就农业、服务贸易、钢铁和汽车等敏感产业领域的自由化、便利化安排达成关键性的共识。
The multilateral free trade system which led by WTO has slowed down Since 1990’s, especially from The Hong Kong Ministerial Conference in 2005 on, the system has stepped into the temporary predicament with the essential content of the agreement not well implemented. In the meanwhile, the growing trend of regional integration has sped up all over the world and plenty of regional or bilateral free trade agreements have been developed to some extent.
The legal frameworks of both free trade agreements (FTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are completely compatible, what is more, both FTA and WTO can help to promote the inner-regional and interregional trade liberalization and promote global economic integration. Nowadays, more and more economies have signed numbers of bilateral free trade agreements to promote international trade growth and achieve economic benefits, and this trend is gradually sweeping the world. According to the WTO’s official data statistics, by the end of 2007, there have been 230 RTAs (Regional Trade Agreements) at the entry into force with 140 FTAs included.
Members of the East Asian region are mainly made up of ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea. The current market linkage and institutional interoperability construction of regional economic integration are still in the initial stage, and the overall level of regional economic and trade cooperation and institutional mechanisms are mainly represented by“10 +3”meeting and the East Asia Summit. However, the former is the main channel of economic and trade cooperation in East Asia, and the latter is the main forum for high-level. Compared with North America FTA and Europe Union, the level and degree of the economic integration and trade cooperation in East Asia as a whole are only in the infancy, the official cooperation mechanism is still relatively loose. At present, the bilateral FTAs in East Asia have emerged very broadly, as of mid-December 2008, 31 regional or bilateral FTAs from 13 economies have entered into force in East Asia.
Since the formal establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, bilateral trade and direct investment of China and South Korea have been expanding enormously, and economic relationship has get closer. In the field of bilateral import and export trade, Korea is China’s fourth largest trade partner, while China has become Korea's largest trade partners. In 2007, China’s import and export trade with South Korea amounted to 159.898 billion U.S. dollars with the total importing from South Korea 103.757 billion U.S. dollars and exporting to South Korea 133.951 billion U.S. dollars, secondly behind Japan's level of 236.022 billion U.S. dollars.
In the field of foreign direct investment, South Korea's direct investment in mainland China started rather late and has grown faster. As of the end of 2007, South Korea over the years accumulated actual foreign direct investment amounted to 108.8 billion U.S. dollars, and China is its first biggest FDI target country, absorbing totally 68,299 direct investment projects and the actual amount of direct investment 25.7 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 23.46% of the total, higher than 23.64% of the United States. In contrast, China's direct investment in Korea is relatively limited.
China and South Korea have kept a close trade and investment relationship. For the Korea’s economic recovery after the financial crisis breaking in 2007, and also for its industrial development, it definitely means a lot that how to make use of the huge China’s market demand, take the chance of China’s comprehensive upgrade industries.
For China’s part, complete industry upgrading need much support of industrial funds and techniques. To keep closer relationship with economies in the region including South Korea could help China’s enterprises to invest aboard, strengthen theirs international competitive ability, and share more market. The two countries have got the same successful experience of economic grow in the past decades, that is export orientation policy. The degrees of correlation between the international trade and economic growth of both China and South Korea are high. From 1992 to 2007, the correlation coefficients of the two countries are accordingly 0.9745 and 0.9138. By 2006, the foreign trade dependences of economic growth of China and South Korea are respectively 11.26% and 68.07%, and the demonstration analysis also support the conclusion that the foreign trade has accumulated the economic growth. It turns out that the bilateral FTA between two countries will gain grand benefits for promoting the trade and economic scale increasing of them.
