无线传感器网络可靠数据传输关键技术研究
|
摘要
近年来,随着研究的深入和相关硬件技术的发展,无线传感器网络在实际应用中得到越来越多的部署,并表现出更多的应用潜力。可靠数据传输是无线传感器网络设计和实现中的一个关键问题,它决定了数据包如何经过多跳步路由成功地传输到目的节点,对网络的性能有重要影响。然而,由于无线通信受环境、信号干扰和能量耗尽等因素的影响,导致无线传感器网络的可靠性较差。
冗余数据传输是目前保证可靠数据传输的主要方法,如多路径或重传,其基本思想都是用增加数据的传输量来换取可靠性的提高。由于可靠性要求高的应用往往对传输的实时性也有较高要求,因此本文选择多路径作为提高数据传输可靠性的主要手段。但是,多路径方法引入大量通信冗余,直接受到传感器网络能量受限、规模大、动态性强等特点的制约,给多路径的研究和应用带来巨大挑战。
本文系统地研究了多路径的构建及其传输控制中的一些关键问题。这些问题相互渗透、紧密关联,直接影响到多路径的有效性和能耗高效性。然而,已有研究由于使用不精确的通信能耗模型,没有充分考虑到网络的大规模特点,导致多路径构建能耗不高效,可扩展性较低;由于在编码方式、流量分配和带宽分配等方面的不完善,导致多路径数据传输可靠性较低,无法充分发挥作用。本文针对无线传感器网络的诸多特点和现有研究的不足,从以下几个方面展开研究。
在多路径构建方面,针对现有方法多路径能耗不高效、路径间相互干扰的缺点,本文首先研究了可靠性约束的最小能耗多路径构建问题,并证明该问题为NP-hard问题。通过精确分析传感器节点的通信能耗模型,提出解决该问题的近似方法。为减少路径间干扰,本文进一步利用现有radio的多频特性,在此基础上提出了一种能耗优化和干扰避免的多路径构建算法EIMM-FA。该算法能根据可用频段范围以及网络节点疏密程度有效构建和维护多条路径。模拟结果表明,EIMM-FA显著降低路径间的干扰,用较低的能耗达到数据传输的期望可靠性。
为提高多路径构建的可扩展性,本文挖掘地理位置相近数据的关联性,提出一种可靠的网络分簇协议CREED。在簇的建立上,通过802.11 a/b/g的多速率传输技术计算合理的簇大小,平衡簇内节点的耗能。在簇首选举上,本文提出一种动态簇首备份方案EDDS。EDDS在簇首失效时能够以较少的开销迅速选举新簇首,保证了簇首的鲁棒性。在簇间,本文提出一种多路径路由协议,该协议根据节点的剩余能量以及路径跳步数在多条路径间分配流量,均衡全网能耗。模拟结果表明,CREED在保证期望可靠性的基础上提高了路径构建的可扩展性,显著优化了簇内、簇间的通信能耗,为多路径数据传输提供一种鲁棒的分簇拓扑支持。
为了有效利用多路径,更好地达到可靠性目标,需要进一步研究多路径的传输控制问题。传统的方法对每份数据沿多条路径同时传输,容易造成对单份数据的依赖。针对这个问题,本文提出一种基于网络编码的多路径传输方法。通过将同组数据编码成相互独立的多份数据,并在传输过程中继续编码以降低相关性。目标节点只需收到部分数据就可以恢复原始数据,有效提高传输的可靠性。该方法中,传输每组数据所需的路径数是个关键的参数,它体现了使用网络编码后多路径传输所需的通信量。本文基于棣莫佛-拉普拉斯中心极限定理,提出一种开销较低的近似方法计算该参数。分析模拟表明,网络编码在保证期望可靠性的同时显著降低了多路径的通信量,适应传感器网络动态性强、规模大等特点。
在多路径数据传输中,如果路径流量分配不合理,会产生和加剧拥塞,导致多路径无法发挥作用。针对这个问题,本文提出一套多路径传输的拥塞控制策略COTA+CODEM,在有效控制拥塞的同时保证报文传输的可靠性。COTA根据路径节点的使用情况以及剩余能耗,预测潜在的拥塞区域,避免给热点区域分配过多的流量,有效预防拥塞。CODEM基于精确的度量和规则检测拥塞,当拥塞不可避免地发生时,能够及时有效地通知数据源,将拥塞区域的路径流量转移到其它负载较轻的区域,有效缓解拥塞。模拟结果表明,COTA+CODEM能有效控制拥塞,显著提高可靠性、实时性和吞吐率。
在发生拥塞时,需要进一步考虑数据传输的公平性问题。针对现有公平性定义不完善以及公平性控制策略不实用的问题,本文从传感器网络冗余部署的特点出发,扩展了传统的公平性定义,提出基于信息量的公平性控制策略CFRC。在信息量计算上,本文根据节点的感知面积提出一种开销较低的计算方法,给出带宽分配的依据。在带宽分配上,通过分析影响拥塞的干扰源,本文提出一种干扰源感知的带宽分配算法,充分保证了公平性。模拟结果表明,CFRC能根据各数据源产生报文的信息量分配带宽,有效实现了符合传感器网络特点的公平性控制。
综上所述,本文针对可靠数据传输的多路径构建及其扩展性问题,多路径传输的编码方式、拥塞和公平性控制等关键问题提出了有效的解决方案,对于推进无线传感器网络可靠数据传输的研究和实用化具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
In recent years, with the in-depth research of related technologies and the improvement in hardware, there are more and more deployed wireless sensor networks in practice and show its potential. As one important problem in wireless sensor networks, reliable data transmission determines how data packets can be delivered to sink successfully through multi-hop routing. However, the reliability of data transmission in wireless sensor network is bad due to the negative effect of environment, signal interference and energy exhaustion on wireless communication.
Redundant data transmission is the main technique to guarantee reliable data transmission, such as multipath or retransmission, the main idea of which is to gain reliability by adding redundancy to data transmission. Since most applications that need high reliability are also delay sensitive, we use multipath as a basis to achieve reliable data transmission in this thesis. Introducing much redundant transmission, multipath is highly restricted by the inherent characteristics of wireless sensor network, such as energy-critical, large-scale, dynamic and bandwidth limited. These characteristics have brought many challenging problems in research and application of reliable data transmission.
In this thesis, we deeply study some key problems of path construction and data transmission based on multipath technique. These problems are highly related with each other and have direct impact on the effeteness and energy efficiency of multipath. However, multipath still cannot fully take effect due to the limitation of current research on the communication energy consumption model, scalability, coding format, traffic and bandwidth allocation. Aiming at the inherent characteristics of wireless sensor network and the limitation of current work, this thesis studies these key problems comprehensively.
Aiming at the energy inefficiency and coupling problem of multiple paths, we first study the problem of constructing reliability constrained multiple disjoint paths with minimum energy consumption and prove it is a NP-hard problem, then give the near-optimal solution on how to construct paths based on the analysis of accurate communication energy consumption model. In order to reduce path interference, we further take advantage of the multi-frequency characteristic of current radio and propose an energy optimizing and interference avoidance multipath construction algorithm EIMM-FA, which construct and maintain multiple paths according to the available frequencies and node density. Simulation results show that EIMM-FA reduces path interference considerably and the desired reliability can be achieved with minimum energy consumption.
