漳江口红树林湿地沉积物有机质来源追溯
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摘要
河口湿地是海陆相互作用的重要地带,是一个多功能的复杂生态系统,作为陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的过渡地带,具有独特的生态价值和资源潜力。由于其与周边生态系统间频繁的物质交换,河口湿地生态系统中生物地球化学过程十分复杂,各种物理、化学和生物过程共同控制着有机质在这一地区中的赋存与转化。同时作为全球碳循环研究中的重要内容之一,有机质在湿地中的生物地球化学过程研究一直备受关注,然而迄今为止,关于河口湿地中有机地球化学的研究还有待进一步的充实和完善。滨海河口湿地一个重要组成成分——红树林湿地,其有机质的生物地球化学研究目前开展则更少被涉及。
本文选择中国自然分布最北的大面积重要的红树林湿地保护区——漳江口红树林湿地作为研究区域,采集了表层沉积物(林内、林外),柱状沉积物(分别位于三个红树纯林林内林外)、湿地内的主要优势植物样品,并对样品进行元素(C,N,S)、稳定同位素(δ~(13)C,δ~(15)N)、类脂化合物(正构烷烃、n-alkane脂肪酸)等全部或部分参数的测定;同时对采自表层和柱状沉积物样品进行了粒度分析,通过对生物标志化合物参数的判定,对沉积物样品中有机质来源的类型进行了鉴别。结合沉积物样品碳稳定同位素测定,对柱状样中红树源有机质贡献进行了估算,认识有机质在红树林湿地中的来源、分布特征、主要控制因素及红树植物对沉积物有机质的贡献。本研究的主要结论如下:
湿地表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)浓度较低,仅为0.76-1.49%,在各林分中分布无明显规律,但表层沉积物中林内波动比林外强烈。结合表层沉积物中低的C/N比值(6-11),可以初步推测,表层沉积物中有机质可能主要来自其他来源,而湿地植物的贡献相对较小。表层沉积物中C,N,S在沉积物中呈现相似的变化趋势,即林内比林外变化剧烈,这主要是由红树林湿地林内复杂的理化性质与沉积环境造成的。漳江口红树林湿地内沉积物中TOC,TN,TS与沉积物粒度间没有显著相关性,这区别于世界其他一些河口湿地沉积物中,有机质受由河流携带悬浮颗粒主导所致。通过柱状样中C/N比计算,在秋茄、白骨壤和桐花树三个纯林中,3种红树植物对沉积物有机质的贡献率表现为:桐花树林＞白骨壤林＞秋茄林。在秋茄与白骨壤林内沉积物中,红树植物对有机质的贡献率不足50%。
碳同位素(δ~(13)C)测定结果显示,湿地内三种主要红树植物秋茄、白骨壤和桐花树的叶片碳同位素体现出与典型C_3植物相似的值,平均值分别为-29.50‰,-29.87‰,-29.98‰。表层沉积物中δ~(13)C值的分布,林外各样点为-23.02--21.61‰,林内为-22.86—-25.53‰,这与湿地植物δ~(13)C值相比,均明显富集轻碳同位素,故而湿地植物有机质可能不是湿地沉积物中有机质的最主要来源。这与根据表层沉积物TOC浓度与C/N比值所得结论～致。表层沉积物中δ~(15)N在林外分布为4.65-7.82‰,在林内分布为5.23-6.78‰。通过对沉积物中δ~(15)N对δ~(13)C,δ~(13)C对C/N,δ~(15)N对C/N等相关性分析以及粒度与稳定同位素相关性分析,得出漳江口红树林湿地内沉积物中δ~(13)C对有机质变化响应良好,可以用于对沉积物中物源的分析,而δ~(15)N值受其他沉积物理化性质影响,在本研究区域内变化复杂不适于对物源判断。利用柱状样中δ~(13)C值,根据两端元混合模型估算了三个纯林样点中红树植物的相对贡献。结果表明秋茄林中贡献最小,桐花树林中最大,与根据TOC浓度进行估算的趋势相互吻合。
对湿地沉积物中生物标志物(正构烷烃、脂肪酸)的含量分布研究表明,正构烷烃在林外主要成单峰分布,林内为双峰分布,高碳数中有明显的奇偶分布。脂肪酸中有强烈的偶奇分布,结合其他参数判断沉积物中有机质主要来自于海源性和陆源性两种有机质的贡献,并且呈海源性优势分布,这种优势在光滩尤为明显。植物对沉积物有机质的影响在林内明显加强,并主要来自于高等维管乔木植物。由脂肪酸提供的证据显示,研究区域内沉积物中细菌等微生物活动显著,有相当的细菌来源不饱和脂肪酸存在。在柱状样中脂肪酸的降解随深度变化明显。通过对生物标志化合物参数的判定,对沉积物样品中有机质来源的类型进行了鉴别。通过判定的有机质来源类型,利用现有文献资料中的海源性有机质碳稳定同位素比值,接合本研究中柱状样品碳稳定同位素的测定值,对红树源有机质贡献进行了校正。结果显示漳江口红树林沉积物中,红树来源有机质贡献率介于30%-50%,且表现为桐花树林＞白骨壤林＞秋茄林。
Wetlands are particularly important and productive ecosystems.Coastal wetlands in the intertidal are open,dynamic systems,dominated by tidal currents in contact with open sea.The complex of physical and chemical processes controls the organic matters dynamics in these wetlands.Being an important part of global carbon cycle,the biogeochemical process of organic matters in wetlands has been focused on for the recent decades.However there are little literatures on the organic geochemical processes in estuary wetlands.Mangroves represent a critical ecological habitat in the coastal environment of tropical and subtropical areas.To our knowledge,unfortunately, almost nothing has been published regarding the organic geochemical processes in mangrove wetlands.
In this dissertation,Zhangjiang mangrove wetland which is the biggest natural distribution of mangrove in north latitude was selected as research site.The aim of this dissertation was to quantify the sources of organic matters input of the mangrove wetlands in the intertidal ecosystem,through the analysis ofδ~(13) C,δ~(15)N isotope values,nutrient(caroon,nitrogen and sulfur),and lipoid compounds(n-alkane,fatty acids) in sediments and plants.
The main results were show as following
The concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC) in top sediments are in range from 0.76 to 1.49%.The C/N ratios in top sediments are in range of 6-11. These indicate the source of organic matters in top mangrove wetland sediments may have another origin.Tile mangrove trees contributed little to the sediment organic matters.The distribution of C,N and S elements in mangrove sediments disturb obviously than bare sediments.These may result in complicated deposited environmental characteristics and the involutedly physical and chemical properties of mangrove sediments.TOC,TN and TS have no correlation with grain sizes in Zhangjiang mangrove sediments.These show an obviously different of some other estuaries in the world which organic matters sources dominant by the suspending particles.Three mangrove pure stand contribution of sediments organic matters show as the following trend:A. comiculatum forest＞A.marina forest＞K.candel,forest.Mangrove trees contribute less than 50%of organic matters in K.candel.and A.marina sediments.
The average stable carbon isotope value in the leaves of K.candel.,A. marina,A.corniculatum,is-29.50‰,-29.87‰,-29.98‰,respectively.Three mangrove leaves have the similar stable carbon isotope(δ~(13) C) values as typical C_3 plant.The average stable carbon isotope values in outside mangrove sediments are range from -23.02 to 21.61‰.However,mangrove top sediments showed a range from -22.86 to 25.53‰.Compare with wetland plant stable isotope values,top sediments concentrate the light carbon isotope. These indicate that wetland plants are not the major sources of organic matters in wetland sediments.These show the same results as to analysis the data of TOC concentrations and C/N ratios in top sediments.The average nitrogen carbon isotope values in outside mangrove sediments are range from 4.65 to7.82‰.However,mangrove top sediments showed a range from 5.23 to 6.78‰.The data of stable carbon isotope(δ~(13) C) values which significant correlate to the organic matters values can be used to analysis the sources of organic matters origin.But stable nitrogen values(δ~(15)N) are not showing this aspect.Relative contributions of mangrove plant-derived organic matter to the sedimentary organic pool is calculated based on a two end-member mixing model and stable carbon isotope values in the core section.The result indicates that A.comiculatum,input maximum organic matters while K.candel. input the minimum.This result is similar to the trend which base on analysis of TOC concentration.
The distribution of the lipid composition of n-alkanes,fatty acids indicate that the organic matters in the sediments are mainly from terrestrial-derived and see-derived organic matters.And the see-derived organic matter takes dominant in the sediments.This predominance is obviously showed in the bare beach.In mangrove forest,the plant especially fibro vascular tree significantly influences the organic matters in sediments.The evidences from fatty acids indicated that considerable unsaturated fatty acids which derive from bacteria activity.The fatty acids degraded rates increase with the depth.As indicated by organic matter source,stable carbon isotope values of see-derived organic carbon in literatures and the data of column samples in Zhangjiang estuary,the mangrove-derived organic matters were emendated.The results showed that the contribution of mangrove trees to sediments organic matters are at range from 30 to 50%.The trend of tree mangrove stands contribution follow the order of A.corniculatum forest＞A.marina forest＞K.candel,forest.
