中线法高堆尾矿坝优化理论及其关键力学问题研究
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摘要
目前,国内在中线法堆坝理论与工艺方面的研究很少,而且工程实践经验亦很缺乏,但许多矿山又急需采用中线法进行高堆坝,以解决尾矿堆存问题。为此,本文以云南省羊拉铜矿拟建的尾矿库为工程背景(该尾矿库处于7度地震区,采用中线法堆坝工艺,尾矿坝总高近180m),本着“为企业解决问题,对技术进行探索与创新”的原则,对强地震区采用中线法进行高堆坝的理论和工艺进行研究。先以GIS为平台,对尾矿库库址、初期坝坝址和坝体结构等进行优化分析,之后对尾矿的静力和动力学特性进行试验测试,在此基础上,对强地震区中线法堆坝极限高度进行了研究,对中线法高堆坝的地震反应进行了分析,并基于混沌优化BP神经网络理论建立了尾矿砂土液化评价模型。本文的主要研究成果如下:
1.对中线法堆坝中涉及的三种粒径不同的尾矿土样进行了室内土工试验。大量试验结果表明,尾矿颗粒越粗孔隙比越大,渗透系数和内摩擦角φ也越大。因此,对尾矿进行分选后用于堆坝,可以增大坝体的渗透性,有利于尾矿坝的稳定。同时,试验获得的尾矿土样的物理力学参数也可为尾矿坝的稳定性计算等提供基础数据。
2.利用动三轴试验,研究了三种尾矿砂的动力特性,以及粗粒含量对尾矿动力特性和液化特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:粗粒含量对动应变和动孔压的影响十分显著,粗粒含量与动强度呈正相关性;随动应力的增加,相同振次下的动应变加大,动应力对尾砂的动强度影响较大;动强度随着固结压力的增加而增大,二者呈正相关性;固结比K c对动强度的影响不是单一的增大和减小。如果采用振动加密法来提高尾矿堆坝的稳定性,前期加密效果较为明显,而后期加密效果十分有限,推荐最优振动时间取2～5振动周次为宜。
3.由于不同尾矿的动孔隙压力变化特征差异显著,本文采用幂函数进行优化拟合,对Seed的孔压预测公式进行了修正,通过试验结果检验显示该公式能更精确地表示本次尾矿试样的动孔压变化特征,其误差明显小于Seed孔压预测模型;另外,为克服常规建模中主观经验判断模型结构带来的弊端,引入了神经网络智能建模理论,达到了较好的预测效果。
4.将GIS技术与模糊优选方法相结合,将其应用于尾矿库和初期坝的规划选址工作中,提出了基于GIS和模糊数学的尾矿坝模糊综合可视化空间选址模型。该模型一方面充分利用了GIS强大的空间分析和可视化功能,可有效提高尾矿坝选址设计的科学性和自动化程度,使设计的效率和有效性大大提高;另一方面通过引入模糊综合优选模型,可有效解决模糊信息的量化处理需求,有效克服了对随机性模糊性信息处理时主观经验判断的“印象”决策问题,使得尾矿库和初期坝的选址工作更加科学合理。
5.建立了基于混沌优化(CO)的最危险滑面搜索算法,并将其用于该尾矿库中线法极限堆坝高度的计算。结果表明混沌优化(CO)最危险滑面搜索算法相对于传统算法在速度和精度上都有较大的提高,用于最危险滑面搜索是可行有效的。
6.尾矿坝稳定性计算结果表明,尾矿的抗剪强度对尾矿坝的稳定性影响十分显著。因此,通过旋流分级等措施将粗粒尾矿用于堆坝,以增加高堆坝坝体稳定性效果是显著的。坝体浸润线埋深变化对坝体稳定性的影响亦十分显著,以该尾矿库为例,浸润线每下降0.1m,尾矿坝的稳定性系数将增加0.06。
7.利用数值模拟方法对坝体动力反应特征进行了分析。结果表明:中线法极限堆高时,在洪水和地震作用下,坝体的最大位移中心主要位于坝坡的中下部;另外,在干滩面的洪水淹没区有一局部位移极值中心;而坝顶外坡的位移则在整个震动过程中始终保持为较小值,此点与上游法坝顶外坡部位通常有大的位移出现的现象区别较大。
8.针对砂土液化影响因素的复杂性,本文根据BP算法和混沌优化算法优缺点的互补性特点,将二者结合构建了一种新的砂土液化优化预测模型(COBP)。经检验结果表明,利用COBP模型对尾矿地震液化预测分析是可行的。
In our country, there is a serious lack of theoretical study and engineering practice of centerline embankment method(CEM), but there are many mining factories need CEM to build high dam to dump the tailings now. In order to solve the enterprises’practical problems and innovate in techniques, this paper studied the theory and methods on CEM in the strong seismic zone on the background of a planned copper mine tailing dam in Yunnan province. The results could be summarized as follows:
①A lot of physical experiments have been undertaken to investigate the physical and mechanical characters of tailings included in the centerline embankment dam. The results show that the larger the grain size, the larger the internal friction angle and permeability. The sorted coarse tailing has larger permeability and is propitious to the tailing dam stability.