In order to improve scalability problem of multipath construction, we make use of the strong correlation of geographically proximate sensors and propose a new reliable clustering protocol CREED. In order to balance energy consumption among intra-cluster nodes, cluster size of CREED is determined based on the multi-rate capabilities of 802.11 a/b/g technologies. In cluster head selection, a dynamic cluster head backup scheme EDDS is presented to be ready to switch to new cluster head whenever the old one is unavailable, which guarantee the robustness of cluster head with less energy consumption. In inter-cluster routing, CREED includes a multipath routing protocol to guarantee reliable data delivery from cluster head to sink. This protocol allocates traffic to multiple paths according to nodes' residual energy and path hops to balance energy consumption among different paths. Simulation results show that CREED improve the scalability of multipath construction and optimizes intra-cluster and inter-cluster energy consumption, providing an energy-efficient and robust cluster topology support for reliable data transmission.
To make good use of multipath and achieve reliable transmission effectively, we need further study the control on multipath data transmission. Traditional multipath routing transmits multiple original copies of each packet concurrently along multiple paths, which may increase the dependency on individual packet. Aiming at this problem, we combine multipath routing with a promising network coding technique in this thesis. This scheme includes a group method of data packet on source node. By coding per-group packets into multiple independent new packets and transmitting along multiple paths, intermediate node recoding all received packets belonging to the same group, sink only need to receive part of these packets to recover the original data. This scheme can reduce the bad effect caused by channel instability and improve the reliability of data transmission. In this scheme, the number of path needed by each group is a key parameter which exhibits the amount of energy needed by multipath rouing through combining with network coding. We propose an approximate method to compute this parameter based on the de Moivre-Laplace central limit theorem. Analysis and simulations show that network coding can guarantee the same reliability while reduce redundancy as much as possible, and fit the dynamic and large-scale characteristic well in wireless sensor networks.
In multipath data transmission, we further study the corresponding congestion control problem. Improper traffic allocation will cause and deteriorate congestion, which result in lossing effect of multipath. Aiming at this problem, we propose a multipath based congestion control framework COTA+CODEM to control congestion effectively while keeping the constraint of desired reliability. In order to avoid congestion, COTA predict the potential congested area according to the use frequency and residual energy of path nodes, based on which it allocates traffic to multiple paths to avoid traversing the potential congestion region. Once congestion happens inevitably, a runtime traffic adjustment CODEM is used to detect congestion and divert traffic from the congested area to other paths. Based on accurate congestion metric and rules, CODEM can mitigate congestion timely while achieving the desired reliability. Simulation results. verify the distinguished performance of COTA+CODEM in reliability, delay and network throughput.
In congestion, we still need to consider the fairness control on data transmission. Aiming at the incompleteness of current fairness definition and unpracticalness of current fairness control strategy, we extend the traditional fairness definition based on the redundantly deployment characteristic of wireless sensor network, and propose a practical fairness control model CFRC. In CFRC, a low-cost credit computation algorithm is proposed for each source node to compute its credit locally based on the sensed area of itself and its neighbors. Credit is the basis for bandwidth allocation. Furthermore, an interferer aware fair rate allocation algorithm is proposed in CFRC to fully achieve fairness. Simulation results show that CFRC can allocate bandwidth based on the credit of data sources, and achieve fairness in accordance with the characteristic of wireless sensor network.
In summary, our work present solutions to several key problems of the multipath construction and its scalability, coding of multipath data transmission, congestion and fairness control in reliable data transmission, and has academic and practical value for advancing the theory and practicability of reliable data transmission in wireless sensor network.
冗余数据传输是目前保证可靠数据传输的主要方法,如多路径或重传,其基本思想都是用增加数据的传输量来换取可靠性的提高。由于可靠性要求高的应用往往对传输的实时性也有较高要求,因此本文选择多路径作为提高数据传输可靠性的主要手段。但是,多路径方法引入大量通信冗余,直接受到传感器网络能量受限、规模大、动态性强等特点的制约,给多路径的研究和应用带来巨大挑战。
本文系统地研究了多路径的构建及其传输控制中的一些关键问题。这些问题相互渗透、紧密关联,直接影响到多路径的有效性和能耗高效性。然而,已有研究由于使用不精确的通信能耗模型,没有充分考虑到网络的大规模特点,导致多路径构建能耗不高效,可扩展性较低;由于在编码方式、流量分配和带宽分配等方面的不完善,导致多路径数据传输可靠性较低,无法充分发挥作用。本文针对无线传感器网络的诸多特点和现有研究的不足,从以下几个方面展开研究。
在多路径构建方面,针对现有方法多路径能耗不高效、路径间相互干扰的缺点,本文首先研究了可靠性约束的最小能耗多路径构建问题,并证明该问题为NP-hard问题。通过精确分析传感器节点的通信能耗模型,提出解决该问题的近似方法。为减少路径间干扰,本文进一步利用现有radio的多频特性,在此基础上提出了一种能耗优化和干扰避免的多路径构建算法EIMM-FA。该算法能根据可用频段范围以及网络节点疏密程度有效构建和维护多条路径。模拟结果表明,EIMM-FA显著降低路径间的干扰,用较低的能耗达到数据传输的期望可靠性。
为提高多路径构建的可扩展性,本文挖掘地理位置相近数据的关联性,提出一种可靠的网络分簇协议CREED。在簇的建立上,通过802.11 a/b/g的多速率传输技术计算合理的簇大小,平衡簇内节点的耗能。在簇首选举上,本文提出一种动态簇首备份方案EDDS。EDDS在簇首失效时能够以较少的开销迅速选举新簇首,保证了簇首的鲁棒性。在簇间,本文提出一种多路径路由协议,该协议根据节点的剩余能量以及路径跳步数在多条路径间分配流量,均衡全网能耗。模拟结果表明,CREED在保证期望可靠性的基础上提高了路径构建的可扩展性,显著优化了簇内、簇间的通信能耗,为多路径数据传输提供一种鲁棒的分簇拓扑支持。
为了有效利用多路径,更好地达到可靠性目标,需要进一步研究多路径的传输控制问题。传统的方法对每份数据沿多条路径同时传输,容易造成对单份数据的依赖。针对这个问题,本文提出一种基于网络编码的多路径传输方法。通过将同组数据编码成相互独立的多份数据,并在传输过程中继续编码以降低相关性。目标节点只需收到部分数据就可以恢复原始数据,有效提高传输的可靠性。该方法中,传输每组数据所需的路径数是个关键的参数,它体现了使用网络编码后多路径传输所需的通信量。本文基于棣莫佛-拉普拉斯中心极限定理,提出一种开销较低的近似方法计算该参数。分析模拟表明,网络编码在保证期望可靠性的同时显著降低了多路径的通信量,适应传感器网络动态性强、规模大等特点。
在多路径数据传输中,如果路径流量分配不合理,会产生和加剧拥塞,导致多路径无法发挥作用。针对这个问题,本文提出一套多路径传输的拥塞控制策略COTA+CODEM,在有效控制拥塞的同时保证报文传输的可靠性。COTA根据路径节点的使用情况以及剩余能耗,预测潜在的拥塞区域,避免给热点区域分配过多的流量,有效预防拥塞。CODEM基于精确的度量和规则检测拥塞,当拥塞不可避免地发生时,能够及时有效地通知数据源,将拥塞区域的路径流量转移到其它负载较轻的区域,有效缓解拥塞。模拟结果表明,COTA+CODEM能有效控制拥塞,显著提高可靠性、实时性和吞吐率。
在发生拥塞时,需要进一步考虑数据传输的公平性问题。针对现有公平性定义不完善以及公平性控制策略不实用的问题,本文从传感器网络冗余部署的特点出发,扩展了传统的公平性定义,提出基于信息量的公平性控制策略CFRC。在信息量计算上,本文根据节点的感知面积提出一种开销较低的计算方法,给出带宽分配的依据。在带宽分配上,通过分析影响拥塞的干扰源,本文提出一种干扰源感知的带宽分配算法,充分保证了公平性。模拟结果表明,CFRC能根据各数据源产生报文的信息量分配带宽,有效实现了符合传感器网络特点的公平性控制。
综上所述,本文针对可靠数据传输的多路径构建及其扩展性问题,多路径传输的编码方式、拥塞和公平性控制等关键问题提出了有效的解决方案,对于推进无线传感器网络可靠数据传输的研究和实用化具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
In recent years, with the in-depth research of related technologies and the improvement in hardware, there are more and more deployed wireless sensor networks in practice and show its potential. As one important problem in wireless sensor networks, reliable data transmission determines how data packets can be delivered to sink successfully through multi-hop routing. However, the reliability of data transmission in wireless sensor network is bad due to the negative effect of environment, signal interference and energy exhaustion on wireless communication.
