山区高桥墩—桩基结构体系承载特性及其分析方法研究
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摘要
高桥墩-桩基结构体系的承载特性及其分析方法是西部山区公路建设所面临的新课题之一。由于山区地形、荷载及工况等条件的复杂性,高桥墩-桩基结构体系无论是承载机理和变形分析,还是稳定性计算方法均缺乏深入研究。因此,如何全面掌握山区高桥墩-桩基础的承载机理、受力特性与分析方法,对其合理设计计算具有重要的理论与工程实际意义。为此,本文结合国家自然科学基金项目“陡坡段桥梁桩基设计理论与数值模拟方法研究”(50578060)和湖南省交通科技项目“高陡边坡段桥梁桩基设计与防护技术研究”(200513),从理论分析、数值模拟、室内模型试验等方面对其进行深入系统的研究,以期丰富山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系设计计算理论。
本文首先在总结国内外已有相关研究文献的基础上,引入岩体结构控制理论,对桩周岩体工程特性及其风化分带方法进行了分析,建立出山区高桥墩-桩基基岩风化程度的量化表达式。通过分析与总结边坡稳定性分析方法后,考虑边坡稳定性分析的不确定性因素,引入基于模糊理论的边坡多级模糊评判方法对桩周岩质边坡进行稳定性分析。针对山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系的受力特点,探讨了山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系的承载机理和受力特性,借鉴平地基桩桩身内力及变形计算分析思路,通过分析边坡上基桩前后岩(土)体抗力及推力分布规律,建立复杂荷载下高桥墩-基桩的计算模型,采用幂级数方法求解,导出高桥墩.基桩内力及位移计算方法,并开发出相应计算程序。
其次,在分析稳定性分析基本理论及基桩失稳荷载求解方法的基础上,考虑基桩失稳破坏的非线性与突发性特点,引入突变理论,建立山区高桥墩-桩基体系稳定失稳的尖点突变模型,基于突变理论基本原理,求得了山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定失稳条件,并建立出山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系失稳破坏荷载与其对应墩顶水平位移确定方法。在此基础上,针对山区桩端岩溶发育问题,考虑溶洞顶板破坏的突发性及其影响因素的模糊性,提出岩溶区高桥墩-桩基结构体系下伏溶洞顶板安全厚度确定的突变模型与桩端溶洞顶板稳定性评价的突变评判新方法。
为了进一步探讨山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系的承载机理和受力特性,结合工程实际,借助非线性有限元分析软件,在考虑桩-岩接触等非线性因素的基础上,建立出山区高桥墩-桩基结构单排双桩的三维弹塑性模型,分析了不同荷载条件下山区高桥墩-桩基的受力特性及其稳定性影响因素,深化了对山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系承载特性的认识。
此外,采用非确定性分析方法,在总结可靠度基本理论及现有可靠性分析常用方法的基础上,针对现有方法的局限性,引入响应面方法,建立高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定的改进响应面方法。针对高桥墩-桩基结构体系岩土参数区间性特点,引入区间理论和非概率思想,建立了基于区间理论的高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定性非概率可靠性分析方法,从而形成较完整的山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定性非确定性分析方法。
最后,通过高桥墩-桩基室内模型试验验证了本文理论方法的正确性。试验共分两大部分:第一部分是承载特性试验,完成了竖向荷载、侧向荷载、水平荷载及复杂荷载下4组模型桩受力特性试验,探讨不同桩顶自由长度、不同嵌固深度、不同基桩刚度以及不同边坡坡度等对基桩受力的影响,进一步深化山区高桥墩.桩基的受力特性和承载机理;第二部分是高桥墩.桩基失稳破坏试验,通过设计不同墩桩长度比、墩桩刚度比及不同墩顶边界约束等组合条件下的模型试验,探讨了高桥墩-桩基屈曲工作性状,获得了不同桩基埋深、墩桩刚度比、墩顶约束等条件下的高桥墩-桩基的失稳破坏荷载。理论与试验结果表明:理论计算与试验值吻合较好,展示了本文方法的合理性与工程参考价值。
The load mechanics and analysis method for higher pile-column bridge pier structural system are of new tasks faced by highway transportation construction in western mountainous areas. For the complexity of alpine (coteau) terrain and various of loading condition and working condition, the bearing mechanism, deformation analysis and stability calculation methods of high pile-column bridge pier structural system are all deficient for further study. Therefore, it is significative in theoretical analysis and engineering practice to master its bearing mechanism, mechanical characteristics and analysis method comprehensively for rational design of this system. In this paper, combined with the supports of the program of National Natural Science Foundation "study on the buckling mechanism for pile foundation with high pile-cap based on meshless method"(50378036) and the scientific project of Communications Department of Hunan Province "study on the bearing mechanism and optimization design for piles foundation with high bridge piers in mountainous district"(200513), the load mechanics and analysis method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system were researched and discussed in order to enrich its design and calculation theory based on theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and model experiment.
