微地震监测与模拟技术在裂缝研究中的应用
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摘要
油田注水和压裂微地震实时监测是目前国内外方兴未艾的研究热点课题,在油田的推广应用中主要面临着如何实现自动化监测、提高系统灵敏度和实时精确定位的难题。为此研制了一套以三分量MEMS检波器为核心硬件的微地震监测系统,并结合GPS系统对监测过程进行精确授时。同时编制数据化记录和处理软件,实现网络化自动监测功能,通过开发计算机判别标准和实时定位理论系统,对数据和微震源进行自动化处理和计算。
利用本系统对花岗岩单轴压裂过程的声发射事件进行了研究。由于当岩石受力变形和断裂时会产生声发射现象(弹性波),因此对其声发射事件的分析可用来研究岩石裂纹形成机制和断裂过程。研究发现岩石试样破裂失稳可划分为四个过程。在整个应力加载过程中,发现声发射事件次数随岩石应变呈增长趋势,后在岩石发生宏观断裂前呈减少趋势;声发射能量一直呈增长趋势,在岩石宏观断裂时达到最大;其声发射信号的频率一般为:0-800Hz;研究同时也表明可通过统计声发射事件数量来判断现场实际应用中岩石断裂发生几率,也可通过对事件本身的定位(微震源定位)来研究岩石断裂位置,因此这套系统可应用于煤矿、水库、和油田压裂等微地震的监测。
利用该系统对东辛油田营11进行了六个月现场注水微震监测,对监测数据的处理表明营11注水区域裂缝发育方向基本上为NE90°-NE125°;同时营11地区油藏地应力数值模拟结果分析表明其水平最大主应力的方向主要分布在NE90°-NE130°的范围内,研究范围中西北区块的水平最大主应力方向近似为东西向,研究区块的东部边界的水平最大主应力方向近似为NE130°左右,模拟结果与裂缝监测方位相符较好,两者结合给出了这个地区合理开发部署建议。裂缝误差分析表明监测结果可以控制在一个合理的范围内,监测结果表明系统还应该进一步提高监测灵敏度和完善算法功能,以符合在低渗透油田开发管理中的推广应用。
油田水力压裂是改造低渗透油气藏的重要手段,并且水力压裂的破裂能量更高,更有利于监测。在油田生产过程中,水力压裂产生裂缝有多长,裂缝朝哪个方向延伸,压裂井是否和周围的水井连通等问题在以前都无法即时直接地解决。因此利用微地震监测系统对西南油气分公司新场和马井地区进行了水力压裂监测试验,水力压裂微地震试验研究结果给出了可靠的裂缝三维图像,揭示了裂缝发育状况。同时发现水力压裂裂缝生长速率是不均匀的,在水力压裂的不同时间段,裂缝生长速率差别很大,在开始断裂的一段时间内,裂缝生长的最为迅速,而后裂缝生长速度减慢;通常裂缝两翼常常是不对称的;裂缝面基本上是垂直的。
研究发现岩石破裂与晶体结构有重要关系,而储层岩石的矿物成分及晶体结构也影响了岩石的破裂,宏观及微观上岩石的裂缝都是呈Z字型发展,具体的发展模式还要看储层的岩石性质。并且水饱和对岩石的波速具有影响,一般水饱和的岩石比干燥岩石波速要大,而与油气饱和的关系有待进一步进行实验研究。水-岩化学作用对岩石的断裂也有重要的影响,一方面可以增强岩石的破裂强度,另一方面也可能降低岩石的破裂强度,具体的影响还要看岩石的结构和成分,以及地层水的化学性质。另外,地温场也能够对岩石的破裂起到一定的辅助作用,其主要表现为高温增加岩石的裂缝孔隙度,从而加剧水-岩作用。
总之,本文利用自行研制的微地震监测系统对油田生产中的注水和水力压裂诱生微地震进行了监测,监测结果可以合理的解释出裂缝的发育规律,这一技术在未来油田的生产中具有重大的应用价值。
The research of real-time microseismic monitoring used in the waterflood swept area of the oil field and hydraulic fracture is in the ascendant. How to complete automatic monitoring, to improve sensitivity of system and locate precisely in real time are three difficult problems before the technology is used widely. In order to resolve these problems, an independent-developed microseismic monitoring system called MEMS has been developed to aim at this international problem. The system was composed of three components MEMS geophone which was the core hardware, and GPS system that was used to do real-time locating and time service. The digital recording and processing software according with the hardware system and monitoring has been compiled, and automatic monitoring function in network has been realized. Otherwise, the system of computer discriminatory standard and real-time locating concept has been developed and automatic data processing and seismic focus calculating has been realized at the same time.