Because of trade liberalization on tariff reduction and elimination, for China and South Korea in terms of a bilateral FTA, a unified market of production factors and commodities markets will formed relatively easily, and economic efficiency of resource allocation would be further elevated, the degree of industrial specialization and intensification will be significantly strengthened to a large extent, all of which will promote the development of bilateral import and export trade to grow persistently, with a greater“trade creation”effect. Because of the localization of production can effectively avoid the rules of origin, the establishment of China-South Korea bilateral FTA will help increase the FDI flow not only inside the two partner countries, but also from third countries outside the partners. Furthermore, the inward FDI will definitely generate enormous technological spillover effects, which also is one of the important goals pursued by China-South Korea FTA.
So far, the progress of China-South Korea bilateral FTA is still in the transition phase from feasibility study to official negotiations. Since the first meeting held on March 2007 in Beijing since, up to the end of 2008, the two sides have held 5 joint study sessions. Meetings have achieved plenty of detailed and in-depth accords about rules of origin, agricultural and services trade, investment promotion, intellectual property rights and many other fields which are involved in the bilateral free trade, and they have reached the vast majority of the consensus problem, which will help to launch bilateral formal FTA negotiation between China and South Korea. After the accomplishment of the bilateral studies, the reports are supposed to submit to their respective governments.
Inside the international industrial division system of East Asia, the South Korea is in the upper position of the industrial chain, while China is relatively low at the location of the industrial division. Seeing the import and export trade and investment structure, we find that exports from China to South Korea are made up mainly of agricultural (including seafood), textile and other light industry products as well as some industrial products, while South Korea's exports to China mainly include electronic components, optical and medical devices, auto parts, as well as the sophisticated mechanical and electrical products, steel products which belong to capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries. Because of the complementarity both of the industrial division in the East Asian and of trade and investment structure, it indicates that the future economic and trade cooperation between the two countries should be strengthened through the bilateral FTA in order to enhance co-production efficiency of interoperability.
To gain reciprocal achievements, the negotiation and implementation process of China-South Korea bilateral FTA require some principles including mutual benefit principle, the principle of comprehensiveness, the principle of progressive, substantive principle and consistency principle. In the aspect of liberalization, China-South Korea bilateral FTA negotiations are expected to be in full swing in late 2009, and successfully accomplished at the end of 2010, and quickly sail towards the signing of "Agreement on Sino-South Korea trade in services". Therefore, apart from some sensitive areas (agriculture, service trade, steel and auto, etc.), the two sides should immediately abolish the majority of import tariffs of merchandise and general non-tariff barriers around 2010, as of 2015, the import and export goods tariff and non-tariff barriers are supposed to be canceled progressively and completely, and lots of pragmatic arrangements about opening trade in services should be achieved then. In the aspect of trade facilitation, both sides should strive to further reduce bilateral trade transaction costs, improve customs clearance efficiency and reduce customs procedures and so on before 2010; in the aspect of investment facilitation, in the 5 years it is quite necessary to strengthen the cooperation of investment promotion agencies between the two countries so as to provide more equitable, transparent and convenient investment environment.
In the process of building the China-South Korea bilateral FTA negotiations, it is necessary to adhere to combine the overall advancement with part priority. On the one hand, China and South Korea should construct a wide range of bilateral free-trade zone and a comprehensive bilateral FTA; On the other hand, through the priority cooperation between the regions and cities of two sides with similar level of development, facilitate communication for commodity and information flow, a comprehensive FTA is finally constructed.
China and South Korea are the two most dynamic regional economies in East Asia, and China- South Korea bilateral FTA are very positive to strengthen cooperation, explore new modes of economic cooperation, and weaken the region economic and political instability, and the“10 +1”,“10 +3”cooperation process will step further to promote East Asian regional economic cooperation and integration process forward through the crucial breakthrough.
The multilateral free trade system which led by WTO has slowed down Since 1990’s, especially from The Hong Kong Ministerial Conference in 2005 on, the system has stepped into the temporary predicament with the essential content of the agreement not well implemented. In the meanwhile, the growing trend of regional integration has sped up all over the world and plenty of regional or bilateral free trade agreements have been developed to some extent.