Firstly, based on comprehensive analysis of the domestic and overseas related references, the engineering characteristics and its mass methods to distinguish weathering zones were analyzed by introducing rock masses structure control theory , a quantization expression is established for rock masses around the higher pile-column bridge pier structural system. With analysis and summary of the slope-stability analysis methods, a method about multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is introduced to evaluate rock slop around higher pile-column bridge pier structural system by considering its uncertain factors. According to the stress characteristics of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system, the bearing behavior and loading mechanism of higher pile-column bridge pier were discussed and the analytical thought was used for references which includes stress and deformation of conventional pile in the plain under loads, the externality loads include axial loads, horizontal loads, lateral distribution thrust forces and resistances from pile side rock. With the distribution of resistances and thrust forces simplified and the calculation model of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system established, the internal force calculation method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is deducted with power series method applied and the relevant computer program is developed.
Secondly, on the basis of analyzing stability calculating theory and load calculation method of pile ,according to the nonlinearity and abruptness features of higher pile-column bridge pier, a mechanical model is set up by synthetically analyzing the higher pile-column bridge pier. Based on the catastrophe theory, the cusp catastrophe model of higher pile-column bridge pier is established by the determination of its potential function and bifurcation set equation, the necessary instability conditions of high pile-column bridge pier are deduced, and the determination method for column-buckling and lateral displacement of higher pile-column bridge pier are derived. In accordance with the problem of karst development under pile , according to the abruptness and fuzziness features of cave roof , the determining methods of safe thickness of cave roof under high pile-column bridge pier and load-bearing capacity of high pile-column bridge pier are proposed and the new stability evaluation method for cave roof under pile tip in karsts region is established by combining introducing catastrophe theory and fuzzy analysis with fuzzy subordinate function and catastrophe progression.
In order to further study on bearing mechanism and load characterize of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system, combining practical projects and with the aid of nonlinear finite element analysis software, based on considering nonlinear factors including discontinuous deformation between pile and rock contact area, the three-dimensional elastoplastic model for single-row double pile of higher pile-column bridge pier structural is established, and the stress distribution is obtain according to different characteristic in different construction stage. The stress characteristic is achieved under different load condition through calculation and the stability influence factors are also fully discussed, so the bearing mechanism of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is more profound understand.
Then, using nondeterminism analysis method, at the based of summering reliability basic theory and present reliability assessment method, aiming at the limits of present reliability analysis method, the improved response surface method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is presented for reliability calculation by introducing response surface method. Basing on the interval feature of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system mechanic parameters, interval theory and non-probabilistic thought are introduced to build up non-probabilistic reliability analysis method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system in which uncertain geotechnical mechanic parameters is viewed as interval variable. Thus, the more whole nondeterminism analysis method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is formed.