The rock sample will generate acoustic emission when it was suffering the external or internal loading. The mechanism and process of rock failure was used to study by analyzing acoustic emission. In this paper, through analyzing the signals of acoustic emission under monoaxial compression loading, the total failure process of sample was carefully divided into four procedures. With the loading increasing, the events of acoustic emission gradually increased with the strain changing in the first and began to decrease afterwards before the sample faulting totally. The energy of acoustic emission continuously increased to the maximum when the sample faulting totally. The frequency of acoustic emission was generally the content 0-800Hz. At the same time, the MEMS geophone can be used to monitor the microseismic event of coal mining, water reservoir and hydraulic fracturing through the research of failure location and the ratio of rock fracture can be predicted by counting numbers of acoustic emission.
After spent six months to monitor injecting microseism in Ying 11 block of DongXin field using this system and collect abundant microseismic wave files. The result showed that the orientation of injecting fracture was mainly NE90°to NE125°. The maximum horizontal principal stress directions were mainly distributed in NE90°-NE130°range. Analysis of numerical simulation result of reservoir stress in Ying 11 block showed that the maximum horizontal principal stress directions are approximate east-west in central and western region and approximate NE130°at eastern border. It was coincide well between simulated results and monitoring fracture direction.The calculation error analysis of fracture showed that the monitoring result can be controlled in a reasonable extent. Therefore, this system can be further developed to provide important practical reference for the policy and distribution of production in low permeability oil field.
Hydraulic fracturing in oilfield is an important means of transforming low-permeability reservoirs. The energy of rock failure in hydraulic fracturing is higher than water-flood in oilfield, so it is more conducive to monitoring. In oilfield production process, how long the crack is and how the crack of the fractured wells to extend after hydraulic fracturing cannot estimate at the present time. At the same time, the direction of the crack and the connectivity with wells surrounding can not be immediately resolved. So, a micro-earthquake monitoring test of hydraulic fracturing was carried out in XinChang and MaJing zone of XiNan Oil and Gas Company. The reliable three-dimensional image of the cracks was gained. At the same time, the research showed that hydraulic cracks growth rate is uneven in the process of the hydraulic fracturing in different times and the crack growth rate was greatly speedy at the beginning of the period and then slowed. Usually, the wings of cracks were often asymmetric and the crack is basically vertical.
Result shows that there was an important relationship between failure of rock and crystal structure and composition and crystal structure of reservoir bed also affects the breakdown of rocks. The macroscopic and microscopic cracks both extended on a Z-shape in the process of hydraulic fracturing and depended on the specific model of rock properties in reservoir. The velocity of the wave in stratum was impact by rock and water saturation and the wave velocity of the water-saturated rock was bigger generally than that of dry rock and the relationship in rock saturated with oil and gas needed be further studied. The crack of rock was also impacted by the chemical acting each other of water and rock in reservoir. On the one hand, it can enhance the rupture strength of rock and on the other hand may also reduce the breakdown strength. The specific impact depended on the structure and composition of rock and formation and the chemical nature of formation water. In addition, the geothermal field can also play an important supporting role in fracture process. The porosity in rock cracks increases under high-temperature and aggravates accordingly the chemical acting each other of water and rock in reservoir.
