混凝微滤工艺处理高砷水源水和低放废水的试验研究
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摘要
混凝微滤工艺具有操作简单、能耗低、出水水质稳定、污泥产生量少等优点,在水处理领域有着良好的应用前景。本文研究了混凝微滤工艺处理高砷、高氟水源水的效果、影响因素以及产生的污泥处置,研制开发了车载式低水平放射性废水处理装置,并进行了冷试验验证,扩大了混凝微滤工艺的应用领域。
烧杯试验和小试规模的混凝微滤膜反应器运行试验结果表明,以FeCl_3为混凝剂的混凝微滤工艺适用于各种水质的高砷水源水处理,在Fe~(3+)投加量4 mg/L时即可将高砷水源水中砷的浓度由100μg/L左右降低到10μg/L以下,出水平均浊度仅为0.05 NTU,pH值较原水提高0.48左右,Fe含量低于0.03 mg/L。当原水硅含量大于3.50 mg/L时,需增加适当的预处理措施。
以Al_2(SO_4)_3为混凝剂的铝盐混凝微滤工艺在Al_2(SO_4)_3投加量为50 mg/L时,可以将高砷水源水中砷的浓度从100μg/L左右降低到10μg/L以下,Al_2(SO_4)_3投加量150 mg/L时可将氟的浓度从4 mg/L左右降低到1.0 mg/L以下,也可同时将砷的浓度从100μg/L左右降低到10μg/L以下,出水平均浊度为0.07 NTU,出水中铝、SO_4~(2-)浓度及其它指标均能很好地满足饮用水卫生标准,对比两种工艺的特点后发现,在处理高砷水源水时,应优先选择铁盐混凝微滤工艺,并采取一定的措施延缓膜比通量下降速度。对于氟同时超标的高砷水源水,只能采用铝盐混凝微滤工艺同时去除砷和氟。
膜阻力计算结果表明,无机污染阻力所占比例很小,有机污染是铁盐混凝微滤工艺膜比通量下降的主要原因,铝盐工艺的不可逆污染较为严重,是膜污染的主要组成部分。
关于污泥处置的试验表明,高砷水源水处理所产生的含砷污泥不属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物,水泥固化是降低含砷污泥浸出液中砷浓度的有效方法,固化体TCLP浸出液中砷的浓度仅为污泥的10%左右。掺入少量铁盐含砷污泥可使路用基材强度提高约10%,使含砷污泥得到了有效利用。
采用(HNO_3+KMnO_4)氧化预处理+铁盐混凝(离子交换)+中空纤维微滤膜组合工艺的车载式低放废水处理装置设置两级结构和参数相同的膜分离反应器,均安装膜面积为20 m~2的主出水膜组件和膜面积为1.0 m~2的辅助膜组件,整个装置在PLC控制下自动运行,安装有在线自动监测设备,出水水质稳定,操作简单、安全可靠、结构紧凑、移动灵活。装置处理能力为500 L/h,冷试验结果表明,浓缩倍数可以达到1010。
Coagulation/microfiltration(C/MF) process is of good potential in water treatment application due to its advantages of simple operation, low energy consumption, excellent treated-water quality and less sludge production. The treatment of high arsenic and fluoride source water by C/MF process, its influence factors and its sludge disposal were studied. An on-board low-level liquid radioactive waste treatment device was developed and a cold experiment was conducted to verify the design. The application field of C/MF process was enlarged.
The results of jar tests and lab-scale C/MF membrane reactor tests showed that C/MF process with ferric chloride as a coagulant could be used for treatment of high-arsenic source water with different source water quality. Arsenic removal to low level (<10μg/L) was achieved using a coagulant dose of 4 mg/L (calculated as Fe~(3+)) when the concentration of arsenic in raw water was about 100μg/L. The average turbidity of treated water was 0.05 NTU and the average concentration of total iron in treated water was 0.03 mg/L. pH value of treated water was increased about 0.48 compared with source water. Appropriate pretreatment was needed when the concentration of silicon in raw water was higher than 3.50 mg/L.