At last, laboratory model tests on high pile-column bridge piers are carried out, it totally includes two parts. The first part is about bearing characteristic experiment , four groups of model piles tests are carried out. The influence factors of pile foundation are researched with different load mode, different pile shaft free length, different pile shaft fixity depth and different slope angle etc. The bearing mechanism and load characteristics of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system are further deepened. The second one is about the failure and instability experiments of higher pile-column bridge piers, the buckling working behavior of higher pile-column bridge piers is studied by taking into account of the different factors of pier-pile length ratio, boundary condition and material stiffness, buckling failure mechanism and loads of higher pile-column bridge piers are gained. The theoretical and experimental results show that the theoretical calculating values agree well with the experimental ones and the rationality and engineering reference value of the method in the paper is verified and displayed.
本文首先在总结国内外已有相关研究文献的基础上,引入岩体结构控制理论,对桩周岩体工程特性及其风化分带方法进行了分析,建立出山区高桥墩-桩基基岩风化程度的量化表达式。通过分析与总结边坡稳定性分析方法后,考虑边坡稳定性分析的不确定性因素,引入基于模糊理论的边坡多级模糊评判方法对桩周岩质边坡进行稳定性分析。针对山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系的受力特点,探讨了山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系的承载机理和受力特性,借鉴平地基桩桩身内力及变形计算分析思路,通过分析边坡上基桩前后岩(土)体抗力及推力分布规律,建立复杂荷载下高桥墩-基桩的计算模型,采用幂级数方法求解,导出高桥墩.基桩内力及位移计算方法,并开发出相应计算程序。
其次,在分析稳定性分析基本理论及基桩失稳荷载求解方法的基础上,考虑基桩失稳破坏的非线性与突发性特点,引入突变理论,建立山区高桥墩-桩基体系稳定失稳的尖点突变模型,基于突变理论基本原理,求得了山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定失稳条件,并建立出山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系失稳破坏荷载与其对应墩顶水平位移确定方法。在此基础上,针对山区桩端岩溶发育问题,考虑溶洞顶板破坏的突发性及其影响因素的模糊性,提出岩溶区高桥墩-桩基结构体系下伏溶洞顶板安全厚度确定的突变模型与桩端溶洞顶板稳定性评价的突变评判新方法。
为了进一步探讨山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系的承载机理和受力特性,结合工程实际,借助非线性有限元分析软件,在考虑桩-岩接触等非线性因素的基础上,建立出山区高桥墩-桩基结构单排双桩的三维弹塑性模型,分析了不同荷载条件下山区高桥墩-桩基的受力特性及其稳定性影响因素,深化了对山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系承载特性的认识。
此外,采用非确定性分析方法,在总结可靠度基本理论及现有可靠性分析常用方法的基础上,针对现有方法的局限性,引入响应面方法,建立高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定的改进响应面方法。针对高桥墩-桩基结构体系岩土参数区间性特点,引入区间理论和非概率思想,建立了基于区间理论的高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定性非概率可靠性分析方法,从而形成较完整的山区高桥墩-桩基结构体系稳定性非确定性分析方法。
最后,通过高桥墩-桩基室内模型试验验证了本文理论方法的正确性。试验共分两大部分:第一部分是承载特性试验,完成了竖向荷载、侧向荷载、水平荷载及复杂荷载下4组模型桩受力特性试验,探讨不同桩顶自由长度、不同嵌固深度、不同基桩刚度以及不同边坡坡度等对基桩受力的影响,进一步深化山区高桥墩.桩基的受力特性和承载机理;第二部分是高桥墩.桩基失稳破坏试验,通过设计不同墩桩长度比、墩桩刚度比及不同墩顶边界约束等组合条件下的模型试验,探讨了高桥墩-桩基屈曲工作性状,获得了不同桩基埋深、墩桩刚度比、墩顶约束等条件下的高桥墩-桩基的失稳破坏荷载。理论与试验结果表明:理论计算与试验值吻合较好,展示了本文方法的合理性与工程参考价值。
The load mechanics and analysis method for higher pile-column bridge pier structural system are of new tasks faced by highway transportation construction in western mountainous areas. For the complexity of alpine (coteau) terrain and various of loading condition and working condition, the bearing mechanism, deformation analysis and stability calculation methods of high pile-column bridge pier structural system are all deficient for further study. Therefore, it is significative in theoretical analysis and engineering practice to master its bearing mechanism, mechanical characteristics and analysis method comprehensively for rational design of this system. In this paper, combined with the supports of the program of National Natural Science Foundation "study on the buckling mechanism for pile foundation with high pile-cap based on meshless method"(50378036) and the scientific project of Communications Department of Hunan Province "study on the bearing mechanism and optimization design for piles foundation with high bridge piers in mountainous district"(200513), the load mechanics and analysis method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system were researched and discussed in order to enrich its design and calculation theory based on theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and model experiment.