Redundant data transmission is the main technique to guarantee reliable data transmission, such as multipath or retransmission, the main idea of which is to gain reliability by adding redundancy to data transmission. Since most applications that need high reliability are also delay sensitive, we use multipath as a basis to achieve reliable data transmission in this thesis. Introducing much redundant transmission, multipath is highly restricted by the inherent characteristics of wireless sensor network, such as energy-critical, large-scale, dynamic and bandwidth limited. These characteristics have brought many challenging problems in research and application of reliable data transmission.
In this thesis, we deeply study some key problems of path construction and data transmission based on multipath technique. These problems are highly related with each other and have direct impact on the effeteness and energy efficiency of multipath. However, multipath still cannot fully take effect due to the limitation of current research on the communication energy consumption model, scalability, coding format, traffic and bandwidth allocation. Aiming at the inherent characteristics of wireless sensor network and the limitation of current work, this thesis studies these key problems comprehensively.
Aiming at the energy inefficiency and coupling problem of multiple paths, we first study the problem of constructing reliability constrained multiple disjoint paths with minimum energy consumption and prove it is a NP-hard problem, then give the near-optimal solution on how to construct paths based on the analysis of accurate communication energy consumption model. In order to reduce path interference, we further take advantage of the multi-frequency characteristic of current radio and propose an energy optimizing and interference avoidance multipath construction algorithm EIMM-FA, which construct and maintain multiple paths according to the available frequencies and node density. Simulation results show that EIMM-FA reduces path interference considerably and the desired reliability can be achieved with minimum energy consumption.
In order to improve scalability problem of multipath construction, we make use of the strong correlation of geographically proximate sensors and propose a new reliable clustering protocol CREED. In order to balance energy consumption among intra-cluster nodes, cluster size of CREED is determined based on the multi-rate capabilities of 802.11 a/b/g technologies. In cluster head selection, a dynamic cluster head backup scheme EDDS is presented to be ready to switch to new cluster head whenever the old one is unavailable, which guarantee the robustness of cluster head with less energy consumption. In inter-cluster routing, CREED includes a multipath routing protocol to guarantee reliable data delivery from cluster head to sink. This protocol allocates traffic to multiple paths according to nodes' residual energy and path hops to balance energy consumption among different paths. Simulation results show that CREED improve the scalability of multipath construction and optimizes intra-cluster and inter-cluster energy consumption, providing an energy-efficient and robust cluster topology support for reliable data transmission.
To make good use of multipath and achieve reliable transmission effectively, we need further study the control on multipath data transmission. Traditional multipath routing transmits multiple original copies of each packet concurrently along multiple paths, which may increase the dependency on individual packet. Aiming at this problem, we combine multipath routing with a promising network coding technique in this thesis. This scheme includes a group method of data packet on source node. By coding per-group packets into multiple independent new packets and transmitting along multiple paths, intermediate node recoding all received packets belonging to the same group, sink only need to receive part of these packets to recover the original data. This scheme can reduce the bad effect caused by channel instability and improve the reliability of data transmission. In this scheme, the number of path needed by each group is a key parameter which exhibits the amount of energy needed by multipath rouing through combining with network coding. We propose an approximate method to compute this parameter based on the de Moivre-Laplace central limit theorem. Analysis and simulations show that network coding can guarantee the same reliability while reduce redundancy as much as possible, and fit the dynamic and large-scale characteristic well in wireless sensor networks.
In multipath data transmission, we further study the corresponding congestion control problem. Improper traffic allocation will cause and deteriorate congestion, which result in lossing effect of multipath. Aiming at this problem, we propose a multipath based congestion control framework COTA+CODEM to control congestion effectively while keeping the constraint of desired reliability. In order to avoid congestion, COTA predict the potential congested area according to the use frequency and residual energy of path nodes, based on which it allocates traffic to multiple paths to avoid traversing the potential congestion region. Once congestion happens inevitably, a runtime traffic adjustment CODEM is used to detect congestion and divert traffic from the congested area to other paths. Based on accurate congestion metric and rules, CODEM can mitigate congestion timely while achieving the desired reliability. Simulation results. verify the distinguished performance of COTA+CODEM in reliability, delay and network throughput.
In congestion, we still need to consider the fairness control on data transmission. Aiming at the incompleteness of current fairness definition and unpracticalness of current fairness control strategy, we extend the traditional fairness definition based on the redundantly deployment characteristic of wireless sensor network, and propose a practical fairness control model CFRC. In CFRC, a low-cost credit computation algorithm is proposed for each source node to compute its credit locally based on the sensed area of itself and its neighbors. Credit is the basis for bandwidth allocation. Furthermore, an interferer aware fair rate allocation algorithm is proposed in CFRC to fully achieve fairness. Simulation results show that CFRC can allocate bandwidth based on the credit of data sources, and achieve fairness in accordance with the characteristic of wireless sensor network.
In summary, our work present solutions to several key problems of the multipath construction and its scalability, coding of multipath data transmission, congestion and fairness control in reliable data transmission, and has academic and practical value for advancing the theory and practicability of reliable data transmission in wireless sensor network.
引文
[1]I.Akyildiz,W.Su,Y.Sanakarasubramaniam,e.al.,"Wireless sensor networks:A survey," Computer Networks,vol.38,2002.
[2]S.Tilak,N.Abu-Ghazaleh,W.Heinzelman,"A taxonomy of wireless micro-sensor network models," presented at Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002.
[3]C.E.Perkins,Ad Hoc Networking:Addison-Wesley,2001.
[4]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,朱红松,无线传感器网络:清华大学出版社,2005.
[5]D.Estrin,M.Srivastava,"Wireless Sensor Networks(Tutorial)," presented at ACM MOBICOM,Atlanta,Georgia,USA,2002.
[6]"http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=164."
[7]"http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/～pister/SmartDust/."
[8]"http://www.eng.auburn.edu/users/lim/sensit.html."
[9]S.H.L.Liang,V.Tao,A.Croitoru,"The Design and Prototype of a Distributed Geospatial Infrastructure for Smart Sensor Webs," presented at the 6th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science,Lyon,France,2003.
[10]J.R.Polastre,D.Culler,Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring:University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[11]P.Bonnet,J.Gehrke,P.Seshadri,"Querying the physical world," IEEE Personal Communications,vol.7,pp.10-15,2000.