Arsenic concentration of the treated water could also be lowered to less than 10μg/L from about 100μg/L by C/MF process with aluminium sulphate as a coagulant when coagulant dose was 50 mg/L. When coagulant dose was 150 mg/L, arsenic and fluoride were removed simultaneously by C/MF process with aluminium sulphate as a coagulant. The concentrations of aluminum and sulphate of the treated water were entirely satisfied the new Standards for Drinking Water Quality.
Comparing the characteristics of two processes, it is concluded that C/MF process with ferric salt as a coagulant should be used preferentially when only high concentration arsenic existed in source water and appropriate measures to retard membrane fouling is needed. However, C/MF process with aluminum salt as a coagulant should be used to remove arsenic and fluoride simultaneously from high arsenic and high fluoride coexisted source water.
The results of membrane resistance calculation indicated that inorganic fouling resistance occupied little proportion of the total resistance. Organic fouling was the main reason which induced the decrease of membrane flux of C/MF process with ferric salt as a coagulant. Irreversible membrane fouling of C/MF process with aluminium sulphate as a coagulant was much severe and was the main component of membrane fouling.
The experimental results of sludge disposal showed that the arsenic-bearing sludge produced in the treatment of high-arsenic source water did not belong to the hazardous waste with leaching toxicity. When the arsenic-bearing sludge was solidified with cement, arsenic concentration in the leaching solution reduced about 90%. The compression strengths of road-application concretes were increased about 12% when minor part of ferric salt arsenic-bearing sludge was added. It provides a method for the efficient utilization of arsenic-bearing sludge. At the same time, the possible environmental problems are avoided.
Oxidation-C/MF hybrid process was employed by the on-board low-level liquid radioactive waste treatment device which contain two same membrane reactors. The main membrane module with effective filtration area of 20 m~2 and the auxiliary membrane module with effective area of 1.0 m~2 were installed in the two membrane reactors. The device with on-line monitoring equipments was run automatically under the control of a programmable logic controller. The device has the advantage of compact structure and can be removed flexibly and safely on the existing roads. The treatment capacity of the device is 500 L/h. The results of the cold test showed that the condensing factor could be reached to 1010.
烧杯试验和小试规模的混凝微滤膜反应器运行试验结果表明,以FeCl_3为混凝剂的混凝微滤工艺适用于各种水质的高砷水源水处理,在Fe~(3+)投加量4 mg/L时即可将高砷水源水中砷的浓度由100μg/L左右降低到10μg/L以下,出水平均浊度仅为0.05 NTU,pH值较原水提高0.48左右,Fe含量低于0.03 mg/L。当原水硅含量大于3.50 mg/L时,需增加适当的预处理措施。
以Al_2(SO_4)_3为混凝剂的铝盐混凝微滤工艺在Al_2(SO_4)_3投加量为50 mg/L时,可以将高砷水源水中砷的浓度从100μg/L左右降低到10μg/L以下,Al_2(SO_4)_3投加量150 mg/L时可将氟的浓度从4 mg/L左右降低到1.0 mg/L以下,也可同时将砷的浓度从100μg/L左右降低到10μg/L以下,出水平均浊度为0.07 NTU,出水中铝、SO_4~(2-)浓度及其它指标均能很好地满足饮用水卫生标准,对比两种工艺的特点后发现,在处理高砷水源水时,应优先选择铁盐混凝微滤工艺,并采取一定的措施延缓膜比通量下降速度。对于氟同时超标的高砷水源水,只能采用铝盐混凝微滤工艺同时去除砷和氟。
膜阻力计算结果表明,无机污染阻力所占比例很小,有机污染是铁盐混凝微滤工艺膜比通量下降的主要原因,铝盐工艺的不可逆污染较为严重,是膜污染的主要组成部分。
关于污泥处置的试验表明,高砷水源水处理所产生的含砷污泥不属于具有浸出毒性的危险废物,水泥固化是降低含砷污泥浸出液中砷浓度的有效方法,固化体TCLP浸出液中砷的浓度仅为污泥的10%左右。掺入少量铁盐含砷污泥可使路用基材强度提高约10%,使含砷污泥得到了有效利用。
采用(HNO_3+KMnO_4)氧化预处理+铁盐混凝(离子交换)+中空纤维微滤膜组合工艺的车载式低放废水处理装置设置两级结构和参数相同的膜分离反应器,均安装膜面积为20 m~2的主出水膜组件和膜面积为1.0 m~2的辅助膜组件,整个装置在PLC控制下自动运行,安装有在线自动监测设备,出水水质稳定,操作简单、安全可靠、结构紧凑、移动灵活。装置处理能力为500 L/h,冷试验结果表明,浓缩倍数可以达到1010。
Coagulation/microfiltration(C/MF) process is of good potential in water treatment application due to its advantages of simple operation, low energy consumption, excellent treated-water quality and less sludge production. The treatment of high arsenic and fluoride source water by C/MF process, its influence factors and its sludge disposal were studied. An on-board low-level liquid radioactive waste treatment device was developed and a cold experiment was conducted to verify the design. The application field of C/MF process was enlarged.