The legal frameworks of both free trade agreements (FTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) are completely compatible, what is more, both FTA and WTO can help to promote the inner-regional and interregional trade liberalization and promote global economic integration. Nowadays, more and more economies have signed numbers of bilateral free trade agreements to promote international trade growth and achieve economic benefits, and this trend is gradually sweeping the world. According to the WTO’s official data statistics, by the end of 2007, there have been 230 RTAs (Regional Trade Agreements) at the entry into force with 140 FTAs included.
Members of the East Asian region are mainly made up of ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea. The current market linkage and institutional interoperability construction of regional economic integration are still in the initial stage, and the overall level of regional economic and trade cooperation and institutional mechanisms are mainly represented by“10 +3”meeting and the East Asia Summit. However, the former is the main channel of economic and trade cooperation in East Asia, and the latter is the main forum for high-level. Compared with North America FTA and Europe Union, the level and degree of the economic integration and trade cooperation in East Asia as a whole are only in the infancy, the official cooperation mechanism is still relatively loose. At present, the bilateral FTAs in East Asia have emerged very broadly, as of mid-December 2008, 31 regional or bilateral FTAs from 13 economies have entered into force in East Asia.
Since the formal establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, bilateral trade and direct investment of China and South Korea have been expanding enormously, and economic relationship has get closer. In the field of bilateral import and export trade, Korea is China’s fourth largest trade partner, while China has become Korea's largest trade partners. In 2007, China’s import and export trade with South Korea amounted to 159.898 billion U.S. dollars with the total importing from South Korea 103.757 billion U.S. dollars and exporting to South Korea 133.951 billion U.S. dollars, secondly behind Japan's level of 236.022 billion U.S. dollars.
In the field of foreign direct investment, South Korea's direct investment in mainland China started rather late and has grown faster. As of the end of 2007, South Korea over the years accumulated actual foreign direct investment amounted to 108.8 billion U.S. dollars, and China is its first biggest FDI target country, absorbing totally 68,299 direct investment projects and the actual amount of direct investment 25.7 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 23.46% of the total, higher than 23.64% of the United States. In contrast, China's direct investment in Korea is relatively limited.
China and South Korea have kept a close trade and investment relationship. For the Korea’s economic recovery after the financial crisis breaking in 2007, and also for its industrial development, it definitely means a lot that how to make use of the huge China’s market demand, take the chance of China’s comprehensive upgrade industries.
For China’s part, complete industry upgrading need much support of industrial funds and techniques. To keep closer relationship with economies in the region including South Korea could help China’s enterprises to invest aboard, strengthen theirs international competitive ability, and share more market. The two countries have got the same successful experience of economic grow in the past decades, that is export orientation policy. The degrees of correlation between the international trade and economic growth of both China and South Korea are high. From 1992 to 2007, the correlation coefficients of the two countries are accordingly 0.9745 and 0.9138. By 2006, the foreign trade dependences of economic growth of China and South Korea are respectively 11.26% and 68.07%, and the demonstration analysis also support the conclusion that the foreign trade has accumulated the economic growth. It turns out that the bilateral FTA between two countries will gain grand benefits for promoting the trade and economic scale increasing of them.
Because of trade liberalization on tariff reduction and elimination, for China and South Korea in terms of a bilateral FTA, a unified market of production factors and commodities markets will formed relatively easily, and economic efficiency of resource allocation would be further elevated, the degree of industrial specialization and intensification will be significantly strengthened to a large extent, all of which will promote the development of bilateral import and export trade to grow persistently, with a greater“trade creation”effect. Because of the localization of production can effectively avoid the rules of origin, the establishment of China-South Korea bilateral FTA will help increase the FDI flow not only inside the two partner countries, but also from third countries outside the partners. Furthermore, the inward FDI will definitely generate enormous technological spillover effects, which also is one of the important goals pursued by China-South Korea FTA.
