发动机整车匹配中的振动噪声识别与控制研究
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摘要
汽车NVH(Noise,Vibration and Harshness,称为振动、噪声和声振粗糙度)性能不仅是汽车舒适性指标,更是整车质量品质的综合体现。然而,国内正面临对NVH技术的强烈需求与储备不足之间的矛盾,因此,亟待进行系统深入地研究。在此背景下,本文针对发动机整车匹配中的振动噪声识别与控制技术进行了系统研究,主要研究内容及相关结论和成果如下:
(1)系统讨论了基于边界元法的近场声全息理论及各种重构误差的影响因素,建立了基于边界元法的近场声全息技术的具体实施流程,通过扬声器实验证实了这一技术的有效性和优越性。为了抑制近场声全息重构误差的影响,探讨了截断奇异值正则化方法、Tikhonov正则化方法、L曲线准则和广义交叉检验法四种正则化方法的基本原理和特性,在此基础上形成了四种组合正则化方法,通过数值仿真计算对其精度、分辨率和抗测量误差的能力进行了检验,为在近场声全息研究中正确选择正则化方法提供了依据。
(2)以某型柴油机为研究对象,应用基于边界元法的近场声全息技术成功地重构了柴油机表面法向振动速度分布,识别出了表面主要噪声源,并应用面板贡献量分析对其进行了辐射声功率排序,为进一步预估各种噪声控制措施效果、声场可视化以及结构强度反演研究奠定了坚实基础。
(3)针对六自由度悬置系统动力学模型进行了系统理论研究,自主开发了悬置系统设计程序MOUNT和内燃机动力学计算程序VINO,能够对任意点支承悬置系统进行设计、评价,并对悬置系统进行激励响应和位移姿态控制计算,为悬置系统快速有效设计提供了有力工具。对比研究了不同悬置系统模态参数对隔振性能的影响,指出刚体模态频率是控制悬置系统隔振性能的关键,并以此为基础提出优化设计策略,应用多目标遗传算法求解了具有非线性、多峰、不连续特性的动力总成悬置系统多目标优化设计问题,获得了全局最优Pareto解集,从而能为动力总成悬置系统工程应用提供多种最优解决方案。
(4)针对某轻型客车搭载柴油动力总成所出现的低频振动噪声问题,对比测试分析了汽油和柴油动力轻型客车的NVH性能,指出动力总成悬置系统是解决低频振动噪声问题的关键,运用所提出的动力总成悬置系统多目标优化设计策略及方法成功地开发出了改进型橡胶悬置系统,并通过实车搭载试验证实其具有良好的工程应用性能。
(5)针对柴油轿车及轿车柴油机的噪声控制问题,通过近场声压扫描实验和声阵列声源识别实验识别出了发动机及车辆噪声主要辐射部位。在此基础上,提出了针对发动机及车辆的工程上可行的系列降噪措施,并通过实验手段检验了各种措施的效果,为柴油轿车的NVH工程控制提供了参考和借鉴。
The vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) performance is not only the index of the comfortability, but also the syntheses of the whole vehicle quality. However, there is a conflict between the need and the supply of NVH techniques in today China. Under the background, the dissertation has investigated systematically the NVH problems about vehicle and engine. The main contents, results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The theory of the BEM (Boundary Element Method)-based NAH (Near-field Acoustic Holography) method has been described in the paper. The effect aspects of reconstruction errors were analyzed in detail. The flow chart of the BEM-based NAH technique was proposed, and a speaker-louder was taken as an example to demonstrate the validity and superiority of the method. In order to reduce the reconstruction errors caused by the inverse process, the truncated singular value decomposition and the Tikhonov regularization method, which are two regularization methods, and the L-curve criterion and the generalized cross-validation method, which are two methods for choosing the regularization parameter, were analyzed and applied to create four combined regularization methods. The numerical simulation examples validate the four regularization methods.
(2) The BEM-based NAH method has been investigated in the noise source identification of a passenger car diesel engine. The surface normal vibrating velocities of the engine were reconstructed successfully. And the main noise sources were identified and ranked by the panel contribution analysis of sound power level. The recalculated surface normal velocities provide an approach for the assessment of noise reduction measures and the acoustic field visual research and the inverse process of engine structure strength.
(3) A six-DOF (Degree Of Freedom) rigid body dynamic model of engine mounting system has been built up. Then the mounting system design program MOUNT and the engine dynamic procedure VINO have been developed independently to evaluate the design cases of any points-supported engine mounting system and conduct the design of motion control and the dynamic response of the mounting system due to any kinds of engine disturbances. These procedures provide a useful tool for the design of engine mounting systems. The comparison of the effects of different modal parameters on vibration isolation performance of a mounting system has been made. The results demonstrate that the rigid modal frequency is the key parameter in the vibration isolation design of an engine mount system. Based on the above conclusions, the design strategy was proposed and the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm was implemented to solve the highly nonlinear, uncontinuous and multi-convex design optimization problem of an engine mounting system. The global Pareto solution sets were obtained. And that will provide different optimal design cases for the engineering application of an engine mount system.
(4) In order to solve the lower-frequency NVH problems about a light-duty diesel passenger carriage, the vehicle interior noise and vibration were measured and analyzed under different operating conditions. The results show that the diesel engine mounting system is the key issue of the NVH control. Then the proposed optimal method was applied to the design process of the diesel engine mount system. Finally, the NVH performance of the light-duty passenger carriage with the optimized mounting system was promoted greatly.
