北京市大气环境中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染特征和气—粒分配行为研究
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摘要
二噁英和多氯联苯是环境中广泛存在的持久性有机污染物(POPs),对人类健康危害极大。通过对北京市大气中二噁英和多氯联苯的研究发现,春、夏、秋、冬四个季节大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中多氯联苯的平均浓度范围分别为1.1～14 pg/m3和0.8～10 pg/m3,毒性当量范围分别为1.6～15.4 fgWHO-TEQ/m3和1.0～13.8 fgWHO-TEQ/m3;二噁英的平均浓度范围分别为1.5～3.7 pg/m3和1.1～3.2 pg/m3,毒性当量范围分别为78～270.9 fgI-TEQ/m3和51.6～233.2 fgI-TEQ/m3。二噁英和多氯联苯呈现出明显的季节趋势,即夏季和秋季明显低于冬季和春季。空间上,二噁英和多氯联苯浓度表现为工业区>市区>背景点。
分析测试数据表明多氯联苯主要在颗粒物相上(占97.5%),而二噁英则主要与气相结合(占92.1%),二噁英和多氯联苯的logKp与logPL0有明显的线性关系。奥运会交通限行期间,地质大学东门大气颗粒物中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度明显低于交通限行前,TSP中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度分别是限行前的25.9%和30.39%,PM10中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度分别是限行前的23.67%和38.37%,PM2.5中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度分别是限行前的13.97%和42.6%。
餐厅烟尘颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中19种多氯联苯和17种2,3,7,8氯代二噁英均被检出,PM10和PM2.5中多氯联苯的平均浓度分别为16 pg/m3和13 pg/m3,PM10和PM2.5中二噁英的平均浓度分别为3 pg/m3和2 pg/m3。沙尘天气没有增加餐厅烟尘颗粒物中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度。
5种不同工业焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英和多氯联苯的浓度和毒性当量相差悬殊,毫无可比性。垃圾焚烧发电飞灰中二噁英和多氯联苯的浓度(分别为442.4 pg/g和796.4 pg/g)和TEQ(分别为74264 fgI-TEQ/g和2582 fgWHO-TEQ/g)最高,对环境中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染贡献非常大。相比之下,应用硫化床和活性炭吸附的燃煤锅炉对环境中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染贡献较小(TEQ分别为1441 fgI-TEQ/g和34.08 fgWHO-TEQ/g)。
Dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) whose ubiquitous presence in ambient environment is of recognized health concern. Air samples were collected in four seasons in 2008 in Beijing. The studies on PCDD/Fs and PCBs showed seasonal mean levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were respectively in the rang of 1.5～3.7 pg/m3 and 1.1～14 pg/m3 with a toxic equivalents in the rang of 78～270.9 fgI-TEQ/m3 and 1.6～15.4 fgWHO-TEQ/m3 respectively in PM10, and seasonal mean levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were respectively in the rang of 1.1～3.2 pg/m3 and 0.8～10 pg/m3 with a toxic equivalents in the rang of 51.6～233.2 fgI-TEQ/m3 and 1.0～13.8 fgWHO-TEQ/m3 respectively in PM2.5. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in PM10 and PM2.5 show evident seasonality, the concentrations in winter and spring were much higher than in summer and autumn. The concentrations of individual congeners followed the same spatial change trends in same season. The higheast concentrations were found in industrial area and the lowest concentration were found in background.
The results of studies on gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs and PCBs indicated PCBs (97.5%) were primarily in gas and PCDD/Fs (92.1%) were primarily bounded in particle. logKp and logPL0 of PCDD/Fs and PCBs presented obvious linear relativity.
PCDD/Fs and PCBs levels were notablely lower during traffic limit event than no traffic limit event, contributions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs during traffic limit event to those during no traffic limit event were 25.9% and 30.39% respectively in TSP, and 23.67% and 38.37% respectively in PM10, and 13.97% and 42.6% repectively in PM2.5.
17 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and 19PCBs were detected in cooking smoke particle PM10 and PM2.5. PCBs concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were 16 pg/m3 and 13 pg/m3 respectively, and PCDD/Fs concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were 3 pg/m3 and 2pg/m3 respectively.
