济阳和临清坳陷深层天然气成因鉴别与生成模式研究
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摘要
济阳和临清坳陷深层天然气来源多、成因复杂,包括煤成气、油型气和混源气等。其中煤成气又包括一次生烃和二次生烃形成的,高成熟油型气则存在源岩热解成因和原油裂解成因。不同成因类型天然气的鉴别,不仅是勘探中急需解决的实际问题,也是油气地质及地球化学研究前沿的科学问题。为此,综合利用天然气地质和地球化学理论与方法,剖析了研究区深层天然气的成因类型,提出了煤岩一次与二次及源岩热解与原油裂解生成天然气的鉴别指标,建立了天然气的生成模式。
以烃源岩特征分析为基础,将天然气三元地球化学示踪体系与成藏地质背景分析相结合,阐明了深层天然气的成因类型。结果表明:孤北-渤南地区天然气由西向东从油型气逐渐过渡到煤成气,渤南洼陷发育Es4上自生自储的高成熟油型气,孤北潜山第三、四排山主要为C-P来源的煤成气,二者之间由油型气与煤成气按不同比例混合而成;临清坳陷东部深层主要产出煤成气,其中高古4井天然气由C-P煤系源岩于成熟阶段所生成,伴生油具有相似的成因,梁古1井则以无机成因CO2为主;民丰地区Es4产出的天然气主要由该段第一套膏盐层中烃源岩所生成,成熟度(Ro)介于1.0~1.6%之间,还混有深部来源的无机CO2。
通过开展煤岩一次和二次生烃模拟实验,考察生成气态烃的组成与产率特征,结合生烃动力学的分析,查明了两种成因煤成气的差别,提出了二者的鉴别指标,并利用已知成因煤成气进行了验证。研究发现:煤岩一次生成天然气iC4/nC4值大于0.9、n(C6+C7)/i(C6+C7)值小于0.95、nC6/(2-MC6+3-MC6)值小于1.6、nC5/(2-MC5+3-MC5)值小于1.0、甲苯/苯值大于1.25,而煤岩二次生成天然气正好相反。孤北潜山和高古4井煤成气均为二次成因。
通过开展源岩热解和原油裂解生气模拟实验与生烃动力学的分析,并与相同成因天然气进行对比,查明了二者的差别,建立了两种成因天然气的鉴别方法:源岩热解气ln(CC5/nC6)值和ln(CC5/nC5)值分别小于-1和-2,(MCC5+CC6)/nC6值和CC6/nC5值则分别要低于0.8和0.1,(CC5+MCC5+CC6)/(nC5+nC6)值和(MCC5+CC6+MCC6)/(nC6+nC7)值小于0.5和1.0,DMCC5/CC5值和甲苯/苯值高于0.6和1.1;原油裂解气正好相反。民丰地区天然气以源岩热解气为主,原油裂解气为辅。
在系统分析气源岩分布特征、生烃演化历程的基础上,结合生烃动力学的地质应用,将煤成气生成模式划分为5种类型:①隆起区-中晚期不生烃,②凸起区-晚期不生烃,③低凸起-晚期成熟高熟生烃,④斜坡带-晚期成熟高熟生烃,⑤深洼带-晚期过熟生烃;还建立了源岩热解和原油裂解生气模式。其中,斜坡带-晚期成熟高熟生烃是最为有利的煤成气生成模式,临清坳陷南部和北部洼陷带、惠民南坡、沾化罗家斜坡带、车西东部斜坡带、埕东凸起北斜坡等是最优越的二次生烃区。东营凹陷北带、渤南洼陷以及潍北凹陷陡坡带等地区则是高成熟油型气形成的有利区带。
Genesis of natural gas in deep-burial sequences such as Forth Member of the Shahejie Formation and Carboniferous-Permian buried below 4000m in the Jiyang and Linqing Super-depressions is rather complicated, which consist of coal-derived gas, oil-type gas and mixed-gas. The coal-derived gases are generated in primary burial history (primary gas for short) and in reburial history (secondary gas for short) of the Carboniferous-Permian in studied areas. The oil-type gases include kerogen-degraded gas and oil-cracked gas. Investigation on the generation plays an important role in natural gas exploration. The author studied genesis of the natural gases found in Gubei, Minfeng and East Linqing areas, selected special indexes for identification between the primary gas and secondary gas, as well as between kerogen-generated gas and oil-cracked gas, by comprehensive geological and geochemical analysis in the studied areas. Furthermore, generating models are established for the different genetic types of gases based on investigations on the gas source rock evolution and the gas generation kinetic modeling.