In short, this paper reported micro-earthquake induced by oil field water injection or hydraulic fracturing monitoring used by self-developed micro-seismic monitoring system and the monitoring results can be a reasonable explanation for the development of cracks, and this technology is of great values in the future oilfield production.
利用本系统对花岗岩单轴压裂过程的声发射事件进行了研究。由于当岩石受力变形和断裂时会产生声发射现象(弹性波),因此对其声发射事件的分析可用来研究岩石裂纹形成机制和断裂过程。研究发现岩石试样破裂失稳可划分为四个过程。在整个应力加载过程中,发现声发射事件次数随岩石应变呈增长趋势,后在岩石发生宏观断裂前呈减少趋势;声发射能量一直呈增长趋势,在岩石宏观断裂时达到最大;其声发射信号的频率一般为:0-800Hz;研究同时也表明可通过统计声发射事件数量来判断现场实际应用中岩石断裂发生几率,也可通过对事件本身的定位(微震源定位)来研究岩石断裂位置,因此这套系统可应用于煤矿、水库、和油田压裂等微地震的监测。
利用该系统对东辛油田营11进行了六个月现场注水微震监测,对监测数据的处理表明营11注水区域裂缝发育方向基本上为NE90°-NE125°;同时营11地区油藏地应力数值模拟结果分析表明其水平最大主应力的方向主要分布在NE90°-NE130°的范围内,研究范围中西北区块的水平最大主应力方向近似为东西向,研究区块的东部边界的水平最大主应力方向近似为NE130°左右,模拟结果与裂缝监测方位相符较好,两者结合给出了这个地区合理开发部署建议。裂缝误差分析表明监测结果可以控制在一个合理的范围内,监测结果表明系统还应该进一步提高监测灵敏度和完善算法功能,以符合在低渗透油田开发管理中的推广应用。
油田水力压裂是改造低渗透油气藏的重要手段,并且水力压裂的破裂能量更高,更有利于监测。在油田生产过程中,水力压裂产生裂缝有多长,裂缝朝哪个方向延伸,压裂井是否和周围的水井连通等问题在以前都无法即时直接地解决。因此利用微地震监测系统对西南油气分公司新场和马井地区进行了水力压裂监测试验,水力压裂微地震试验研究结果给出了可靠的裂缝三维图像,揭示了裂缝发育状况。同时发现水力压裂裂缝生长速率是不均匀的,在水力压裂的不同时间段,裂缝生长速率差别很大,在开始断裂的一段时间内,裂缝生长的最为迅速,而后裂缝生长速度减慢;通常裂缝两翼常常是不对称的;裂缝面基本上是垂直的。
研究发现岩石破裂与晶体结构有重要关系,而储层岩石的矿物成分及晶体结构也影响了岩石的破裂,宏观及微观上岩石的裂缝都是呈Z字型发展,具体的发展模式还要看储层的岩石性质。并且水饱和对岩石的波速具有影响,一般水饱和的岩石比干燥岩石波速要大,而与油气饱和的关系有待进一步进行实验研究。水-岩化学作用对岩石的断裂也有重要的影响,一方面可以增强岩石的破裂强度,另一方面也可能降低岩石的破裂强度,具体的影响还要看岩石的结构和成分,以及地层水的化学性质。另外,地温场也能够对岩石的破裂起到一定的辅助作用,其主要表现为高温增加岩石的裂缝孔隙度,从而加剧水-岩作用。
总之,本文利用自行研制的微地震监测系统对油田生产中的注水和水力压裂诱生微地震进行了监测,监测结果可以合理的解释出裂缝的发育规律,这一技术在未来油田的生产中具有重大的应用价值。
The research of real-time microseismic monitoring used in the waterflood swept area of the oil field and hydraulic fracture is in the ascendant. How to complete automatic monitoring, to improve sensitivity of system and locate precisely in real time are three difficult problems before the technology is used widely. In order to resolve these problems, an independent-developed microseismic monitoring system called MEMS has been developed to aim at this international problem. The system was composed of three components MEMS geophone which was the core hardware, and GPS system that was used to do real-time locating and time service. The digital recording and processing software according with the hardware system and monitoring has been compiled, and automatic monitoring function in network has been realized. Otherwise, the system of computer discriminatory standard and real-time locating concept has been developed and automatic data processing and seismic focus calculating has been realized at the same time.