[12]N.Noury,T.Herve,V.Rialle,"Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor and position sensors," presented at Proc of IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conf on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology,Lyon,France,2000.
[13]"http://www.intel.com/research/vert manuf condmaint.htm."
[14]"http://www.ssim.eng.wayne.edu/."
[15]"Sensor Webs," in http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/.
[16]"http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu."
[17]"http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/."
[18]"http://research.cens.ucla.edu/."
[19]"http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/."
[20]"http://www.robotics.usc.edu/～embedded/."
[21]"http://www.isi.edu/scadds/."
[22]"http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/～mdw/proj/codeblue/."
[23]"http://www.cast.cse.ohio-state.edu/exscal/."
[24]"http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/index.html."
[25]"http://www.wings.cs.sunysb.edu/."
[26]"http://lion.cs.uiuc.edu/."
[27]"http://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/index.php/tiki-index.php."
[28]"http://projects.cerias.purdue.edu/esp/."
[29]"http://www.eng.yale.edu/enalab/."
[30]"http://nms.csail.mit.edu/."
[31]"http://www-mtl.mit.edu/researchgroups/icsystems/uamps/."
[32]"http://wsnl.stanford.edu/tutorial.php."
[33]"http://www.zurich.ibm.com/sys/communication/sensors.html."
[34]"http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/wireless sensors.htm."
[35]"http://research.microsoft.com/nec/."
[36]"http://www.xbow.com/Products/Wireless_Sensor_Networks.htm."
[37]"http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Pico_Radio/Default.htm."
[38]"http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/projects/ahlos/."
[39]"http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/motes.htm."
[40]"http://www.tinyos.net/."
[41]"http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/proiects/sos/."
[42]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇,”无线传感器网络研究进展,”计算机研究与发展,vol.42,pp.163-174,2005.
[43]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞,”传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展,”软件学报vol.14,pp.1717-1727,2003.
[44]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯,”无线传感器网络,”软件学报vol.14,pp.1282-1291,2003.
[45]C.Yanli,L.Wei,L.Minglu,L.X.Yang,"Target-Oriented Scheduling in Directional Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,Anchorage,Alaska,USA,,May,2007.
[46]刘永强,严伟,代亚非,”一种无线网络路径容量分析模型,”软件学报vol.17,pp.854-859,2005.
[47]X.Wu,G.Chen,S.Das,"On the Energy Hole Problem of Nonuniform Node Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE MASS,Vancouver,Canada,2006.
[48]彭伟,卢锡城,”一个新的分布式最小连通支配集近似算法,”计算机学报vol.24,pp.254-258,200 1.
[49]虞万荣,王晓东,周兴铭,”一种用于无线自组织网络的并发传输MAC协议,”电子学报vol.34,pp.1433-1437,2006.
[50]Z.Zheng,Z.Wu,H.Lin,K.Zheng,"WDM:An Energy-Efficient Multi-hop Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks " presented at International Conference on Computational Science 2005.
[51]沈波,张世永,钟亦平,”无线传感器网络分簇路由协议,”软件学报vol.1,pp.1588-1600,2006.
[52]林亚平,王雷,陈宇,”传感器网络中一种分布式数据汇聚层次路由算法,”电子学报,vol.32,pp.1801-1805,2004.
[53]马华东,陶丹,”多媒体传感器网络及其研究进展,”软件学报vol.17,pp.2013-2028.2006.
[54]任彦,张思东,张宏科,”无线传感器网络中覆盖控制理论与算法,”软件学报vol.1 7.pp.422-433.2006.
[55]E.Crawle,"A Framework for QoS-Based Routing in the Internet," in RFC 2386,1998.
[56]H.Karl,A.Willing,Architectures and Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.Chichester:John Wiley & Sons,2005.
[57]H.Zhang,A.Arora,Y.-r.Choi,M.G.Gouda,"Reliable Bursty Convergecast in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC 2005.
[58]D.Ganesan,R.Govindan,S.Shenker,D.Estrin,"Highly-resilient,energy-efficient Multi path Routing in wireless sensor networks," In Mobile Computing and Communications Review(MC2R),vol.1,2002.
[59]C.Intanagonwiwat,R.Govindan,D.Estrin,"Directed Diffusion:a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2000.
[60] B. Deb, S. Bhatnagar, B. Nath, "RelnForm: Reliable Information Forwarding using Multiple Paths in Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE LCN, 2003.
[61] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estfin, J. Heidemann, F. Silva, "Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking," IEEE/ACM Transaction on networking, vol. 11, February 2003.
[62] R.C.SHAH, "Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks," IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference, vol. 1,pp. 350-355,2002.
[63] S. Bhatnagar, B. Deb, B. Nath, "Service Differentiation in Sensor Networks,"presented at WPMC, 2001.
[64] B. Deb, S. Bhatnagar, B. Nath, "Information assurance in sensor networks, in Proc. 2nd ACM Intl. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications," presented at ACM Intl. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), San Diego, CA, Sept 2003.
[65] S. Dulman, J. Wu, P. Havinga, " An Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS 2003), Pisa, Italy,2003.
[66] "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/～dmaltz/dsr.html."
[67] T. He, J. Stankovic, C. Lu, T. Abdelzaher, "SPEED: A stateless Protocol for Real-Time Communication in Sensor Networks," in IEEE international Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2003, pp. pp.46-55.
[68] F. Emad, L. Chang-Gun, E. Eylem, "Probabilistic QoS Guarantee in Reliability and Timeliness Domains in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2005.
[69] D. Qunfeng, B. Suman, A. Micah, M. Archan, " Minimum Energy Reliable Paths Using Unreliable Wireless Links," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2005.
[70] R. P. Marc, J. H. Zygmunt, "On the Impact of Alternate Path Routing for Load Balancing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2000.
[71] W. Kui, H. Janelle, "On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks " presented at EPMCC, 2001.
[72] V. Thiemo, D. Adam, B. Torsten, "On-demand Construction of Non-interfering Multiple Paths in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at Informatik, 2005.
[73] "Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specification," in LAN MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society,I. S. 802.11, Ed., 1997.
[74] S. Banerjee, A. Misra, "Minimum energy paths for reliable communication in multi-hop wireless networks.," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, June 2002.
[75] C. Thomas, L. Charles, R. Ronald, S. Clifford, Introduction to Algorithms,Second Edition ed: The MIT Press, 2001.
[76] O. Gunwali, J. Heidemann, M. Yarvis, R. Govindan, "Interaction of Retransmission, Blacklisting, and Routing Metrics for Reliability in Sensor Network Routing," presented at the First International Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), October 2004.
[77] Q. Han, I. Lazaridis, S. Mehrotra, N. Venkatasubramanian, "Sensor Data Collection with Expected Reliability Guarantees," presented at the First International Workshop on Sensor Networks and Systems for Pervasive Computing(PerSeNS),(in conjunction with PerCom), Kauai Island, March 8,2005.
[78] W. Chieh-Yih, C. T. Andrew, K. Lakshman, "PSFQ: A Reliable Transport Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at WNSA, 2002.
[79] F. Stann, J. Heidemann, "RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks,"presented at IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications (SNPA), 2003.
[80] S.-J. Park, R. Vedantham, R. Sivakumar, I. F. Akyildiz, "A Scalable Approach for Reliable Downstream Data Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks,"presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2004.
[81] I. Chakeres, M. Elizabeth, R. Belding, "The Utility of Hello Messages for Determining Link Connectivity," presented at the 5th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), 2002.