On the bases of the analysis of source rocks characteristics, the ternary geochemical-tracing system of natural gas and research achievement of geologic condition of gas pools were used in order to clarify the geochemical characteristics and genesis of deep natural gas. The result shows that the natural gas in Gubei-Bonan area shifts from oil-typed gas to coal-derived gas from west to east. Natural gas in Bonan deep sag is high-matured oil-type gas originated from Es4 source rocks in Bonan sag, and gas in Gubei buried hill is mainly composed of coal-derived gas generated by C-P source rocks. Gases found between the two zones are mixtures with different proportions of coal-derived and oil-type gas. Oil and gas produced from C-P sandstones are generated from the same sequence in east part of the Linqing depression. Gas found in the Well Gaogu-4 is generated from C-P coal source rocks at mature stage, and the associated oil is generated in similar process. In the Minfeng area of the Dongying depression, gas and light oil produced from Es4 sandstones are generated from Es4 source rock, mixing with the inorganic CO2.
In addition to geological and geochemical investigation on the coal-derived gas generation, a series of thermal stimulation experiments and analysis on gas-generation kinetics are conducted on primary gas generation and secondary gas generation from coals. It is the first discover that there are differences in the gasous hydrocarbon compositions between the primary and secondary generated gases. Therefore, the indexes are proposed for identifying the primary gas and secondary gas and are verified by the genesis-known natural gases. The primary gas is characteristics of iC4/nC4 > 0.9, n(C6+C7)/i(C6+C7) < 0.95, nC6/(2-MC6+3-MC6) < 1.6, nC5/(2-MC5+3-MC5) <1.0 and methal-benzol/benzol < 1.25, and the opposite is the secondary gas. It concludes that the natural gas reserved in the Gubei buried-hill and produced from the Well Gaogu-4 is the secondary gas from C-P coal sequence.
Thermal stimulation experiments and analysis on hydrocarbon-generation kinetics are also conducted on source rocks and crude oils to find the composition parameters to distinguish the kerogen-degraded gas and oil-cracked gas. It shows that the kerogen-degraded gas represents as ln(CC5/nC6) < -1, ln(CC5/nC5) < -2,(MCC5+CC6)/nC6 < 0.8, CC6/nC5 < 0.1,(CC5+MCC5+CC6)/(nC5+nC6) < 0.5, (MCC5+CC6+MCC6)/(nC6+nC7) <1.0,DMCC5/CC5 > 0.6 and methal-benzol/benzol >1.1, in contrast, the oil-cracked gas. Therefore, it is believed that the natural gas produced from the Minfeng area is mainly sourced from kerogen-degraded gas, others from oil-cracked gas.
Investigation of distributions and burial histories of the gas source rocks, as well as the geologic application of gas-generation kinetics parameters, the coal-derived gas generation models from C-P source rocks are established as five types: (1) the up-rise no-gas generating model; (2) the up-left primary generating and no secondary generating model; (3) the buried up-left secondary high-generating model; (4) the depression-slope secondary high-generating model and (5) the deep sag over-matured generating model. The author believe that the forth model is the best for natural gas generation and accumulation, the third and fifth are good for gas generation and accumulation. The south and north areas of the East Linqing, the south slope of the Huimin depression, the Luojia slope of the Zhanhua depression, the east slope of the Chexi depression and the north slope of the Chengdong structure are best favorable for coal-derived gas generation and accumulation. The north slope of the Dongying depression, the Bonan area and the steep-slope of the Weibei structure is perspective for exploration of high-matured kerogen-derived gas and oil-cracked gas.