本文选择中国自然分布最北的大面积重要的红树林湿地保护区——漳江口红树林湿地作为研究区域,采集了表层沉积物(林内、林外),柱状沉积物(分别位于三个红树纯林林内林外)、湿地内的主要优势植物样品,并对样品进行元素(C,N,S)、稳定同位素(δ~(13)C,δ~(15)N)、类脂化合物(正构烷烃、n-alkane脂肪酸)等全部或部分参数的测定;同时对采自表层和柱状沉积物样品进行了粒度分析,通过对生物标志化合物参数的判定,对沉积物样品中有机质来源的类型进行了鉴别。结合沉积物样品碳稳定同位素测定,对柱状样中红树源有机质贡献进行了估算,认识有机质在红树林湿地中的来源、分布特征、主要控制因素及红树植物对沉积物有机质的贡献。本研究的主要结论如下:
湿地表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)浓度较低,仅为0.76-1.49%,在各林分中分布无明显规律,但表层沉积物中林内波动比林外强烈。结合表层沉积物中低的C/N比值(6-11),可以初步推测,表层沉积物中有机质可能主要来自其他来源,而湿地植物的贡献相对较小。表层沉积物中C,N,S在沉积物中呈现相似的变化趋势,即林内比林外变化剧烈,这主要是由红树林湿地林内复杂的理化性质与沉积环境造成的。漳江口红树林湿地内沉积物中TOC,TN,TS与沉积物粒度间没有显著相关性,这区别于世界其他一些河口湿地沉积物中,有机质受由河流携带悬浮颗粒主导所致。通过柱状样中C/N比计算,在秋茄、白骨壤和桐花树三个纯林中,3种红树植物对沉积物有机质的贡献率表现为:桐花树林＞白骨壤林＞秋茄林。在秋茄与白骨壤林内沉积物中,红树植物对有机质的贡献率不足50%。
碳同位素(δ~(13)C)测定结果显示,湿地内三种主要红树植物秋茄、白骨壤和桐花树的叶片碳同位素体现出与典型C_3植物相似的值,平均值分别为-29.50‰,-29.87‰,-29.98‰。表层沉积物中δ~(13)C值的分布,林外各样点为-23.02--21.61‰,林内为-22.86—-25.53‰,这与湿地植物δ~(13)C值相比,均明显富集轻碳同位素,故而湿地植物有机质可能不是湿地沉积物中有机质的最主要来源。这与根据表层沉积物TOC浓度与C/N比值所得结论～致。表层沉积物中δ~(15)N在林外分布为4.65-7.82‰,在林内分布为5.23-6.78‰。通过对沉积物中δ~(15)N对δ~(13)C,δ~(13)C对C/N,δ~(15)N对C/N等相关性分析以及粒度与稳定同位素相关性分析,得出漳江口红树林湿地内沉积物中δ~(13)C对有机质变化响应良好,可以用于对沉积物中物源的分析,而δ~(15)N值受其他沉积物理化性质影响,在本研究区域内变化复杂不适于对物源判断。利用柱状样中δ~(13)C值,根据两端元混合模型估算了三个纯林样点中红树植物的相对贡献。结果表明秋茄林中贡献最小,桐花树林中最大,与根据TOC浓度进行估算的趋势相互吻合。
对湿地沉积物中生物标志物(正构烷烃、脂肪酸)的含量分布研究表明,正构烷烃在林外主要成单峰分布,林内为双峰分布,高碳数中有明显的奇偶分布。脂肪酸中有强烈的偶奇分布,结合其他参数判断沉积物中有机质主要来自于海源性和陆源性两种有机质的贡献,并且呈海源性优势分布,这种优势在光滩尤为明显。植物对沉积物有机质的影响在林内明显加强,并主要来自于高等维管乔木植物。由脂肪酸提供的证据显示,研究区域内沉积物中细菌等微生物活动显著,有相当的细菌来源不饱和脂肪酸存在。在柱状样中脂肪酸的降解随深度变化明显。通过对生物标志化合物参数的判定,对沉积物样品中有机质来源的类型进行了鉴别。通过判定的有机质来源类型,利用现有文献资料中的海源性有机质碳稳定同位素比值,接合本研究中柱状样品碳稳定同位素的测定值,对红树源有机质贡献进行了校正。结果显示漳江口红树林沉积物中,红树来源有机质贡献率介于30%-50%,且表现为桐花树林＞白骨壤林＞秋茄林。
Wetlands are particularly important and productive ecosystems.Coastal wetlands in the intertidal are open,dynamic systems,dominated by tidal currents in contact with open sea.The complex of physical and chemical processes controls the organic matters dynamics in these wetlands.Being an important part of global carbon cycle,the biogeochemical process of organic matters in wetlands has been focused on for the recent decades.However there are little literatures on the organic geochemical processes in estuary wetlands.Mangroves represent a critical ecological habitat in the coastal environment of tropical and subtropical areas.To our knowledge,unfortunately, almost nothing has been published regarding the organic geochemical processes in mangrove wetlands.