The results of jar tests and lab-scale C/MF membrane reactor tests showed that C/MF process with ferric chloride as a coagulant could be used for treatment of high-arsenic source water with different source water quality. Arsenic removal to low level (<10μg/L) was achieved using a coagulant dose of 4 mg/L (calculated as Fe~(3+)) when the concentration of arsenic in raw water was about 100μg/L. The average turbidity of treated water was 0.05 NTU and the average concentration of total iron in treated water was 0.03 mg/L. pH value of treated water was increased about 0.48 compared with source water. Appropriate pretreatment was needed when the concentration of silicon in raw water was higher than 3.50 mg/L.
Arsenic concentration of the treated water could also be lowered to less than 10μg/L from about 100μg/L by C/MF process with aluminium sulphate as a coagulant when coagulant dose was 50 mg/L. When coagulant dose was 150 mg/L, arsenic and fluoride were removed simultaneously by C/MF process with aluminium sulphate as a coagulant. The concentrations of aluminum and sulphate of the treated water were entirely satisfied the new Standards for Drinking Water Quality.
Comparing the characteristics of two processes, it is concluded that C/MF process with ferric salt as a coagulant should be used preferentially when only high concentration arsenic existed in source water and appropriate measures to retard membrane fouling is needed. However, C/MF process with aluminum salt as a coagulant should be used to remove arsenic and fluoride simultaneously from high arsenic and high fluoride coexisted source water.
The results of membrane resistance calculation indicated that inorganic fouling resistance occupied little proportion of the total resistance. Organic fouling was the main reason which induced the decrease of membrane flux of C/MF process with ferric salt as a coagulant. Irreversible membrane fouling of C/MF process with aluminium sulphate as a coagulant was much severe and was the main component of membrane fouling.
The experimental results of sludge disposal showed that the arsenic-bearing sludge produced in the treatment of high-arsenic source water did not belong to the hazardous waste with leaching toxicity. When the arsenic-bearing sludge was solidified with cement, arsenic concentration in the leaching solution reduced about 90%. The compression strengths of road-application concretes were increased about 12% when minor part of ferric salt arsenic-bearing sludge was added. It provides a method for the efficient utilization of arsenic-bearing sludge. At the same time, the possible environmental problems are avoided.
Oxidation-C/MF hybrid process was employed by the on-board low-level liquid radioactive waste treatment device which contain two same membrane reactors. The main membrane module with effective filtration area of 20 m~2 and the auxiliary membrane module with effective area of 1.0 m~2 were installed in the two membrane reactors. The device with on-line monitoring equipments was run automatically under the control of a programmable logic controller. The device has the advantage of compact structure and can be removed flexibly and safely on the existing roads. The treatment capacity of the device is 500 L/h. The results of the cold test showed that the condensing factor could be reached to 1010.
引文
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