以烃源岩特征分析为基础,将天然气三元地球化学示踪体系与成藏地质背景分析相结合,阐明了深层天然气的成因类型。结果表明:孤北-渤南地区天然气由西向东从油型气逐渐过渡到煤成气,渤南洼陷发育Es4上自生自储的高成熟油型气,孤北潜山第三、四排山主要为C-P来源的煤成气,二者之间由油型气与煤成气按不同比例混合而成;临清坳陷东部深层主要产出煤成气,其中高古4井天然气由C-P煤系源岩于成熟阶段所生成,伴生油具有相似的成因,梁古1井则以无机成因CO2为主;民丰地区Es4产出的天然气主要由该段第一套膏盐层中烃源岩所生成,成熟度(Ro)介于1.0~1.6%之间,还混有深部来源的无机CO2。
通过开展煤岩一次和二次生烃模拟实验,考察生成气态烃的组成与产率特征,结合生烃动力学的分析,查明了两种成因煤成气的差别,提出了二者的鉴别指标,并利用已知成因煤成气进行了验证。研究发现:煤岩一次生成天然气iC4/nC4值大于0.9、n(C6+C7)/i(C6+C7)值小于0.95、nC6/(2-MC6+3-MC6)值小于1.6、nC5/(2-MC5+3-MC5)值小于1.0、甲苯/苯值大于1.25,而煤岩二次生成天然气正好相反。孤北潜山和高古4井煤成气均为二次成因。
通过开展源岩热解和原油裂解生气模拟实验与生烃动力学的分析,并与相同成因天然气进行对比,查明了二者的差别,建立了两种成因天然气的鉴别方法:源岩热解气ln(CC5/nC6)值和ln(CC5/nC5)值分别小于-1和-2,(MCC5+CC6)/nC6值和CC6/nC5值则分别要低于0.8和0.1,(CC5+MCC5+CC6)/(nC5+nC6)值和(MCC5+CC6+MCC6)/(nC6+nC7)值小于0.5和1.0,DMCC5/CC5值和甲苯/苯值高于0.6和1.1;原油裂解气正好相反。民丰地区天然气以源岩热解气为主,原油裂解气为辅。
在系统分析气源岩分布特征、生烃演化历程的基础上,结合生烃动力学的地质应用,将煤成气生成模式划分为5种类型:①隆起区-中晚期不生烃,②凸起区-晚期不生烃,③低凸起-晚期成熟高熟生烃,④斜坡带-晚期成熟高熟生烃,⑤深洼带-晚期过熟生烃;还建立了源岩热解和原油裂解生气模式。其中,斜坡带-晚期成熟高熟生烃是最为有利的煤成气生成模式,临清坳陷南部和北部洼陷带、惠民南坡、沾化罗家斜坡带、车西东部斜坡带、埕东凸起北斜坡等是最优越的二次生烃区。东营凹陷北带、渤南洼陷以及潍北凹陷陡坡带等地区则是高成熟油型气形成的有利区带。
Genesis of natural gas in deep-burial sequences such as Forth Member of the Shahejie Formation and Carboniferous-Permian buried below 4000m in the Jiyang and Linqing Super-depressions is rather complicated, which consist of coal-derived gas, oil-type gas and mixed-gas. The coal-derived gases are generated in primary burial history (primary gas for short) and in reburial history (secondary gas for short) of the Carboniferous-Permian in studied areas. The oil-type gases include kerogen-degraded gas and oil-cracked gas. Investigation on the generation plays an important role in natural gas exploration. The author studied genesis of the natural gases found in Gubei, Minfeng and East Linqing areas, selected special indexes for identification between the primary gas and secondary gas, as well as between kerogen-generated gas and oil-cracked gas, by comprehensive geological and geochemical analysis in the studied areas. Furthermore, generating models are established for the different genetic types of gases based on investigations on the gas source rock evolution and the gas generation kinetic modeling.