In this dissertation,Zhangjiang mangrove wetland which is the biggest natural distribution of mangrove in north latitude was selected as research site.The aim of this dissertation was to quantify the sources of organic matters input of the mangrove wetlands in the intertidal ecosystem,through the analysis ofδ~(13) C,δ~(15)N isotope values,nutrient(caroon,nitrogen and sulfur),and lipoid compounds(n-alkane,fatty acids) in sediments and plants.
The main results were show as following
The concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC) in top sediments are in range from 0.76 to 1.49%.The C/N ratios in top sediments are in range of 6-11. These indicate the source of organic matters in top mangrove wetland sediments may have another origin.Tile mangrove trees contributed little to the sediment organic matters.The distribution of C,N and S elements in mangrove sediments disturb obviously than bare sediments.These may result in complicated deposited environmental characteristics and the involutedly physical and chemical properties of mangrove sediments.TOC,TN and TS have no correlation with grain sizes in Zhangjiang mangrove sediments.These show an obviously different of some other estuaries in the world which organic matters sources dominant by the suspending particles.Three mangrove pure stand contribution of sediments organic matters show as the following trend:A. comiculatum forest＞A.marina forest＞K.candel,forest.Mangrove trees contribute less than 50%of organic matters in K.candel.and A.marina sediments.
The average stable carbon isotope value in the leaves of K.candel.,A. marina,A.corniculatum,is-29.50‰,-29.87‰,-29.98‰,respectively.Three mangrove leaves have the similar stable carbon isotope(δ~(13) C) values as typical C_3 plant.The average stable carbon isotope values in outside mangrove sediments are range from -23.02 to 21.61‰.However,mangrove top sediments showed a range from -22.86 to 25.53‰.Compare with wetland plant stable isotope values,top sediments concentrate the light carbon isotope. These indicate that wetland plants are not the major sources of organic matters in wetland sediments.These show the same results as to analysis the data of TOC concentrations and C/N ratios in top sediments.The average nitrogen carbon isotope values in outside mangrove sediments are range from 4.65 to7.82‰.However,mangrove top sediments showed a range from 5.23 to 6.78‰.The data of stable carbon isotope(δ~(13) C) values which significant correlate to the organic matters values can be used to analysis the sources of organic matters origin.But stable nitrogen values(δ~(15)N) are not showing this aspect.Relative contributions of mangrove plant-derived organic matter to the sedimentary organic pool is calculated based on a two end-member mixing model and stable carbon isotope values in the core section.The result indicates that A.comiculatum,input maximum organic matters while K.candel. input the minimum.This result is similar to the trend which base on analysis of TOC concentration.
The distribution of the lipid composition of n-alkanes,fatty acids indicate that the organic matters in the sediments are mainly from terrestrial-derived and see-derived organic matters.And the see-derived organic matter takes dominant in the sediments.This predominance is obviously showed in the bare beach.In mangrove forest,the plant especially fibro vascular tree significantly influences the organic matters in sediments.The evidences from fatty acids indicated that considerable unsaturated fatty acids which derive from bacteria activity.The fatty acids degraded rates increase with the depth.As indicated by organic matter source,stable carbon isotope values of see-derived organic carbon in literatures and the data of column samples in Zhangjiang estuary,the mangrove-derived organic matters were emendated.The results showed that the contribution of mangrove trees to sediments organic matters are at range from 30 to 50%.The trend of tree mangrove stands contribution follow the order of A.corniculatum forest＞A.marina forest＞K.candel,forest.
引文
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