②The dynamic triaxial test have been undertaken to investigate the dynamic characters of tailings included different coarse grain sand. The results show that the effect of coarse grain content on the vibration strain and dynamic pore pressure is quite clear; there is a positive correlation between the coarse grain content and the dynamic intensity. The dynamic strain improves with the dynamic stress under the same vibration times; the dynamic intensity improves with the consolidation pressure and there is a positive correlation between the consolidation pressure and the dynamic intensity, but the effect of the consolidation ratio K c on the dynamic intensity is not immovable. The result shows the effect of compress is distinctive at the beginning stage too, and the proposed best vibrating times is about 2 to 5 cycle times, when using vibirating compress method to improve the safety of the tailing dam.
③Because there is a very different development pattern for different tailing,the pore pressure model shouldn’t use the uniform and fixed function format. According to the test, the Seed's formula is modified using a power function model so that the new formula can forecast the dynamic pore-water pressure of saturated tailings material more precisely. In addition, the neural networks model was proposed to solve the dynamic pore pressure prediction in order to overcome the shortage of the normal modeling methods.
④A integrated spatial visualization site selection model is proposed based on the GIS and fuzzy optimization method. On the one hand ,it could enhance the scientificity, automaticity ,efficiency and validity of the tailing dam locating using the GIS’spatial analysis and visualization function, on the other hand, by introducing the fuzzy optimization method, it could overcome the subjective experience judgment problem effectively, meet the quantification demand of random fuzzy information processing, and make the judgment more scientific.
⑤A computing model of most dangerous sliding surface based on the chaos optimization search, and the result shows this search method could improve both speed and security clearly compared to the normal method, and it is fitful to search the most dangerous sliding surface.
⑥The stability analysis result shows the shear strength has a significant influence on the stability, and it has a remarkable effect to improve the stability by using classified coarse tailing to construct the dam. The height of phreatic line has a significant influence on the stability too, the safety coefficient could improve about 0.06 if the height of phreatic line decreases 0.1 meter.
⑦According to the dynamic response analysis of the dam under special working condition, there is a global maximum displacement at the middle and lower part of the dam slope, and there is a local maximum displacement at lower part of the deposited beach, but the displacement of the dam crest outer slope is very small all the time, and it is bigger difference between this result of centerline dam and other research results of upstream dam.
⑧To overcome the difficulty of the tailing sand liquefaction prediction, a new hybrid optimization model is presented based on the complementary of BP neural network and chaos optimization algorithm. This model not only has a BP algorithm's quick local search capability, but also can converge strongly to the global optimal result by use the chaos optimization's global search character. The results show that it is an effective and feasible method to predict tailing sand liquefaction.
1.对中线法堆坝中涉及的三种粒径不同的尾矿土样进行了室内土工试验。大量试验结果表明,尾矿颗粒越粗孔隙比越大,渗透系数和内摩擦角φ也越大。因此,对尾矿进行分选后用于堆坝,可以增大坝体的渗透性,有利于尾矿坝的稳定。同时,试验获得的尾矿土样的物理力学参数也可为尾矿坝的稳定性计算等提供基础数据。
2.利用动三轴试验,研究了三种尾矿砂的动力特性,以及粗粒含量对尾矿动力特性和液化特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:粗粒含量对动应变和动孔压的影响十分显著,粗粒含量与动强度呈正相关性;随动应力的增加,相同振次下的动应变加大,动应力对尾砂的动强度影响较大;动强度随着固结压力的增加而增大,二者呈正相关性;固结比K c对动强度的影响不是单一的增大和减小。如果采用振动加密法来提高尾矿堆坝的稳定性,前期加密效果较为明显,而后期加密效果十分有限,推荐最优振动时间取2～5振动周次为宜。
3.由于不同尾矿的动孔隙压力变化特征差异显著,本文采用幂函数进行优化拟合,对Seed的孔压预测公式进行了修正,通过试验结果检验显示该公式能更精确地表示本次尾矿试样的动孔压变化特征,其误差明显小于Seed孔压预测模型;另外,为克服常规建模中主观经验判断模型结构带来的弊端,引入了神经网络智能建模理论,达到了较好的预测效果。
4.将GIS技术与模糊优选方法相结合,将其应用于尾矿库和初期坝的规划选址工作中,提出了基于GIS和模糊数学的尾矿坝模糊综合可视化空间选址模型。该模型一方面充分利用了GIS强大的空间分析和可视化功能,可有效提高尾矿坝选址设计的科学性和自动化程度,使设计的效率和有效性大大提高;另一方面通过引入模糊综合优选模型,可有效解决模糊信息的量化处理需求,有效克服了对随机性模糊性信息处理时主观经验判断的“印象”决策问题,使得尾矿库和初期坝的选址工作更加科学合理。
5.建立了基于混沌优化(CO)的最危险滑面搜索算法,并将其用于该尾矿库中线法极限堆坝高度的计算。结果表明混沌优化(CO)最危险滑面搜索算法相对于传统算法在速度和精度上都有较大的提高,用于最危险滑面搜索是可行有效的。
6.尾矿坝稳定性计算结果表明,尾矿的抗剪强度对尾矿坝的稳定性影响十分显著。因此,通过旋流分级等措施将粗粒尾矿用于堆坝,以增加高堆坝坝体稳定性效果是显著的。坝体浸润线埋深变化对坝体稳定性的影响亦十分显著,以该尾矿库为例,浸润线每下降0.1m,尾矿坝的稳定性系数将增加0.06。