[82] D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, S. Biswas, "Link-level Measurements from an 802.11b Mesh Network," presented at ACM SIGCOMM, 2004.
[83] C. Alberto, W. Jennifer, "Temporal Properties of Low Power Wireless Links:Modeling and Implications on Multi-hop Routing," presented at the 6th ACM International Symposium on Mobile ad hoc Networking and Computing, 2005.
[84] W. Alec, T. Terence, C. David, "Taming the Underlying Challenges of Reliable Multihop Routing in Sensor Networks," presented at'ACM SENSYS, 2003.
[85] S. J. Douglas, D. Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, "A High-Throughput Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2003.
[86] L. Seungjoon, B. Bobby, B. Suman, "Efficient Geographic Routing in Multihop Wireless Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2005.
[87] Z. Hongwei, A. Anish, S. Prasun, "Learn on the Fly: Data-driven Link Estimation and Routing in Sensor Network Backbones," presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2006.
[88] S. Yogesh, A. B. Ozgur, I. F. Akyildiz, "ESRT: Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2003.
[89] W. Chieh-Yih, B. S. Eiseman, T. A. Campbell, "CODA: Cogestion Detection and Avoidance in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM SENSYS, 2003.
[90] S. Vishal, "Distributed Hop by Hop Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Network," in Technical Report.
[91] A. Woo, D. Cullar, "Transmission Control Scheme for Media Access in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2001.
[92] H. Bret, J. Kyle, B. Hari, "Mitigating Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks,"presented at ACM SENSYS, 2004.
[93] K. Jaewon, N. Badri, Z. Yanyong, Y. Shengchao, "Adaptive Resource Control Scheme to Alleviate Congestion in Sensor Networks," presented at the First IEEE Workshop on Broadband Advanced Sensor Networks (BASENETS), San Jose, CA, USA,, 2004.
[94] K. Jaewon, Z. Yanyong, N. Badri, "Accurate and Energy-efficient Congestion Level Measurement in Ad Hoc Networks," presented at the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), New Orleans, LA, USA,March 13-17, 2005.
[95] G. Laura, C. Andrew, P. Sergio, "CONCERT: aggregation-based CONgestion Control for sEnsoR networks," presented at ACM SENSYS, 2005.
[96]"http://www.icir.org/floyd/red.html."
[97]Y.Yung,S.Sanjay,"Hop-by-hop Congestion Control over a Wireless Multi-hop Network," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,2004.
[98]R.Sumit,G.Ramakrishna,G.Ramsh,P.Konstantinos,"Interference-Aware Fair Rate Control in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM SIGCOMM 2006.
[99]B.Ruzena,E.C.Tien,"Congestion Control and Fairness for Many-to-One Routing in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM SENSYS,2004.
[100]Y.Richard,L.Simon,"General AIMD Congestion Control " presented at ICNP Osaka,Japan,May 9,2000.
[101]C.Shigang,Z.Zhan,"Localized Algorithm for Aggregate Faireness in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM,2006.
[102]K.-W.Fan,S.Liu,P.Sinha,"On the Potential of Structure-free Data Aggregation in Sensor Networks "presented at IEEE INFOCOM,2006.
[103]K.-W.Fan,S.Liu,P.Sinha,"Scalable Data Aggregation for Dynamic Events in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM Sensys,2006.
[104]W.Heinzelman,A.P.Chandrakasan,B.Haft,"An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,vol.1,October 2002.
[105]A Wang,W.Heinzelman,A.Chandrakasan,"Energy-scalable protocols for battery-operated microsensor networks," presented at IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems,1999.
[106]E.Shih,H.Cho,N.Ickes,MinR,A.Sinha,"Physical Layer Driven Protocol and Algorithm Design for Energy-efficient Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM,2001.
[107]B.Krishnamachari,Y.Mourtada,S.Wicker,"The Energy-Robustness Tradeoff for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks " Autonomous Network Research Group(ANRG),2002.
[108]M.Bhardwaj,T.Garnett,A.P.Chandrakasan,"Upper Bounds on Lifetime of Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE international Conference on Communications(ICC),2001.
[109]V.Mhatre,C.Rosenberg,"Design Guidelines For Wireless Sensor Networks:Communication,Clustering and Aggregation," Ad Hoc Network pp.p45-63,2004.
[110]S.Singh,M.Woo,S.Raghavendra," Power-Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," presented at the 4th annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,Dallas,Texas,United States,1998.
[111]L.C.Zhong,"The Impact of the Transmission Power Level," 2003.
[112]I.Kang,R.Poovendran,"Maximizing Static Network Lifetime of Wireless Broadcast Adhoc Networks," presented at IEEE international Conference on Communications(ICC) 2003.
[113]S.Dongjin,K.Bhaskar,H.John,"Experimental study of the effects of Transmission Power Control and Blacklisting in Wireless Sensor Networks.."presented at IEEE SECON,2004
[114]K.A.Das,J.R.Marks,M.El-Sharkawi,"Mdlt:A Polynomial Time Optimal Algorithm for Maximization of Time To-First-Failure in Energy Constrained Wireless Broadcast Networks," presented at IEEE GLOBECOM,2003.
[115]K.A.Das,M.El-Sharkawi,J.R.Marks," Maximization of time-to-first-failure for multicasting in wireless networks: Optimal solution " presented at IEEE MILCOM 2004.
[116] A. Sankar, Z. Liu, "Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks,"presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2004.
[117] P. Panagiotis, H. Zygmunt, S. Emin, "Path Set Selection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2002.
[118] R. MIN, "Top Five Myths about the Energy Consumption of Wireless Communication," Mobile Comput. and Commun., vol. 1,2003.
[119] M. Haenggi, D. Puccinelli, "Routing in Ad Hoc Networks: A Case for Long Hops" IEEE Communication Magazine, October, 2005.
[120] M. Haenggi, "On Routing in Random Rayleigh Fading Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication vol. 4, pp. 1553-1562,2005.
[121] M. Haenggi, "The impact of Power Amplifier Character," presented at IEEE GLOBECOM, 2003.
[122] S. MEHTA, "A CMOS Dual-Band Tri-Mode Chipset for IEEE 802.11a/b/g Wireless LAN," presented at 2003 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC)Symposium.
[123] G. S. Lauer, Packet Radio Routing: Prentice Hall, 1995.
[124] J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler, K. Pister, "System Architecture Directions for Networked Sensors," presented at the Nineth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, November 2000.
[125] "XBOW MICA2 Mote Specifications," in http://www.xbaw.com.
[126] z. Gang, H. Chengdu, H. Tian, " MMSN: Multi-Frequency Media AccessControl for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM 2006.
[127] K. Pradeep, V. Nitin, "Multi-Channel Wireless Networks: Capacity and Protocols," in Presentation at BBN Technologies, 2005.
[128] K. Pradeep, V. N. H, "Capacity of Multichannel Wireless Networks:Impact of Number of Channels and Interfaces," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2005.
[129] W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, B. H, "Energy-efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at the Hawaii International Conference System Science, 2000.
[130] A. Manjeshwar, D. Agrawal, "TEEN: A protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks " presented at the International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing,2001.
[131] A. Manjeshwar, D. Agrawal, "APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at the International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, 2002.
[132] O. Younis, S. Fahmy, "Distributed Clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: A hybrid, energy-efficient approach," presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2004.
[133] YXu, J. heidemann, D. Estrin, "Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad-hoc Routing," presented at the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2001.