PCDD/Fs and PCBs levels and TEQ in fly ash from 5 different industrial incinerators were markedly different. The highest PCDD/Fs and PCBs levels( respectively 442.4 pg/g and 796.4 pg/g ) and TEQ ( respectively 74264 fgI-TEQ/g and 2582 fgWHO-TEQ/g) were detected in fly ash of solid waste incinerator, that were dominant the contributions contributors in ambient environment. In comparation, the contributions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs ( respectively 1441 fgI-TEQ /g and 34.08 fgWHO-TEQ/g ) to environmental PCDD/Fs and PCBs pollution in fly ash 3 that employ sulfuration bed as incinerator and employ active carbon as sorbent were lower.
分析测试数据表明多氯联苯主要在颗粒物相上(占97.5%),而二噁英则主要与气相结合(占92.1%),二噁英和多氯联苯的logKp与logPL0有明显的线性关系。奥运会交通限行期间,地质大学东门大气颗粒物中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度明显低于交通限行前,TSP中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度分别是限行前的25.9%和30.39%,PM10中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度分别是限行前的23.67%和38.37%,PM2.5中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度分别是限行前的13.97%和42.6%。
餐厅烟尘颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中19种多氯联苯和17种2,3,7,8氯代二噁英均被检出,PM10和PM2.5中多氯联苯的平均浓度分别为16 pg/m3和13 pg/m3,PM10和PM2.5中二噁英的平均浓度分别为3 pg/m3和2 pg/m3。沙尘天气没有增加餐厅烟尘颗粒物中二噁英和多氯联苯浓度。
5种不同工业焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英和多氯联苯的浓度和毒性当量相差悬殊,毫无可比性。垃圾焚烧发电飞灰中二噁英和多氯联苯的浓度(分别为442.4 pg/g和796.4 pg/g)和TEQ(分别为74264 fgI-TEQ/g和2582 fgWHO-TEQ/g)最高,对环境中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染贡献非常大。相比之下,应用硫化床和活性炭吸附的燃煤锅炉对环境中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染贡献较小(TEQ分别为1441 fgI-TEQ/g和34.08 fgWHO-TEQ/g)。
Dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) whose ubiquitous presence in ambient environment is of recognized health concern. Air samples were collected in four seasons in 2008 in Beijing. The studies on PCDD/Fs and PCBs showed seasonal mean levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were respectively in the rang of 1.5～3.7 pg/m3 and 1.1～14 pg/m3 with a toxic equivalents in the rang of 78～270.9 fgI-TEQ/m3 and 1.6～15.4 fgWHO-TEQ/m3 respectively in PM10, and seasonal mean levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were respectively in the rang of 1.1～3.2 pg/m3 and 0.8～10 pg/m3 with a toxic equivalents in the rang of 51.6～233.2 fgI-TEQ/m3 and 1.0～13.8 fgWHO-TEQ/m3 respectively in PM2.5. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in PM10 and PM2.5 show evident seasonality, the concentrations in winter and spring were much higher than in summer and autumn. The concentrations of individual congeners followed the same spatial change trends in same season. The higheast concentrations were found in industrial area and the lowest concentration were found in background.
The results of studies on gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs and PCBs indicated PCBs (97.5%) were primarily in gas and PCDD/Fs (92.1%) were primarily bounded in particle. logKp and logPL0 of PCDD/Fs and PCBs presented obvious linear relativity.
PCDD/Fs and PCBs levels were notablely lower during traffic limit event than no traffic limit event, contributions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs during traffic limit event to those during no traffic limit event were 25.9% and 30.39% respectively in TSP, and 23.67% and 38.37% respectively in PM10, and 13.97% and 42.6% repectively in PM2.5.
17 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and 19PCBs were detected in cooking smoke particle PM10 and PM2.5. PCBs concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were 16 pg/m3 and 13 pg/m3 respectively, and PCDD/Fs concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were 3 pg/m3 and 2pg/m3 respectively.
PCDD/Fs and PCBs levels and TEQ in fly ash from 5 different industrial incinerators were markedly different. The highest PCDD/Fs and PCBs levels( respectively 442.4 pg/g and 796.4 pg/g ) and TEQ ( respectively 74264 fgI-TEQ/g and 2582 fgWHO-TEQ/g) were detected in fly ash of solid waste incinerator, that were dominant the contributions contributors in ambient environment. In comparation, the contributions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs ( respectively 1441 fgI-TEQ /g and 34.08 fgWHO-TEQ/g ) to environmental PCDD/Fs and PCBs pollution in fly ash 3 that employ sulfuration bed as incinerator and employ active carbon as sorbent were lower.
引文
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