The rock sample will generate acoustic emission when it was suffering the external or internal loading. The mechanism and process of rock failure was used to study by analyzing acoustic emission. In this paper, through analyzing the signals of acoustic emission under monoaxial compression loading, the total failure process of sample was carefully divided into four procedures. With the loading increasing, the events of acoustic emission gradually increased with the strain changing in the first and began to decrease afterwards before the sample faulting totally. The energy of acoustic emission continuously increased to the maximum when the sample faulting totally. The frequency of acoustic emission was generally the content 0-800Hz. At the same time, the MEMS geophone can be used to monitor the microseismic event of coal mining, water reservoir and hydraulic fracturing through the research of failure location and the ratio of rock fracture can be predicted by counting numbers of acoustic emission.
After spent six months to monitor injecting microseism in Ying 11 block of DongXin field using this system and collect abundant microseismic wave files. The result showed that the orientation of injecting fracture was mainly NE90°to NE125°. The maximum horizontal principal stress directions were mainly distributed in NE90°-NE130°range. Analysis of numerical simulation result of reservoir stress in Ying 11 block showed that the maximum horizontal principal stress directions are approximate east-west in central and western region and approximate NE130°at eastern border. It was coincide well between simulated results and monitoring fracture direction.The calculation error analysis of fracture showed that the monitoring result can be controlled in a reasonable extent. Therefore, this system can be further developed to provide important practical reference for the policy and distribution of production in low permeability oil field.
Hydraulic fracturing in oilfield is an important means of transforming low-permeability reservoirs. The energy of rock failure in hydraulic fracturing is higher than water-flood in oilfield, so it is more conducive to monitoring. In oilfield production process, how long the crack is and how the crack of the fractured wells to extend after hydraulic fracturing cannot estimate at the present time. At the same time, the direction of the crack and the connectivity with wells surrounding can not be immediately resolved. So, a micro-earthquake monitoring test of hydraulic fracturing was carried out in XinChang and MaJing zone of XiNan Oil and Gas Company. The reliable three-dimensional image of the cracks was gained. At the same time, the research showed that hydraulic cracks growth rate is uneven in the process of the hydraulic fracturing in different times and the crack growth rate was greatly speedy at the beginning of the period and then slowed. Usually, the wings of cracks were often asymmetric and the crack is basically vertical.
Result shows that there was an important relationship between failure of rock and crystal structure and composition and crystal structure of reservoir bed also affects the breakdown of rocks. The macroscopic and microscopic cracks both extended on a Z-shape in the process of hydraulic fracturing and depended on the specific model of rock properties in reservoir. The velocity of the wave in stratum was impact by rock and water saturation and the wave velocity of the water-saturated rock was bigger generally than that of dry rock and the relationship in rock saturated with oil and gas needed be further studied. The crack of rock was also impacted by the chemical acting each other of water and rock in reservoir. On the one hand, it can enhance the rupture strength of rock and on the other hand may also reduce the breakdown strength. The specific impact depended on the structure and composition of rock and formation and the chemical nature of formation water. In addition, the geothermal field can also play an important supporting role in fracture process. The porosity in rock cracks increases under high-temperature and aggravates accordingly the chemical acting each other of water and rock in reservoir.
In short, this paper reported micro-earthquake induced by oil field water injection or hydraulic fracturing monitoring used by self-developed micro-seismic monitoring system and the monitoring results can be a reasonable explanation for the development of cracks, and this technology is of great values in the future oilfield production.
引文
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