7.利用数值模拟方法对坝体动力反应特征进行了分析。结果表明:中线法极限堆高时,在洪水和地震作用下,坝体的最大位移中心主要位于坝坡的中下部;另外,在干滩面的洪水淹没区有一局部位移极值中心;而坝顶外坡的位移则在整个震动过程中始终保持为较小值,此点与上游法坝顶外坡部位通常有大的位移出现的现象区别较大。
8.针对砂土液化影响因素的复杂性,本文根据BP算法和混沌优化算法优缺点的互补性特点,将二者结合构建了一种新的砂土液化优化预测模型(COBP)。经检验结果表明,利用COBP模型对尾矿地震液化预测分析是可行的。
In our country, there is a serious lack of theoretical study and engineering practice of centerline embankment method(CEM), but there are many mining factories need CEM to build high dam to dump the tailings now. In order to solve the enterprises’practical problems and innovate in techniques, this paper studied the theory and methods on CEM in the strong seismic zone on the background of a planned copper mine tailing dam in Yunnan province. The results could be summarized as follows:
①A lot of physical experiments have been undertaken to investigate the physical and mechanical characters of tailings included in the centerline embankment dam. The results show that the larger the grain size, the larger the internal friction angle and permeability. The sorted coarse tailing has larger permeability and is propitious to the tailing dam stability.
②The dynamic triaxial test have been undertaken to investigate the dynamic characters of tailings included different coarse grain sand. The results show that the effect of coarse grain content on the vibration strain and dynamic pore pressure is quite clear; there is a positive correlation between the coarse grain content and the dynamic intensity. The dynamic strain improves with the dynamic stress under the same vibration times; the dynamic intensity improves with the consolidation pressure and there is a positive correlation between the consolidation pressure and the dynamic intensity, but the effect of the consolidation ratio K c on the dynamic intensity is not immovable. The result shows the effect of compress is distinctive at the beginning stage too, and the proposed best vibrating times is about 2 to 5 cycle times, when using vibirating compress method to improve the safety of the tailing dam.
③Because there is a very different development pattern for different tailing,the pore pressure model shouldn’t use the uniform and fixed function format. According to the test, the Seed's formula is modified using a power function model so that the new formula can forecast the dynamic pore-water pressure of saturated tailings material more precisely. In addition, the neural networks model was proposed to solve the dynamic pore pressure prediction in order to overcome the shortage of the normal modeling methods.
④A integrated spatial visualization site selection model is proposed based on the GIS and fuzzy optimization method. On the one hand ,it could enhance the scientificity, automaticity ,efficiency and validity of the tailing dam locating using the GIS’spatial analysis and visualization function, on the other hand, by introducing the fuzzy optimization method, it could overcome the subjective experience judgment problem effectively, meet the quantification demand of random fuzzy information processing, and make the judgment more scientific.
⑤A computing model of most dangerous sliding surface based on the chaos optimization search, and the result shows this search method could improve both speed and security clearly compared to the normal method, and it is fitful to search the most dangerous sliding surface.
⑥The stability analysis result shows the shear strength has a significant influence on the stability, and it has a remarkable effect to improve the stability by using classified coarse tailing to construct the dam. The height of phreatic line has a significant influence on the stability too, the safety coefficient could improve about 0.06 if the height of phreatic line decreases 0.1 meter.
⑦According to the dynamic response analysis of the dam under special working condition, there is a global maximum displacement at the middle and lower part of the dam slope, and there is a local maximum displacement at lower part of the deposited beach, but the displacement of the dam crest outer slope is very small all the time, and it is bigger difference between this result of centerline dam and other research results of upstream dam.
⑧To overcome the difficulty of the tailing sand liquefaction prediction, a new hybrid optimization model is presented based on the complementary of BP neural network and chaos optimization algorithm. This model not only has a BP algorithm's quick local search capability, but also can converge strongly to the global optimal result by use the chaos optimization's global search character. The results show that it is an effective and feasible method to predict tailing sand liquefaction.
引文
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