So far, the progress of China-South Korea bilateral FTA is still in the transition phase from feasibility study to official negotiations. Since the first meeting held on March 2007 in Beijing since, up to the end of 2008, the two sides have held 5 joint study sessions. Meetings have achieved plenty of detailed and in-depth accords about rules of origin, agricultural and services trade, investment promotion, intellectual property rights and many other fields which are involved in the bilateral free trade, and they have reached the vast majority of the consensus problem, which will help to launch bilateral formal FTA negotiation between China and South Korea. After the accomplishment of the bilateral studies, the reports are supposed to submit to their respective governments.
Inside the international industrial division system of East Asia, the South Korea is in the upper position of the industrial chain, while China is relatively low at the location of the industrial division. Seeing the import and export trade and investment structure, we find that exports from China to South Korea are made up mainly of agricultural (including seafood), textile and other light industry products as well as some industrial products, while South Korea's exports to China mainly include electronic components, optical and medical devices, auto parts, as well as the sophisticated mechanical and electrical products, steel products which belong to capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries. Because of the complementarity both of the industrial division in the East Asian and of trade and investment structure, it indicates that the future economic and trade cooperation between the two countries should be strengthened through the bilateral FTA in order to enhance co-production efficiency of interoperability.
To gain reciprocal achievements, the negotiation and implementation process of China-South Korea bilateral FTA require some principles including mutual benefit principle, the principle of comprehensiveness, the principle of progressive, substantive principle and consistency principle. In the aspect of liberalization, China-South Korea bilateral FTA negotiations are expected to be in full swing in late 2009, and successfully accomplished at the end of 2010, and quickly sail towards the signing of "Agreement on Sino-South Korea trade in services". Therefore, apart from some sensitive areas (agriculture, service trade, steel and auto, etc.), the two sides should immediately abolish the majority of import tariffs of merchandise and general non-tariff barriers around 2010, as of 2015, the import and export goods tariff and non-tariff barriers are supposed to be canceled progressively and completely, and lots of pragmatic arrangements about opening trade in services should be achieved then. In the aspect of trade facilitation, both sides should strive to further reduce bilateral trade transaction costs, improve customs clearance efficiency and reduce customs procedures and so on before 2010; in the aspect of investment facilitation, in the 5 years it is quite necessary to strengthen the cooperation of investment promotion agencies between the two countries so as to provide more equitable, transparent and convenient investment environment.
In the process of building the China-South Korea bilateral FTA negotiations, it is necessary to adhere to combine the overall advancement with part priority. On the one hand, China and South Korea should construct a wide range of bilateral free-trade zone and a comprehensive bilateral FTA; On the other hand, through the priority cooperation between the regions and cities of two sides with similar level of development, facilitate communication for commodity and information flow, a comprehensive FTA is finally constructed.
China and South Korea are the two most dynamic regional economies in East Asia, and China- South Korea bilateral FTA are very positive to strengthen cooperation, explore new modes of economic cooperation, and weaken the region economic and political instability, and the“10 +1”,“10 +3”cooperation process will step further to promote East Asian regional economic cooperation and integration process forward through the crucial breakthrough.
引文
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③由此,东亚的中国和东盟国家可归为前一类,日本、韩国则应该化为后一类型国家。
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②低关税国家通过缔结双边FTA加强政治关系的意图明显。参见蔡鹏鸿.东亚双边自由贸易区的国际政治经济学分析[J].当代亚太,2005,3.
③宾建成.世界双边FTA的兴起与我国的对策[J].贵州财经学院学报,2005,3.
④部分观点参考了宾建成、陈柳钦(2005)的研究结论,参见宾建成、陈柳钦.世界双边FTA的发展趋势与我国的对策探析[J].南京社会科学,2005,11.
⑤数据来自WTO网站,“更紧密的经贸关系安排”(Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement,CEPA)归入FTA,参见http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/regfac_e.htm。
①以下解释和总结参照宾建成(2005)的分类归纳。参见宾建成.论双边FTA与WTO之间的关系[J].生产力研究,2005,3.
①WTO,“General Agreement on Trade in Services”[OL], http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/26-gats_01_e.htm;宾建成.论双边FTA与WTO之间的关系[J].生产力研究.2005,3.
②WTO,“Work of the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements (CRTA)”[OL], http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ region_e/regcom_e.htm#reporting.
①第二届东亚峰会:16国携手加强能源合作[N],国际金融报,2007-01-16,转引自http://www.p5w.net/futures /nytj/ny/200701/t723369.htm。
②温家宝出席第三届东亚峰会,就气候变化问题阐述中方立场[N],人民日报,2007-11-22,转引自http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64094/6560441.html。
③东亚合作二轨道机制[OL],参见http://www.sis.pku.edu.cn/pub/chenfengjun/dongyahezuo.htm。
①周雪春.加快建立中韩自由贸易区推动东亚经济一体化[J].东南亚纵横,2005,6.
②张建平.东亚各国(地区)产业结构比较研究[D].长春:吉林大学经济学院,2007.
①陈德民.建立中韩自由贸易,推动东亚经济一体化发展[J].当代韩国,2005,春季号.
②李恒.东亚区域合作:双边自由贸易协定网还是区域经济一体化[J].当代亚太,2005,1.
③刘昌黎.东亚双边自由贸易研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2007:32.
①罗肇鸿.在积极参与区域经济合作中争取双赢[J].中共天津市委党校学报,2005,1.转引自新加坡政府贸易工业部网站(http://www.mti.goc.sg)。
①在此,将新加坡、韩国与欧洲自由贸易联盟(EFTA)缔结并生效的两个FTA归为双边性质。
①沈伯明.区域贸易协议与建立中韩自由贸易区刍议[J].对外经贸实务,2005,10.
①罗肇鸿.在积极参与区域经济合作中争取双赢[J].中共天津市委党校学报,2005,1.
①刘昌黎.东亚双边自由贸易研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2007:33;宾建成,陈柳钦.世界双边FTA的发展趋势与我国的对策探析[J].经济学研究,2005,10.
②中国台湾地区分别与巴拿马和危地马拉签订FTA,生效时间分别为2004年1月和2006年1月。参见刘昌黎.东亚双边自由贸易研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2007:24、25。
①汪素芹.中韩贸易发展的主要障碍与合作途径[J].世界经济研究,2003,6.
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②马强文.中国对外贸易对经济增长的贡献[J/OL].中国经济问题.http://www.gotoread.com.
①孙玉红.比较南北型FTA与南南型FTA的利益分配[J].世界经济研究,2007,5.
①Kimberly A. Clausing,“Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the Canada– United States Free Trade Agreement”, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol.34, No.3, pp.677– 696.
②此归纳参见张彬,张澎.美国在NAFTA中的贸易创造与贸易转移:1994~2003[J].世界经济,2008,5.
③M. G. Plummer,“Efficiency Effects of the Accession of Spain and Portugal to the EC”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 1991(3), pp.428-437.
④J. Haaland and V. Norman,“Global Production Effects of European Integration”, in L. A. Winters ed. Trade Flows and Trade Policy after 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
⑤A. Krueger,“Trade Creation and Trade Diversion under NAFTA”, NBER Working Paper, No. 7429, 1999, pp.1202-1239.
①中国自由贸易区建设进展情况[OL].2008-09-17.http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/article/aboutfta/cftagaikuang /200809/30_1.html.
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②孙玉红.比较南北型FTA与南南型FTA的利益分配[J].世界经济研究,2007,5.
①Schiff and Wang, NAFTA. Technology Diffusion and Productivity in Mexico, 2002.
①中国自由贸易区建设进展情况[OL] . 2008-09-17 . http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/article/aboutfta/ cftagaikuang/200809 /30_1.html.
②国务院关税税则委员会办公室,中华人民共和国海关总署关税征管司,中华人民共和国财政部关税司.中华人民共和国进出口税则:中国—东盟自由贸易区分册[M].北京:中国财经经济出版社,2005.
①胡晖.细数中国签定的FTA[J].进出口经理人,2006,9.
②Young Bae, Park and Sang Bok, Moon,“Korea’s FTA Policy Structure”, in A Joint Conference of AKES, RCIE, and KDI Korea and the World Economy, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, July 7-8, 2006, http://faculty.washington.edu/karyiu/confer/seoul06/papers/park-moon.pdf.
③MFAT, Korea's FTA Policy, 2008-09-22, http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/econtrade/fta/issues/index.jsp.
①Young Bae, Park and Sang Bok, Moon,“Korea’s FTA Policy Structure”, in A Joint Conference of AKES, RCIE, and KDI Korea and the World Economy, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, July 7-8, 2006, http://faculty.washington.edu/karyiu/confer/seoul06/papers/park-moon.pdf.
①该提法转引自王国瑞.第四个中心——科学技术与亚洲新兴工业国[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1997,下文“先轻后重、以轻养重”的提法转引自刘志庚.亚洲“四小龙”经济的腾飞[M].中山:中山大学出版社,1993。
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②刘昌黎.东亚双边自由贸易研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2007:135-136。
③WTO, Statistics database: Trade profiles, http://stat.wto.org/Home/WSDBHome.aspx?Language=E.
①张小济.面向21世纪的中韩经贸合作[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2006:101。
①中华人民共和国商务部官方网站(www.mofcom.gov.cn)。
②张小济.面向21世纪的中韩经贸合作[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2006:62.
③中华人民共和国商务部官方网站(www.mofcom.gov.cn)。
①周茂荣.美加自由贸易协定研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1993:60.
②有些重要词汇和短语也可以在相应章下做具体阐释。如《中新自由贸易协定》第六章第37条关于“国内产业”、“《保障措施协定》”、“严重损害”、“严重损害威胁”的定义。
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②WTO,“The Doha Agenda”[OL] , http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm.
③由此,东亚的中国和东盟国家可归为前一类,日本、韩国则应该化为后一类型国家。
①刘昌黎.东亚双边自由贸易研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2007:13.
②方华.FTA的制度经济学阐释[J].兰州商学院学报,2005,5.
①孙玉红.新区域主义发展的特点及主要问题[J].社会科学辑刊,2005,2.
②低关税国家通过缔结双边FTA加强政治关系的意图明显。参见蔡鹏鸿.东亚双边自由贸易区的国际政治经济学分析[J].当代亚太,2005,3.
③宾建成.世界双边FTA的兴起与我国的对策[J].贵州财经学院学报,2005,3.
④部分观点参考了宾建成、陈柳钦(2005)的研究结论,参见宾建成、陈柳钦.世界双边FTA的发展趋势与我国的对策探析[J].南京社会科学,2005,11.
⑤数据来自WTO网站,“更紧密的经贸关系安排”(Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement,CEPA)归入FTA,参见http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/regfac_e.htm。
①以下解释和总结参照宾建成(2005)的分类归纳。参见宾建成.论双边FTA与WTO之间的关系[J].生产力研究,2005,3.
①WTO,“General Agreement on Trade in Services”[OL], http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/26-gats_01_e.htm;宾建成.论双边FTA与WTO之间的关系[J].生产力研究.2005,3.
②WTO,“Work of the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements (CRTA)”[OL], http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ region_e/regcom_e.htm#reporting.
①第二届东亚峰会:16国携手加强能源合作[N],国际金融报,2007-01-16,转引自http://www.p5w.net/futures /nytj/ny/200701/t723369.htm。
②温家宝出席第三届东亚峰会,就气候变化问题阐述中方立场[N],人民日报,2007-11-22,转引自http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64094/6560441.html。
③东亚合作二轨道机制[OL],参见http://www.sis.pku.edu.cn/pub/chenfengjun/dongyahezuo.htm。
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①在此,将新加坡、韩国与欧洲自由贸易联盟(EFTA)缔结并生效的两个FTA归为双边性质。
①沈伯明.区域贸易协议与建立中韩自由贸易区刍议[J].对外经贸实务,2005,10.
①罗肇鸿.在积极参与区域经济合作中争取双赢[J].中共天津市委党校学报,2005,1.
①刘昌黎.东亚双边自由贸易研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2007:33;宾建成,陈柳钦.世界双边FTA的发展趋势与我国的对策探析[J].经济学研究,2005,10.
②中国台湾地区分别与巴拿马和危地马拉签订FTA,生效时间分别为2004年1月和2006年1月。参见刘昌黎.东亚双边自由贸易研究[M].大连:东北财经大学出版社,2007:24、25。
①汪素芹.中韩贸易发展的主要障碍与合作途径[J].世界经济研究,2003,6.
②李晓峰,张巍.建立中韩自由贸易区——解决中韩贸易摩擦问题的有效途径[J].国际贸易,2006,8.
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①Kimberly A. Clausing,“Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the Canada– United States Free Trade Agreement”, Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol.34, No.3, pp.677– 696.
②此归纳参见张彬,张澎.美国在NAFTA中的贸易创造与贸易转移:1994~2003[J].世界经济,2008,5.
③M. G. Plummer,“Efficiency Effects of the Accession of Spain and Portugal to the EC”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 1991(3), pp.428-437.
④J. Haaland and V. Norman,“Global Production Effects of European Integration”, in L. A. Winters ed. Trade Flows and Trade Policy after 1992, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
⑤A. Krueger,“Trade Creation and Trade Diversion under NAFTA”, NBER Working Paper, No. 7429, 1999, pp.1202-1239.
①中国自由贸易区建设进展情况[OL].2008-09-17.http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/article/aboutfta/cftagaikuang /200809/30_1.html.
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②孙玉红.比较南北型FTA与南南型FTA的利益分配[J].世界经济研究,2007,5.
①Schiff and Wang, NAFTA. Technology Diffusion and Productivity in Mexico, 2002.
①中国自由贸易区建设进展情况[OL] . 2008-09-17 . http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/article/aboutfta/ cftagaikuang/200809 /30_1.html.
②国务院关税税则委员会办公室,中华人民共和国海关总署关税征管司,中华人民共和国财政部关税司.中华人民共和国进出口税则:中国—东盟自由贸易区分册[M].北京:中国财经经济出版社,2005.
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②Young Bae, Park and Sang Bok, Moon,“Korea’s FTA Policy Structure”, in A Joint Conference of AKES, RCIE, and KDI Korea and the World Economy, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, July 7-8, 2006, http://faculty.washington.edu/karyiu/confer/seoul06/papers/park-moon.pdf.
③MFAT, Korea's FTA Policy, 2008-09-22, http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/econtrade/fta/issues/index.jsp.
①Young Bae, Park and Sang Bok, Moon,“Korea’s FTA Policy Structure”, in A Joint Conference of AKES, RCIE, and KDI Korea and the World Economy, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, July 7-8, 2006, http://faculty.washington.edu/karyiu/confer/seoul06/papers/park-moon.pdf.
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③WTO, Statistics database: Trade profiles, http://stat.wto.org/Home/WSDBHome.aspx?Language=E.
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①中华人民共和国商务部官方网站(www.mofcom.gov.cn)。
②张小济.面向21世纪的中韩经贸合作[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2006:62.
③中华人民共和国商务部官方网站(www.mofcom.gov.cn)。
①周茂荣.美加自由贸易协定研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1993:60.
②有些重要词汇和短语也可以在相应章下做具体阐释。如《中新自由贸易协定》第六章第37条关于“国内产业”、“《保障措施协定》”、“严重损害”、“严重损害威胁”的定义。
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