Firstly, based on comprehensive analysis of the domestic and overseas related references, the engineering characteristics and its mass methods to distinguish weathering zones were analyzed by introducing rock masses structure control theory , a quantization expression is established for rock masses around the higher pile-column bridge pier structural system. With analysis and summary of the slope-stability analysis methods, a method about multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is introduced to evaluate rock slop around higher pile-column bridge pier structural system by considering its uncertain factors. According to the stress characteristics of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system, the bearing behavior and loading mechanism of higher pile-column bridge pier were discussed and the analytical thought was used for references which includes stress and deformation of conventional pile in the plain under loads, the externality loads include axial loads, horizontal loads, lateral distribution thrust forces and resistances from pile side rock. With the distribution of resistances and thrust forces simplified and the calculation model of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system established, the internal force calculation method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is deducted with power series method applied and the relevant computer program is developed.
Secondly, on the basis of analyzing stability calculating theory and load calculation method of pile ,according to the nonlinearity and abruptness features of higher pile-column bridge pier, a mechanical model is set up by synthetically analyzing the higher pile-column bridge pier. Based on the catastrophe theory, the cusp catastrophe model of higher pile-column bridge pier is established by the determination of its potential function and bifurcation set equation, the necessary instability conditions of high pile-column bridge pier are deduced, and the determination method for column-buckling and lateral displacement of higher pile-column bridge pier are derived. In accordance with the problem of karst development under pile , according to the abruptness and fuzziness features of cave roof , the determining methods of safe thickness of cave roof under high pile-column bridge pier and load-bearing capacity of high pile-column bridge pier are proposed and the new stability evaluation method for cave roof under pile tip in karsts region is established by combining introducing catastrophe theory and fuzzy analysis with fuzzy subordinate function and catastrophe progression.
In order to further study on bearing mechanism and load characterize of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system, combining practical projects and with the aid of nonlinear finite element analysis software, based on considering nonlinear factors including discontinuous deformation between pile and rock contact area, the three-dimensional elastoplastic model for single-row double pile of higher pile-column bridge pier structural is established, and the stress distribution is obtain according to different characteristic in different construction stage. The stress characteristic is achieved under different load condition through calculation and the stability influence factors are also fully discussed, so the bearing mechanism of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is more profound understand.
Then, using nondeterminism analysis method, at the based of summering reliability basic theory and present reliability assessment method, aiming at the limits of present reliability analysis method, the improved response surface method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is presented for reliability calculation by introducing response surface method. Basing on the interval feature of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system mechanic parameters, interval theory and non-probabilistic thought are introduced to build up non-probabilistic reliability analysis method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system in which uncertain geotechnical mechanic parameters is viewed as interval variable. Thus, the more whole nondeterminism analysis method of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system is formed.
At last, laboratory model tests on high pile-column bridge piers are carried out, it totally includes two parts. The first part is about bearing characteristic experiment , four groups of model piles tests are carried out. The influence factors of pile foundation are researched with different load mode, different pile shaft free length, different pile shaft fixity depth and different slope angle etc. The bearing mechanism and load characteristics of higher pile-column bridge pier structural system are further deepened. The second one is about the failure and instability experiments of higher pile-column bridge piers, the buckling working behavior of higher pile-column bridge piers is studied by taking into account of the different factors of pier-pile length ratio, boundary condition and material stiffness, buckling failure mechanism and loads of higher pile-column bridge piers are gained. The theoretical and experimental results show that the theoretical calculating values agree well with the experimental ones and the rationality and engineering reference value of the method in the paper is verified and displayed.
引文
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