[134] P. Santi, "Silence is golden with high probability: Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks," presented at Wireless Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks,2004.
[135]S.Bandyopadhyay,E.Coyle,"An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,.2003.
[136]M.Veyseh,B.Wei,N.F.Mir,"An Information Management Protocol to Control Routing and Clustering in Sensor Networks," presented at Journal of Computing and Information Technology - CIT 2005.
[137]Y.Ossama,F.Sonia,S.Paolo,"An Architecture for Robust Sensor Network Communications," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,vol.1,pp.1-23,2005.
[138]"The New Mainstream Wireless LAN Standard," in http://whitepapers.zdnet.co.uk/0.39025945.60072368p-39000522q,00.htm.
[139]W.Ford,W.Topp,Data Structures with C++:Prevtice Hall,1996.
[140]R.Ahlswede,N.Cai,S.Y.Li,R.W.Yeung,"Network Infomaiton Flow," IEEE Transaction on Informaiton Theory,vol.46,pp.1204-1216,2000.
[141]"http://www-b2.is.tokushima-u.ac.jp/～ikeda/suuri/maxflow/Maxflow.shtml."
[142]S.Y.Li,R.W.Yeung,N.Cai,"Linear Network Coding," IEEE Transaction on Informaiton Theory,vol.49,pp.pp.371-381,2003.
[143]R.Koetter,M.Medard,"An algebraic Approach to Network Coding,"IEEE/ACM Trans.On Networking,vol.11,pp.pp.782-795,2003.
[144]S.Jaggi,C.Philip,K.Jain.,"Low Complexity Optimal Algebratic Multicast Codes," presented at IEEE Int'l Symp.Information Theory.,Japan,June 2003.
[145]C.Philip,W.Yunnan,J.Kamal," Network Coding for the Internet," presented at IEEE Communication Theory Workshop,Capri,2004.
[146]C.Philip,W.Yunnan,J.Kamal,"Practical Network Coding," presented at 41st Annual Allerton Conference on Communication Control and Computing,Oct.2003.
[147]C.Gkantsidis,P.R.Rodriguez,"Network Coding for Large Scale Content Distribution," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,Miami,FL,USA,March 13-17,2005.
[148]Y.Wu,P.A.Chou,S.Y.Kung,"Information Exchange in Wireless Networks with Network Coding and Physical-layer Broadcast," in Microsoft Research,Aug.2004.
[149]A.G.Dimakis,V.Prabhakaran,K.Ramchandran.,"Ubiquitous Access to Distributed Data in Large-Scale Sensor Networks through Decentralized Erasure Codes," presented at ACM IPSN,2005.
[150]W.Biersack,"Oigabit Networking Research at Bellcore," IEEE Network,vol.6,pp.pp42-48,Mar 1992.
[151]"http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc324.htm."
[152]X.Zeng,R.Bagrodia,M.Gerla,"GlomoSim:a Library for Parallel Simulation of Large-Scale Wireless Networks," presented at PADS,Canada,1998.
[153]"http://www.mpirical.com/companion/Transmission/Best Effort QoS.htm."
[2]S.Tilak,N.Abu-Ghazaleh,W.Heinzelman,"A taxonomy of wireless micro-sensor network models," presented at Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002.
[3]C.E.Perkins,Ad Hoc Networking:Addison-Wesley,2001.
[4]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,朱红松,无线传感器网络:清华大学出版社,2005.
[5]D.Estrin,M.Srivastava,"Wireless Sensor Networks(Tutorial)," presented at ACM MOBICOM,Atlanta,Georgia,USA,2002.
[6]"http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=164."
[7]"http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/～pister/SmartDust/."
[8]"http://www.eng.auburn.edu/users/lim/sensit.html."
[9]S.H.L.Liang,V.Tao,A.Croitoru,"The Design and Prototype of a Distributed Geospatial Infrastructure for Smart Sensor Webs," presented at the 6th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science,Lyon,France,2003.
[10]J.R.Polastre,D.Culler,Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring:University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[11]P.Bonnet,J.Gehrke,P.Seshadri,"Querying the physical world," IEEE Personal Communications,vol.7,pp.10-15,2000.
[12]N.Noury,T.Herve,V.Rialle,"Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor and position sensors," presented at Proc of IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conf on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology,Lyon,France,2000.
[13]"http://www.intel.com/research/vert manuf condmaint.htm."
[14]"http://www.ssim.eng.wayne.edu/."
[15]"Sensor Webs," in http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/.
[16]"http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu."
[17]"http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/."
[18]"http://research.cens.ucla.edu/."
[19]"http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/."
[20]"http://www.robotics.usc.edu/～embedded/."
[21]"http://www.isi.edu/scadds/."
[22]"http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/～mdw/proj/codeblue/."
[23]"http://www.cast.cse.ohio-state.edu/exscal/."
[24]"http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/index.html."
[25]"http://www.wings.cs.sunysb.edu/."
[26]"http://lion.cs.uiuc.edu/."
[27]"http://mantis.cs.colorado.edu/index.php/tiki-index.php."
[28]"http://projects.cerias.purdue.edu/esp/."
[29]"http://www.eng.yale.edu/enalab/."
[30]"http://nms.csail.mit.edu/."
[31]"http://www-mtl.mit.edu/researchgroups/icsystems/uamps/."
[32]"http://wsnl.stanford.edu/tutorial.php."
[33]"http://www.zurich.ibm.com/sys/communication/sensors.html."
[34]"http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/wireless sensors.htm."
[35]"http://research.microsoft.com/nec/."
[36]"http://www.xbow.com/Products/Wireless_Sensor_Networks.htm."
[37]"http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Pico_Radio/Default.htm."
[38]"http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/projects/ahlos/."
[39]"http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/motes.htm."
[40]"http://www.tinyos.net/."
[41]"http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/proiects/sos/."
[42]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇,”无线传感器网络研究进展,”计算机研究与发展,vol.42,pp.163-174,2005.
[43]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞,”传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展,”软件学报vol.14,pp.1717-1727,2003.
[44]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯,”无线传感器网络,”软件学报vol.14,pp.1282-1291,2003.
[45]C.Yanli,L.Wei,L.Minglu,L.X.Yang,"Target-Oriented Scheduling in Directional Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,Anchorage,Alaska,USA,,May,2007.
[46]刘永强,严伟,代亚非,”一种无线网络路径容量分析模型,”软件学报vol.17,pp.854-859,2005.
[47]X.Wu,G.Chen,S.Das,"On the Energy Hole Problem of Nonuniform Node Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE MASS,Vancouver,Canada,2006.
[48]彭伟,卢锡城,”一个新的分布式最小连通支配集近似算法,”计算机学报vol.24,pp.254-258,200 1.
[49]虞万荣,王晓东,周兴铭,”一种用于无线自组织网络的并发传输MAC协议,”电子学报vol.34,pp.1433-1437,2006.
[50]Z.Zheng,Z.Wu,H.Lin,K.Zheng,"WDM:An Energy-Efficient Multi-hop Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks " presented at International Conference on Computational Science 2005.
[51]沈波,张世永,钟亦平,”无线传感器网络分簇路由协议,”软件学报vol.1,pp.1588-1600,2006.
[52]林亚平,王雷,陈宇,”传感器网络中一种分布式数据汇聚层次路由算法,”电子学报,vol.32,pp.1801-1805,2004.
[53]马华东,陶丹,”多媒体传感器网络及其研究进展,”软件学报vol.17,pp.2013-2028.2006.