On the bases of the analysis of source rocks characteristics, the ternary geochemical-tracing system of natural gas and research achievement of geologic condition of gas pools were used in order to clarify the geochemical characteristics and genesis of deep natural gas. The result shows that the natural gas in Gubei-Bonan area shifts from oil-typed gas to coal-derived gas from west to east. Natural gas in Bonan deep sag is high-matured oil-type gas originated from Es4 source rocks in Bonan sag, and gas in Gubei buried hill is mainly composed of coal-derived gas generated by C-P source rocks. Gases found between the two zones are mixtures with different proportions of coal-derived and oil-type gas. Oil and gas produced from C-P sandstones are generated from the same sequence in east part of the Linqing depression. Gas found in the Well Gaogu-4 is generated from C-P coal source rocks at mature stage, and the associated oil is generated in similar process. In the Minfeng area of the Dongying depression, gas and light oil produced from Es4 sandstones are generated from Es4 source rock, mixing with the inorganic CO2.
In addition to geological and geochemical investigation on the coal-derived gas generation, a series of thermal stimulation experiments and analysis on gas-generation kinetics are conducted on primary gas generation and secondary gas generation from coals. It is the first discover that there are differences in the gasous hydrocarbon compositions between the primary and secondary generated gases. Therefore, the indexes are proposed for identifying the primary gas and secondary gas and are verified by the genesis-known natural gases. The primary gas is characteristics of iC4/nC4 > 0.9, n(C6+C7)/i(C6+C7) < 0.95, nC6/(2-MC6+3-MC6) < 1.6, nC5/(2-MC5+3-MC5) <1.0 and methal-benzol/benzol < 1.25, and the opposite is the secondary gas. It concludes that the natural gas reserved in the Gubei buried-hill and produced from the Well Gaogu-4 is the secondary gas from C-P coal sequence.
Thermal stimulation experiments and analysis on hydrocarbon-generation kinetics are also conducted on source rocks and crude oils to find the composition parameters to distinguish the kerogen-degraded gas and oil-cracked gas. It shows that the kerogen-degraded gas represents as ln(CC5/nC6) < -1, ln(CC5/nC5) < -2,(MCC5+CC6)/nC6 < 0.8, CC6/nC5 < 0.1,(CC5+MCC5+CC6)/(nC5+nC6) < 0.5, (MCC5+CC6+MCC6)/(nC6+nC7) <1.0,DMCC5/CC5 > 0.6 and methal-benzol/benzol >1.1, in contrast, the oil-cracked gas. Therefore, it is believed that the natural gas produced from the Minfeng area is mainly sourced from kerogen-degraded gas, others from oil-cracked gas.
Investigation of distributions and burial histories of the gas source rocks, as well as the geologic application of gas-generation kinetics parameters, the coal-derived gas generation models from C-P source rocks are established as five types: (1) the up-rise no-gas generating model; (2) the up-left primary generating and no secondary generating model; (3) the buried up-left secondary high-generating model; (4) the depression-slope secondary high-generating model and (5) the deep sag over-matured generating model. The author believe that the forth model is the best for natural gas generation and accumulation, the third and fifth are good for gas generation and accumulation. The south and north areas of the East Linqing, the south slope of the Huimin depression, the Luojia slope of the Zhanhua depression, the east slope of the Chexi depression and the north slope of the Chengdong structure are best favorable for coal-derived gas generation and accumulation. The north slope of the Dongying depression, the Bonan area and the steep-slope of the Weibei structure is perspective for exploration of high-matured kerogen-derived gas and oil-cracked gas.
引文
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