(5) To meet the NVH requirements of diesel passenger cars and passenger-car diesel engines, the near-field sound pressure scanning method and the acoustic array were used to identify the main noise sources. Based on the results, a series of noise control measures were implemented to solve the vehicle NVH problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed measures are effective for the noise control of diesel passenger cars.
(1)系统讨论了基于边界元法的近场声全息理论及各种重构误差的影响因素,建立了基于边界元法的近场声全息技术的具体实施流程,通过扬声器实验证实了这一技术的有效性和优越性。为了抑制近场声全息重构误差的影响,探讨了截断奇异值正则化方法、Tikhonov正则化方法、L曲线准则和广义交叉检验法四种正则化方法的基本原理和特性,在此基础上形成了四种组合正则化方法,通过数值仿真计算对其精度、分辨率和抗测量误差的能力进行了检验,为在近场声全息研究中正确选择正则化方法提供了依据。
(2)以某型柴油机为研究对象,应用基于边界元法的近场声全息技术成功地重构了柴油机表面法向振动速度分布,识别出了表面主要噪声源,并应用面板贡献量分析对其进行了辐射声功率排序,为进一步预估各种噪声控制措施效果、声场可视化以及结构强度反演研究奠定了坚实基础。
(3)针对六自由度悬置系统动力学模型进行了系统理论研究,自主开发了悬置系统设计程序MOUNT和内燃机动力学计算程序VINO,能够对任意点支承悬置系统进行设计、评价,并对悬置系统进行激励响应和位移姿态控制计算,为悬置系统快速有效设计提供了有力工具。对比研究了不同悬置系统模态参数对隔振性能的影响,指出刚体模态频率是控制悬置系统隔振性能的关键,并以此为基础提出优化设计策略,应用多目标遗传算法求解了具有非线性、多峰、不连续特性的动力总成悬置系统多目标优化设计问题,获得了全局最优Pareto解集,从而能为动力总成悬置系统工程应用提供多种最优解决方案。
(4)针对某轻型客车搭载柴油动力总成所出现的低频振动噪声问题,对比测试分析了汽油和柴油动力轻型客车的NVH性能,指出动力总成悬置系统是解决低频振动噪声问题的关键,运用所提出的动力总成悬置系统多目标优化设计策略及方法成功地开发出了改进型橡胶悬置系统,并通过实车搭载试验证实其具有良好的工程应用性能。
(5)针对柴油轿车及轿车柴油机的噪声控制问题,通过近场声压扫描实验和声阵列声源识别实验识别出了发动机及车辆噪声主要辐射部位。在此基础上,提出了针对发动机及车辆的工程上可行的系列降噪措施,并通过实验手段检验了各种措施的效果,为柴油轿车的NVH工程控制提供了参考和借鉴。
The vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) performance is not only the index of the comfortability, but also the syntheses of the whole vehicle quality. However, there is a conflict between the need and the supply of NVH techniques in today China. Under the background, the dissertation has investigated systematically the NVH problems about vehicle and engine. The main contents, results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) The theory of the BEM (Boundary Element Method)-based NAH (Near-field Acoustic Holography) method has been described in the paper. The effect aspects of reconstruction errors were analyzed in detail. The flow chart of the BEM-based NAH technique was proposed, and a speaker-louder was taken as an example to demonstrate the validity and superiority of the method. In order to reduce the reconstruction errors caused by the inverse process, the truncated singular value decomposition and the Tikhonov regularization method, which are two regularization methods, and the L-curve criterion and the generalized cross-validation method, which are two methods for choosing the regularization parameter, were analyzed and applied to create four combined regularization methods. The numerical simulation examples validate the four regularization methods.
(2) The BEM-based NAH method has been investigated in the noise source identification of a passenger car diesel engine. The surface normal vibrating velocities of the engine were reconstructed successfully. And the main noise sources were identified and ranked by the panel contribution analysis of sound power level. The recalculated surface normal velocities provide an approach for the assessment of noise reduction measures and the acoustic field visual research and the inverse process of engine structure strength.
(3) A six-DOF (Degree Of Freedom) rigid body dynamic model of engine mounting system has been built up. Then the mounting system design program MOUNT and the engine dynamic procedure VINO have been developed independently to evaluate the design cases of any points-supported engine mounting system and conduct the design of motion control and the dynamic response of the mounting system due to any kinds of engine disturbances. These procedures provide a useful tool for the design of engine mounting systems. The comparison of the effects of different modal parameters on vibration isolation performance of a mounting system has been made. The results demonstrate that the rigid modal frequency is the key parameter in the vibration isolation design of an engine mount system. Based on the above conclusions, the design strategy was proposed and the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm was implemented to solve the highly nonlinear, uncontinuous and multi-convex design optimization problem of an engine mounting system. The global Pareto solution sets were obtained. And that will provide different optimal design cases for the engineering application of an engine mount system.
(4) In order to solve the lower-frequency NVH problems about a light-duty diesel passenger carriage, the vehicle interior noise and vibration were measured and analyzed under different operating conditions. The results show that the diesel engine mounting system is the key issue of the NVH control. Then the proposed optimal method was applied to the design process of the diesel engine mount system. Finally, the NVH performance of the light-duty passenger carriage with the optimized mounting system was promoted greatly.
(5) To meet the NVH requirements of diesel passenger cars and passenger-car diesel engines, the near-field sound pressure scanning method and the acoustic array were used to identify the main noise sources. Based on the results, a series of noise control measures were implemented to solve the vehicle NVH problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed measures are effective for the noise control of diesel passenger cars.
引文
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