[54]任彦,张思东,张宏科,”无线传感器网络中覆盖控制理论与算法,”软件学报vol.1 7.pp.422-433.2006.
[55]E.Crawle,"A Framework for QoS-Based Routing in the Internet," in RFC 2386,1998.
[56]H.Karl,A.Willing,Architectures and Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.Chichester:John Wiley & Sons,2005.
[57]H.Zhang,A.Arora,Y.-r.Choi,M.G.Gouda,"Reliable Bursty Convergecast in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC 2005.
[58]D.Ganesan,R.Govindan,S.Shenker,D.Estrin,"Highly-resilient,energy-efficient Multi path Routing in wireless sensor networks," In Mobile Computing and Communications Review(MC2R),vol.1,2002.
[59]C.Intanagonwiwat,R.Govindan,D.Estrin,"Directed Diffusion:a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2000.
[60] B. Deb, S. Bhatnagar, B. Nath, "RelnForm: Reliable Information Forwarding using Multiple Paths in Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE LCN, 2003.
[61] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estfin, J. Heidemann, F. Silva, "Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking," IEEE/ACM Transaction on networking, vol. 11, February 2003.
[62] R.C.SHAH, "Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks," IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference, vol. 1,pp. 350-355,2002.
[63] S. Bhatnagar, B. Deb, B. Nath, "Service Differentiation in Sensor Networks,"presented at WPMC, 2001.
[64] B. Deb, S. Bhatnagar, B. Nath, "Information assurance in sensor networks, in Proc. 2nd ACM Intl. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications," presented at ACM Intl. Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA), San Diego, CA, Sept 2003.
[65] S. Dulman, J. Wu, P. Havinga, " An Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE International Symposium on Autonomous Decentralized Systems (ISADS 2003), Pisa, Italy,2003.
[66] "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/～dmaltz/dsr.html."
[67] T. He, J. Stankovic, C. Lu, T. Abdelzaher, "SPEED: A stateless Protocol for Real-Time Communication in Sensor Networks," in IEEE international Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2003, pp. pp.46-55.
[68] F. Emad, L. Chang-Gun, E. Eylem, "Probabilistic QoS Guarantee in Reliability and Timeliness Domains in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2005.
[69] D. Qunfeng, B. Suman, A. Micah, M. Archan, " Minimum Energy Reliable Paths Using Unreliable Wireless Links," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2005.
[70] R. P. Marc, J. H. Zygmunt, "On the Impact of Alternate Path Routing for Load Balancing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2000.
[71] W. Kui, H. Janelle, "On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks " presented at EPMCC, 2001.
[72] V. Thiemo, D. Adam, B. Torsten, "On-demand Construction of Non-interfering Multiple Paths in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at Informatik, 2005.
[73] "Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specification," in LAN MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society,I. S. 802.11, Ed., 1997.
[74] S. Banerjee, A. Misra, "Minimum energy paths for reliable communication in multi-hop wireless networks.," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, June 2002.
[75] C. Thomas, L. Charles, R. Ronald, S. Clifford, Introduction to Algorithms,Second Edition ed: The MIT Press, 2001.
[76] O. Gunwali, J. Heidemann, M. Yarvis, R. Govindan, "Interaction of Retransmission, Blacklisting, and Routing Metrics for Reliability in Sensor Network Routing," presented at the First International Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), October 2004.
[77] Q. Han, I. Lazaridis, S. Mehrotra, N. Venkatasubramanian, "Sensor Data Collection with Expected Reliability Guarantees," presented at the First International Workshop on Sensor Networks and Systems for Pervasive Computing(PerSeNS),(in conjunction with PerCom), Kauai Island, March 8,2005.
[78] W. Chieh-Yih, C. T. Andrew, K. Lakshman, "PSFQ: A Reliable Transport Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at WNSA, 2002.
[79] F. Stann, J. Heidemann, "RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks,"presented at IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications (SNPA), 2003.
[80] S.-J. Park, R. Vedantham, R. Sivakumar, I. F. Akyildiz, "A Scalable Approach for Reliable Downstream Data Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks,"presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2004.
[81] I. Chakeres, M. Elizabeth, R. Belding, "The Utility of Hello Messages for Determining Link Connectivity," presented at the 5th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), 2002.
[82] D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, S. Biswas, "Link-level Measurements from an 802.11b Mesh Network," presented at ACM SIGCOMM, 2004.
[83] C. Alberto, W. Jennifer, "Temporal Properties of Low Power Wireless Links:Modeling and Implications on Multi-hop Routing," presented at the 6th ACM International Symposium on Mobile ad hoc Networking and Computing, 2005.
[84] W. Alec, T. Terence, C. David, "Taming the Underlying Challenges of Reliable Multihop Routing in Sensor Networks," presented at'ACM SENSYS, 2003.
[85] S. J. Douglas, D. Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, "A High-Throughput Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2003.
[86] L. Seungjoon, B. Bobby, B. Suman, "Efficient Geographic Routing in Multihop Wireless Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2005.
[87] Z. Hongwei, A. Anish, S. Prasun, "Learn on the Fly: Data-driven Link Estimation and Routing in Sensor Network Backbones," presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2006.
[88] S. Yogesh, A. B. Ozgur, I. F. Akyildiz, "ESRT: Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2003.
[89] W. Chieh-Yih, B. S. Eiseman, T. A. Campbell, "CODA: Cogestion Detection and Avoidance in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM SENSYS, 2003.
[90] S. Vishal, "Distributed Hop by Hop Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Network," in Technical Report.
[91] A. Woo, D. Cullar, "Transmission Control Scheme for Media Access in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2001.
[92] H. Bret, J. Kyle, B. Hari, "Mitigating Congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks,"presented at ACM SENSYS, 2004.
[93] K. Jaewon, N. Badri, Z. Yanyong, Y. Shengchao, "Adaptive Resource Control Scheme to Alleviate Congestion in Sensor Networks," presented at the First IEEE Workshop on Broadband Advanced Sensor Networks (BASENETS), San Jose, CA, USA,, 2004.
[94] K. Jaewon, Z. Yanyong, N. Badri, "Accurate and Energy-efficient Congestion Level Measurement in Ad Hoc Networks," presented at the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), New Orleans, LA, USA,March 13-17, 2005.
[95] G. Laura, C. Andrew, P. Sergio, "CONCERT: aggregation-based CONgestion Control for sEnsoR networks," presented at ACM SENSYS, 2005.
[96]"http://www.icir.org/floyd/red.html."
[97]Y.Yung,S.Sanjay,"Hop-by-hop Congestion Control over a Wireless Multi-hop Network," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,2004.
[98]R.Sumit,G.Ramakrishna,G.Ramsh,P.Konstantinos,"Interference-Aware Fair Rate Control in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM SIGCOMM 2006.
[99]B.Ruzena,E.C.Tien,"Congestion Control and Fairness for Many-to-One Routing in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM SENSYS,2004.
[100]Y.Richard,L.Simon,"General AIMD Congestion Control " presented at ICNP Osaka,Japan,May 9,2000.
[101]C.Shigang,Z.Zhan,"Localized Algorithm for Aggregate Faireness in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM,2006.
[102]K.-W.Fan,S.Liu,P.Sinha,"On the Potential of Structure-free Data Aggregation in Sensor Networks "presented at IEEE INFOCOM,2006.
[103]K.-W.Fan,S.Liu,P.Sinha,"Scalable Data Aggregation for Dynamic Events in Sensor Networks," presented at ACM Sensys,2006.
