草坪综合评价体系的构建及干旱荒漠绿洲区草坪建植技术的研究
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摘要
本论文依据层次分析法和灰色系统理论构建了科学的草坪质量评价指标体系,为草坪综合评价提供了科学的理论依据和合理的评价方法。在河西走廊干旱荒漠绿洲地区通过引种试验和生态适应性综合评价,确定了干旱荒漠绿洲地区适宜种植的草坪草种。通过在重盐碱地、干旱沙地等条件下进行特殊的关键种植技术的探索研究,确定了在该条件下草坪建植与管理的具有开拓性的先进优化技术,对河西走廊干旱荒漠绿洲地区及我国类似地区的具有较强的指导和借鉴意义。
一、草坪综合评价体系的构建
运用层次分析法(AHP)中Satty的1～9尺度方法,通过构造权重比值矩阵,计算出该矩阵最大特征值所对应的特征向量,得到一致性检验后,将具特征向值量作为满意的可接受的权重值。并通过灰色关联度分析方法,计算出各草坪草的加权关联度,从而科学合理地综合评价出草坪草的质量。构建的多层次灰色综合评价系统,具有灵敏度高,利用计算机数学处理运算过程简单的优点,能简明直接地、数量化地反映出草坪的质量等级,并可以进行草坪质量之间的定量化比较。草坪综合评价体系的构建为草坪工作者提供了一个先进的草坪评价方法,具有较强的可操作性、实用性和科学合理性。
二、引种生态适应性研究
本试验以干旱荒漠绿洲地区的河西走廊中部作为试验基地,采用美国国家草坪品种测试项目(NTEP)的方法对三种主要草坪草种草地早熟禾(Poap ratensis L.),高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)共21个品种进行了评比试验,根据试验结果获得了冷季型草坪草在河西走廊荒漠绿洲地区的生长周期性变化资料,包括草坪草的耐寒性、耐盐碱性、耐旱性、耐热性、成坪性、抗病性、颜色、绿期和密度等的变化特征。应用多层次灰色综合评价系统进行分析,从而确定在河西走廊荒漠绿洲地区种植各种用途草坪的草种选择,同时验证多层次灰色综合评价系统在草坪草综合评价中的应用,结果表明:21种草坪草品种综合质量评价由高到低依次为:公园、亨特、克利、凌志、博士、肯塔基、美洲虎3号、万博特、抢手股、矮星2号、康尼、纳苏、托亚、康派、猎狗、优异、尤文图斯、美洲王、得比、普拉蒂尼、爱神特。以上这些试验结果的获得,为今后深人的分析草坪质量与环境条件之间的关系打下了一定的基础,同时也为河西走廊荒漠绿洲地区在实践中选择适宜草坪草种以及建坪和管理提供了的理论依据。
三、干旱荒漠绿洲区草坪种植技术的研究
(一)在我国西北地区,尤其是在荒漠绿洲地区,由于地下水位的上移及灌溉等因素,盐渍化土地较多.在园林绿化中,建植小面积草坪常选择较优质的耕地或客土法换得的土。然而在大面积盐碱土上规模化生产现代化草坪的技术,过去尚无成熟经验可供借鉴。为尽快改变试区的现状,本试验在详查试验区土壤盐渍化成因的基础上,针对中国西北地区常种植的冷季型草坪草进行品种耐盐鉴定,筛选出耐盐草坪草品种,并参照有关地区改造经验。我们在张掖东北郊开发区盐碱低洼地建植草坪6.7hm2。通过多年试验与实践,总结出重盐碱地改良与建植优质草坪技术方法。结果表明:在重盐碱地,通过铺设双层暗管进行排水和底层衬膜技术,大大降低了表土含盐量。通过试验证明,经过排盐处理,随着土壤含盐量下降,草坪质量越来越好。草坪质量与土壤电导率呈负相关性。本试验的结果对重盐碱地种植草坪及其他作物都具有很好的指导意义和参考价值,为类似地区园林植物种植及农作物栽培提供了较为可靠的技术经验。
(二)在中国西北大部分地区,水是影响该地区经济发展的决定性因素。尤其是在干旱荒漠绿洲区,大部分土壤含沙量高,灌水后渗漏严重,保水性差。在草坪种植中,用水量增大,成本高。为解决上述问题,在2003～2006年间进行了沙地底层衬膜节水种植草坪的试验,结果表明:用沙地底层衬膜节水种植草坪的技术,不但可以明显地节约用水(只需传统漫灌的1/3),而且可以容易地种植出优质草坪。如果在沙地底层衬膜技术基础上加以喷灌系统,需水量只需传统漫灌的1/4,就可以建植成质量极佳的草坪。本试验为干旱沙地草坪种植提供了科学先进的节水种植技术,具有一定的创新性和先进性。
(三)修剪是草坪管理中最具特色的项目,也是成本较高的管理措施。因此有必要找到一种经济有效的修剪模式。试验结果表明:河西走廊中部地区,在春季由于草坪草生长速度较慢,在草坪管理过程中,可选择每20 d修剪一次,保持修剪高度为6～9cm;在夏季,可选择每10 d修剪一次,保持修剪高度为9～15cm;秋季可选择每15 d修剪一次,保持修剪高度为6～12cm。该试验为河西走廊中部荒漠绿洲地区探明了一种经济有效的修剪模式,对类似地区有一定的指导借鉴意义。
The research created scientific evaluative system of index for turf quality according to Analytical Hierarchy Process and grey system theory, which provided scientific theory evidence and reasonal evaluative methond for comprehensive evaluation of turf. The trial screened suitable cultivars planted in Arid Hungriness Oasis Regions through experiment of introduced breeds and comprehensive evaluation of ecological adaptability. The test confirmed advanceded technology of turf establishment and turf management by the study of key turf establishment technology in diazonium alkali land, arid sand land and so on, which had better guidance and reference for Hexi Corridor Arid Hungriness Oasis regions and analogous regions.
Ⅰ. Creation of turf comprehensive evaluative system
Through Satty's method of 1-9 scales of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the weight ratio of matrix were got and it can calculate the maximum characteristic solution, then it can be regarded as the satisfying value of weight. Weighting correlative degree of individual turfgrasses were calculated by using grey correlation degree analytic method, and then turf quality were evaluated scientifically and reasonably. Multi-hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluative system has advantage of higher sensitive degree and simple treamental process which was went on through computer maths operation, the grey system can concisely, direct, numerably reflect out quality grade of turf, moreover, may compare with turf quality. Creation of turf comprehensive evaluative system provided advanced evaluative method of turf which had better maneuverability, practicability, rationality for turf operator.
Ⅱ. Study on ecological adaptability of introdued cultivars
The experiment was conducted in the middle of Arid Hungriness Oasis Region of the Hexi Corridor, USA national turf cultivars test item-NTEP was used to compare with Kentuckbluegrass (Poa pratensis L.),Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial reygrass (Lolium perenne L.) total of 21 cultivars for acquring the first hand full and accurate data. According to experiment results we obtained periodicity change data of individual cultivars, including cold toerlance, salt-alkali tolerance, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, turf formng property, dosease resistance, colour, green period, and density. Multi-hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluative system was applied to analysed to make certain turfgrass selection of different purpose use turf in the Hexi Corridor, meanwhile multi-heriarchy grey comprehensive evaluative system was utilized in comprhensive evaluation of turfgrass, the results suggested that the comprehension quaility evaluation order of 21 turfgrasses from high to low were Park, Huntsville, Kerley, Barlexas, Ph.D., K.B.G, Jaguar 3, Wemble, Blue Chip, Shortstop 2, Conni, Nassau, Taya, Compact,Houndog, Merit, Juventus, America, Derby, Platini, Accent. Above these test results gained may found a base to analyse the relationship between turf quality and environment condition,at the same time provide some theoretic reference for seclecting suitable turfgrasses,establishment turf and management in the Hexi region.
Ⅲ. Study on establishment technology of turf in Arid Hungriness Oasis Regions
⑴In the northwest of China, especially in Arid Hungriness Oasis Regions, due to ascendment of underground water level, irrigation element, there appeared more salinization soil. In landscaping, when we establish small area turf, higher quality infield or exchangeing soil was usually chosen. There was no mature experience to be used for reference in the past. In order to change current situation of soil in the test field, the experiment which based on carefully investigateing cause of formation about soil salinization was carried out to identify salt tolerance of cool-season turfgrass planted in northwest region, screen out cultivars of salt tolerance and refer to alterative experience of relative region. We established 6.7m2 turf in salt-alkali bottomland of Zhangye northeast suburb development zone. Through many year test and practice, we summed up amending method of saline alkali land and establishment technology of high quality. Results indicated that utilization of hidden double layers paved in severity saline alkali land and technology of paveing plastic film at the bottom of land largely reduced salt content of top soil. Test demonstrated that turf quality turned better and better after drainge salt treament. There was a negative correlation between turf quality and soil conductance ratio. The study had great guidence and reference value for planting turf or other crops, meanwhile the research provided good technological experience for crop culture in similar areas.
⑵In the most part of northweast region, water is a decisive element which affect economic development of the region. Especially in arid hungriness oasis region, there is a great deal of sand in soil, where appeared severe seepage and poor water preserving capability. So the amount of water consuming and the cost of establishment are increasing during turf establishment. To solve these problems, the experiment of paving plastic film under sand to establish turf was conducted during 2003~2006, the results suggested that the technology of paving plastic film under sand to establish turf could not only save water (only need 1/3 of traditional flooding ), but also establish high quality turf. If sprinkler irrigation system based on technology of paving plastic film under sand was added, amount of water need is 1/4 of traditional flooding, we can establish highest quality turf . The research supplied advanced saving water technology in arid sand land, which had better innovation and advance.
⑶Mowing is a highlighted feature item among turf management, and a management measure of higher cost. So a economic and effective mowing model is needed. The experiment results indiacted that growth speed of turfgrass is slower in spring for middle regions of the Hexi Corridor, mowing every 20 d is chosen, and 6~9cm mowing height is kept during the course of turf management; in summer, mowing every 10 d is chosen, and mowing height is kept 9~15cm; in autumn, mowing every 15 d is chosen, and mowing height is kept 6~12cm. The study provided a economic and effective mowing model for Hexi Corriodor Hungriness Oasis Regions, which had direction and reference meaning in similar areas.
一、草坪综合评价体系的构建
运用层次分析法(AHP)中Satty的1～9尺度方法,通过构造权重比值矩阵,计算出该矩阵最大特征值所对应的特征向量,得到一致性检验后,将具特征向值量作为满意的可接受的权重值。并通过灰色关联度分析方法,计算出各草坪草的加权关联度,从而科学合理地综合评价出草坪草的质量。构建的多层次灰色综合评价系统,具有灵敏度高,利用计算机数学处理运算过程简单的优点,能简明直接地、数量化地反映出草坪的质量等级,并可以进行草坪质量之间的定量化比较。草坪综合评价体系的构建为草坪工作者提供了一个先进的草坪评价方法,具有较强的可操作性、实用性和科学合理性。
二、引种生态适应性研究
本试验以干旱荒漠绿洲地区的河西走廊中部作为试验基地,采用美国国家草坪品种测试项目(NTEP)的方法对三种主要草坪草种草地早熟禾(Poap ratensis L.),高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)共21个品种进行了评比试验,根据试验结果获得了冷季型草坪草在河西走廊荒漠绿洲地区的生长周期性变化资料,包括草坪草的耐寒性、耐盐碱性、耐旱性、耐热性、成坪性、抗病性、颜色、绿期和密度等的变化特征。应用多层次灰色综合评价系统进行分析,从而确定在河西走廊荒漠绿洲地区种植各种用途草坪的草种选择,同时验证多层次灰色综合评价系统在草坪草综合评价中的应用,结果表明:21种草坪草品种综合质量评价由高到低依次为:公园、亨特、克利、凌志、博士、肯塔基、美洲虎3号、万博特、抢手股、矮星2号、康尼、纳苏、托亚、康派、猎狗、优异、尤文图斯、美洲王、得比、普拉蒂尼、爱神特。以上这些试验结果的获得,为今后深人的分析草坪质量与环境条件之间的关系打下了一定的基础,同时也为河西走廊荒漠绿洲地区在实践中选择适宜草坪草种以及建坪和管理提供了的理论依据。
三、干旱荒漠绿洲区草坪种植技术的研究
(一)在我国西北地区,尤其是在荒漠绿洲地区,由于地下水位的上移及灌溉等因素,盐渍化土地较多.在园林绿化中,建植小面积草坪常选择较优质的耕地或客土法换得的土。然而在大面积盐碱土上规模化生产现代化草坪的技术,过去尚无成熟经验可供借鉴。为尽快改变试区的现状,本试验在详查试验区土壤盐渍化成因的基础上,针对中国西北地区常种植的冷季型草坪草进行品种耐盐鉴定,筛选出耐盐草坪草品种,并参照有关地区改造经验。我们在张掖东北郊开发区盐碱低洼地建植草坪6.7hm2。通过多年试验与实践,总结出重盐碱地改良与建植优质草坪技术方法。结果表明:在重盐碱地,通过铺设双层暗管进行排水和底层衬膜技术,大大降低了表土含盐量。通过试验证明,经过排盐处理,随着土壤含盐量下降,草坪质量越来越好。草坪质量与土壤电导率呈负相关性。本试验的结果对重盐碱地种植草坪及其他作物都具有很好的指导意义和参考价值,为类似地区园林植物种植及农作物栽培提供了较为可靠的技术经验。
(二)在中国西北大部分地区,水是影响该地区经济发展的决定性因素。尤其是在干旱荒漠绿洲区,大部分土壤含沙量高,灌水后渗漏严重,保水性差。在草坪种植中,用水量增大,成本高。为解决上述问题,在2003～2006年间进行了沙地底层衬膜节水种植草坪的试验,结果表明:用沙地底层衬膜节水种植草坪的技术,不但可以明显地节约用水(只需传统漫灌的1/3),而且可以容易地种植出优质草坪。如果在沙地底层衬膜技术基础上加以喷灌系统,需水量只需传统漫灌的1/4,就可以建植成质量极佳的草坪。本试验为干旱沙地草坪种植提供了科学先进的节水种植技术,具有一定的创新性和先进性。
(三)修剪是草坪管理中最具特色的项目,也是成本较高的管理措施。因此有必要找到一种经济有效的修剪模式。试验结果表明:河西走廊中部地区,在春季由于草坪草生长速度较慢,在草坪管理过程中,可选择每20 d修剪一次,保持修剪高度为6～9cm;在夏季,可选择每10 d修剪一次,保持修剪高度为9～15cm;秋季可选择每15 d修剪一次,保持修剪高度为6～12cm。该试验为河西走廊中部荒漠绿洲地区探明了一种经济有效的修剪模式,对类似地区有一定的指导借鉴意义。
The research created scientific evaluative system of index for turf quality according to Analytical Hierarchy Process and grey system theory, which provided scientific theory evidence and reasonal evaluative methond for comprehensive evaluation of turf. The trial screened suitable cultivars planted in Arid Hungriness Oasis Regions through experiment of introduced breeds and comprehensive evaluation of ecological adaptability. The test confirmed advanceded technology of turf establishment and turf management by the study of key turf establishment technology in diazonium alkali land, arid sand land and so on, which had better guidance and reference for Hexi Corridor Arid Hungriness Oasis regions and analogous regions.
Ⅰ. Creation of turf comprehensive evaluative system
Through Satty's method of 1-9 scales of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the weight ratio of matrix were got and it can calculate the maximum characteristic solution, then it can be regarded as the satisfying value of weight. Weighting correlative degree of individual turfgrasses were calculated by using grey correlation degree analytic method, and then turf quality were evaluated scientifically and reasonably. Multi-hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluative system has advantage of higher sensitive degree and simple treamental process which was went on through computer maths operation, the grey system can concisely, direct, numerably reflect out quality grade of turf, moreover, may compare with turf quality. Creation of turf comprehensive evaluative system provided advanced evaluative method of turf which had better maneuverability, practicability, rationality for turf operator.
Ⅱ. Study on ecological adaptability of introdued cultivars
The experiment was conducted in the middle of Arid Hungriness Oasis Region of the Hexi Corridor, USA national turf cultivars test item-NTEP was used to compare with Kentuckbluegrass (Poa pratensis L.),Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial reygrass (Lolium perenne L.) total of 21 cultivars for acquring the first hand full and accurate data. According to experiment results we obtained periodicity change data of individual cultivars, including cold toerlance, salt-alkali tolerance, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, turf formng property, dosease resistance, colour, green period, and density. Multi-hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluative system was applied to analysed to make certain turfgrass selection of different purpose use turf in the Hexi Corridor, meanwhile multi-heriarchy grey comprehensive evaluative system was utilized in comprhensive evaluation of turfgrass, the results suggested that the comprehension quaility evaluation order of 21 turfgrasses from high to low were Park, Huntsville, Kerley, Barlexas, Ph.D., K.B.G, Jaguar 3, Wemble, Blue Chip, Shortstop 2, Conni, Nassau, Taya, Compact,Houndog, Merit, Juventus, America, Derby, Platini, Accent. Above these test results gained may found a base to analyse the relationship between turf quality and environment condition,at the same time provide some theoretic reference for seclecting suitable turfgrasses,establishment turf and management in the Hexi region.
Ⅲ. Study on establishment technology of turf in Arid Hungriness Oasis Regions
⑴In the northwest of China, especially in Arid Hungriness Oasis Regions, due to ascendment of underground water level, irrigation element, there appeared more salinization soil. In landscaping, when we establish small area turf, higher quality infield or exchangeing soil was usually chosen. There was no mature experience to be used for reference in the past. In order to change current situation of soil in the test field, the experiment which based on carefully investigateing cause of formation about soil salinization was carried out to identify salt tolerance of cool-season turfgrass planted in northwest region, screen out cultivars of salt tolerance and refer to alterative experience of relative region. We established 6.7m2 turf in salt-alkali bottomland of Zhangye northeast suburb development zone. Through many year test and practice, we summed up amending method of saline alkali land and establishment technology of high quality. Results indicated that utilization of hidden double layers paved in severity saline alkali land and technology of paveing plastic film at the bottom of land largely reduced salt content of top soil. Test demonstrated that turf quality turned better and better after drainge salt treament. There was a negative correlation between turf quality and soil conductance ratio. The study had great guidence and reference value for planting turf or other crops, meanwhile the research provided good technological experience for crop culture in similar areas.
⑵In the most part of northweast region, water is a decisive element which affect economic development of the region. Especially in arid hungriness oasis region, there is a great deal of sand in soil, where appeared severe seepage and poor water preserving capability. So the amount of water consuming and the cost of establishment are increasing during turf establishment. To solve these problems, the experiment of paving plastic film under sand to establish turf was conducted during 2003~2006, the results suggested that the technology of paving plastic film under sand to establish turf could not only save water (only need 1/3 of traditional flooding ), but also establish high quality turf. If sprinkler irrigation system based on technology of paving plastic film under sand was added, amount of water need is 1/4 of traditional flooding, we can establish highest quality turf . The research supplied advanced saving water technology in arid sand land, which had better innovation and advance.
⑶Mowing is a highlighted feature item among turf management, and a management measure of higher cost. So a economic and effective mowing model is needed. The experiment results indiacted that growth speed of turfgrass is slower in spring for middle regions of the Hexi Corridor, mowing every 20 d is chosen, and 6~9cm mowing height is kept during the course of turf management; in summer, mowing every 10 d is chosen, and mowing height is kept 9~15cm; in autumn, mowing every 15 d is chosen, and mowing height is kept 6~12cm. The study provided a economic and effective mowing model for Hexi Corriodor Hungriness Oasis Regions, which had direction and reference meaning in similar areas.
引文
[1] Beard,J.B. How To Have A Beautiful Lawn, H.J.Beard ,Beard Books,1979.
[2] [美]罗伯特·爱蒙斯,草坪科学与管理[M].中国林业出版社,1992.
[3]陈志一,等.草坪草栽培管理[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993.
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