[104]W.Heinzelman,A.P.Chandrakasan,B.Haft,"An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,vol.1,October 2002.
[105]A Wang,W.Heinzelman,A.Chandrakasan,"Energy-scalable protocols for battery-operated microsensor networks," presented at IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems,1999.
[106]E.Shih,H.Cho,N.Ickes,MinR,A.Sinha,"Physical Layer Driven Protocol and Algorithm Design for Energy-efficient Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at ACM MOBICOM,2001.
[107]B.Krishnamachari,Y.Mourtada,S.Wicker,"The Energy-Robustness Tradeoff for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks " Autonomous Network Research Group(ANRG),2002.
[108]M.Bhardwaj,T.Garnett,A.P.Chandrakasan,"Upper Bounds on Lifetime of Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE international Conference on Communications(ICC),2001.
[109]V.Mhatre,C.Rosenberg,"Design Guidelines For Wireless Sensor Networks:Communication,Clustering and Aggregation," Ad Hoc Network pp.p45-63,2004.
[110]S.Singh,M.Woo,S.Raghavendra," Power-Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," presented at the 4th annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,Dallas,Texas,United States,1998.
[111]L.C.Zhong,"The Impact of the Transmission Power Level," 2003.
[112]I.Kang,R.Poovendran,"Maximizing Static Network Lifetime of Wireless Broadcast Adhoc Networks," presented at IEEE international Conference on Communications(ICC) 2003.
[113]S.Dongjin,K.Bhaskar,H.John,"Experimental study of the effects of Transmission Power Control and Blacklisting in Wireless Sensor Networks.."presented at IEEE SECON,2004
[114]K.A.Das,J.R.Marks,M.El-Sharkawi,"Mdlt:A Polynomial Time Optimal Algorithm for Maximization of Time To-First-Failure in Energy Constrained Wireless Broadcast Networks," presented at IEEE GLOBECOM,2003.
[115]K.A.Das,M.El-Sharkawi,J.R.Marks," Maximization of time-to-first-failure for multicasting in wireless networks: Optimal solution " presented at IEEE MILCOM 2004.
[116] A. Sankar, Z. Liu, "Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks,"presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2004.
[117] P. Panagiotis, H. Zygmunt, S. Emin, "Path Set Selection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," presented at ACM MOBIHOC, 2002.
[118] R. MIN, "Top Five Myths about the Energy Consumption of Wireless Communication," Mobile Comput. and Commun., vol. 1,2003.
[119] M. Haenggi, D. Puccinelli, "Routing in Ad Hoc Networks: A Case for Long Hops" IEEE Communication Magazine, October, 2005.
[120] M. Haenggi, "On Routing in Random Rayleigh Fading Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication vol. 4, pp. 1553-1562,2005.
[121] M. Haenggi, "The impact of Power Amplifier Character," presented at IEEE GLOBECOM, 2003.
[122] S. MEHTA, "A CMOS Dual-Band Tri-Mode Chipset for IEEE 802.11a/b/g Wireless LAN," presented at 2003 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC)Symposium.
[123] G. S. Lauer, Packet Radio Routing: Prentice Hall, 1995.
[124] J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler, K. Pister, "System Architecture Directions for Networked Sensors," presented at the Nineth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, November 2000.
[125] "XBOW MICA2 Mote Specifications," in http://www.xbaw.com.
[126] z. Gang, H. Chengdu, H. Tian, " MMSN: Multi-Frequency Media AccessControl for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM 2006.
[127] K. Pradeep, V. Nitin, "Multi-Channel Wireless Networks: Capacity and Protocols," in Presentation at BBN Technologies, 2005.
[128] K. Pradeep, V. N. H, "Capacity of Multichannel Wireless Networks:Impact of Number of Channels and Interfaces," presented at ACM MOBICOM, 2005.
[129] W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, B. H, "Energy-efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at the Hawaii International Conference System Science, 2000.
[130] A. Manjeshwar, D. Agrawal, "TEEN: A protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks " presented at the International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing,2001.
[131] A. Manjeshwar, D. Agrawal, "APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at the International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, 2002.
[132] O. Younis, S. Fahmy, "Distributed Clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: A hybrid, energy-efficient approach," presented at IEEE INFOCOM, 2004.
[133] YXu, J. heidemann, D. Estrin, "Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad-hoc Routing," presented at the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2001.
[134] P. Santi, "Silence is golden with high probability: Maintaining a connected backbone in wireless sensor networks," presented at Wireless Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks,2004.
[135]S.Bandyopadhyay,E.Coyle,"An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,.2003.
[136]M.Veyseh,B.Wei,N.F.Mir,"An Information Management Protocol to Control Routing and Clustering in Sensor Networks," presented at Journal of Computing and Information Technology - CIT 2005.
[137]Y.Ossama,F.Sonia,S.Paolo,"An Architecture for Robust Sensor Network Communications," International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,vol.1,pp.1-23,2005.
[138]"The New Mainstream Wireless LAN Standard," in http://whitepapers.zdnet.co.uk/0.39025945.60072368p-39000522q,00.htm.
[139]W.Ford,W.Topp,Data Structures with C++:Prevtice Hall,1996.
[140]R.Ahlswede,N.Cai,S.Y.Li,R.W.Yeung,"Network Infomaiton Flow," IEEE Transaction on Informaiton Theory,vol.46,pp.1204-1216,2000.
[141]"http://www-b2.is.tokushima-u.ac.jp/～ikeda/suuri/maxflow/Maxflow.shtml."
[142]S.Y.Li,R.W.Yeung,N.Cai,"Linear Network Coding," IEEE Transaction on Informaiton Theory,vol.49,pp.pp.371-381,2003.
[143]R.Koetter,M.Medard,"An algebraic Approach to Network Coding,"IEEE/ACM Trans.On Networking,vol.11,pp.pp.782-795,2003.
[144]S.Jaggi,C.Philip,K.Jain.,"Low Complexity Optimal Algebratic Multicast Codes," presented at IEEE Int'l Symp.Information Theory.,Japan,June 2003.
[145]C.Philip,W.Yunnan,J.Kamal," Network Coding for the Internet," presented at IEEE Communication Theory Workshop,Capri,2004.
[146]C.Philip,W.Yunnan,J.Kamal,"Practical Network Coding," presented at 41st Annual Allerton Conference on Communication Control and Computing,Oct.2003.
[147]C.Gkantsidis,P.R.Rodriguez,"Network Coding for Large Scale Content Distribution," presented at IEEE INFOCOM,Miami,FL,USA,March 13-17,2005.
[148]Y.Wu,P.A.Chou,S.Y.Kung,"Information Exchange in Wireless Networks with Network Coding and Physical-layer Broadcast," in Microsoft Research,Aug.2004.
[149]A.G.Dimakis,V.Prabhakaran,K.Ramchandran.,"Ubiquitous Access to Distributed Data in Large-Scale Sensor Networks through Decentralized Erasure Codes," presented at ACM IPSN,2005.
[150]W.Biersack,"Oigabit Networking Research at Bellcore," IEEE Network,vol.6,pp.pp42-48,Mar 1992.
[151]"http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section3/pmc324.htm."
[152]X.Zeng,R.Bagrodia,M.Gerla,"GlomoSim:a Library for Parallel Simulation of Large-Scale Wireless Networks," presented at PADS,Canada,1998.
[153]"http://www.mpirical.com/companion/Transmission/Best Effort QoS.htm."
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |