钨合金材料宏微观性能分析及动态性能测试研究
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摘要
高比重钨合金材料是由钨颗粒和粘结相在高温下烧结而成的两相合金组织。钨颗粒在组成合金的两相金属中是强度较高的相,体心立方的钨颗粒分布于面心立方结构、较软的粘结相当中,它的相对数量、形态及分布是影响合金性能的重要因素,这些细观要素与钨合金材料的力学性能密切相关。
本文的内容包括:
1.采用纳米压痕实验对不同含量钨合金进行了原位性能测试,根据纳米压痕实验得到的载荷-位移关系,利用有限元计算给出了基体相的原位细观屈服强度和硬化模量。从实验及计算结果可以看出,宏观的材料特征是大量微观量的统计平均效应,而压痕实验由于实验数据点较少,得到的材料力学特性值只是少量微观量的平均效应,当我们所取的实验值增加时,则两种实验结果将趋于一致。同时,也可以看到,材料的细观特性不同于它的宏观效应,因此,在计算细观量时,建议使用材料的细观力学特性值。
2.根据纳米压痕实验中的载荷-位移关系,利用自编的二维、三维有限元程序和反向法进行了均质材料铝的宏观性能实验和计算,给出钨合金材料基体相的原位细观屈服强度和细观硬化模量,即给出钨合金材料中基体相的原位弹、塑性性质。并且为了验证反向法确定钨合金材料基体相的局部弹塑性力学行为的有效性,进行了均质材料铝的宏观性能实验和计算,由宏观实验说明,由此预报的材料弹塑性性能与测试结果一致。这样可以利用二维弹塑性计算程序快捷、方便地进行钨合金材料的宏细观性能的数值分析。
3.进行了不同状态钨合金(真空态和锻造态)的动态压缩实验和动态拉伸实验,利用实验得到的拟合应力应变关系进行了有限元分析计算。动态压缩荷载下钨合金材料发生应变硬化现象,而在动态拉伸荷载下发生应变软化现象。不同的加载条件下钨合金材料的性能不能用相同的本构方程来描述,导致在研究其动态性能时采用不同规律的方程分别表述。从实验结果以及对两种钨合金材料进行断口扫描,从扫描图片可以得到,钨合金材料动态压缩和动态拉伸性能具有不对称性。
4.利用人工智能BP神经网络算法预测了不同含量钨合金的抗拉强度;对钨合金材料进行了有限元的单胞模拟计算。分析表明,人工智能方法可以用来分析宏观因素例如钨含量,变形量等对合金性能的影响趋势,但是无法获得形成这些影响的微观机理:有限元方法通过对合金微观结构的单胞模型进行弹塑性模拟计算可以得到,变形量较小的钨合金,首先在基体相中达到抗拉临界值,此时钨合金材料的抗拉强度决定于基体相的抗拉强度:而对于变形量较大的钨合金,首先在钨颗粒相中达到抗拉临界值,此时钨合金材料的抗拉强度决定于钨颗粒相的抗拉强度。
The Tungsten Alloy is a two-phase material made of W-particle and matrix. W-particle is a highly strength phase, and Bcc W-particle distributes uniformly in the soft Fcc matrix. Under the external applied load, W-particle exhibits extremely high strength, and under the high stress of 2000MPa, its fracture will be a cleavage, also a brittle failure. Ni-Fe, the main component of matrix, has a low melting point. So, it can change into liquid when sintered, thus it can bond the W-particle. This paper is mainly concerned with the following studies:
The volumn fraction, configuration and micro distribution of the W particles are the important factors to the tungsten alloy properties. The micro-hardness and micro-elastic-modulus of matrix in tungsten alloy were respectively measured. Using the finite element method with load-displacement relationships obtained from nano-indentation experiments, the parameters of the macro-yield strength and hardening modulus of matrix in the tungsten ally were given. Using the inverse method the micro elastic-plastic properties of the matrix in tungsten alloy were obtained, i.e. through three-dimensional finite element computations with load-displacement relationships obtained from nano indentation experiments, the parameters of the micro-yield strength and micro-hardening modulus of matrix in the tungsten alloy were given. In order to verify the validity of this method the macro experiments were performed and the results of the experiments illustrated that it was valid to determine the micro properties by using the inverse method. Therefore the elastic-plastic properties of the matrix in tungsten alloy were obtained. From the results of the nano indention test the macro material characteristics are the average statistic value of the micro properties. The number of the data points is finite not to express this average affect till the data points are enough and the macro and micro results will be consistent. It provided the basis for studying the relationships of macro-mechanical behaves with micro- structures of tungsten alloy.
The tension experimental data of tungsten alloy were processed by back-propagation (BP) Neural Network method, including the influences of the W content and deformation magnitude on the tensile strength. Thus two relation curves were drawn, which illustrated the relation between deformation magnitude and material tensile strength whenW contentswere changed, and the relation betweenW contents and material tensile strength in the case of different deformation magnitude. It is shown that BP Neural Network may be used to predict the trend of tensile strength of WHA with the changes of shapes and volume fractions of w-phase. Also, the dynamic compression and tension properties of the tungsten alloy were tested by the splited Hopkinson pressure bar and the pneumatic tension bar. Bodner-Partom model and the Zerilli—Armstrongmodel were used to simulated the tension and compression test and it was shown that the tension and compression properties of the tungsten alloy is non-symmetric.
本文的内容包括:
1.采用纳米压痕实验对不同含量钨合金进行了原位性能测试,根据纳米压痕实验得到的载荷-位移关系,利用有限元计算给出了基体相的原位细观屈服强度和硬化模量。从实验及计算结果可以看出,宏观的材料特征是大量微观量的统计平均效应,而压痕实验由于实验数据点较少,得到的材料力学特性值只是少量微观量的平均效应,当我们所取的实验值增加时,则两种实验结果将趋于一致。同时,也可以看到,材料的细观特性不同于它的宏观效应,因此,在计算细观量时,建议使用材料的细观力学特性值。
2.根据纳米压痕实验中的载荷-位移关系,利用自编的二维、三维有限元程序和反向法进行了均质材料铝的宏观性能实验和计算,给出钨合金材料基体相的原位细观屈服强度和细观硬化模量,即给出钨合金材料中基体相的原位弹、塑性性质。并且为了验证反向法确定钨合金材料基体相的局部弹塑性力学行为的有效性,进行了均质材料铝的宏观性能实验和计算,由宏观实验说明,由此预报的材料弹塑性性能与测试结果一致。这样可以利用二维弹塑性计算程序快捷、方便地进行钨合金材料的宏细观性能的数值分析。
3.进行了不同状态钨合金(真空态和锻造态)的动态压缩实验和动态拉伸实验,利用实验得到的拟合应力应变关系进行了有限元分析计算。动态压缩荷载下钨合金材料发生应变硬化现象,而在动态拉伸荷载下发生应变软化现象。不同的加载条件下钨合金材料的性能不能用相同的本构方程来描述,导致在研究其动态性能时采用不同规律的方程分别表述。从实验结果以及对两种钨合金材料进行断口扫描,从扫描图片可以得到,钨合金材料动态压缩和动态拉伸性能具有不对称性。
4.利用人工智能BP神经网络算法预测了不同含量钨合金的抗拉强度;对钨合金材料进行了有限元的单胞模拟计算。分析表明,人工智能方法可以用来分析宏观因素例如钨含量,变形量等对合金性能的影响趋势,但是无法获得形成这些影响的微观机理:有限元方法通过对合金微观结构的单胞模型进行弹塑性模拟计算可以得到,变形量较小的钨合金,首先在基体相中达到抗拉临界值,此时钨合金材料的抗拉强度决定于基体相的抗拉强度:而对于变形量较大的钨合金,首先在钨颗粒相中达到抗拉临界值,此时钨合金材料的抗拉强度决定于钨颗粒相的抗拉强度。
The Tungsten Alloy is a two-phase material made of W-particle and matrix. W-particle is a highly strength phase, and Bcc W-particle distributes uniformly in the soft Fcc matrix. Under the external applied load, W-particle exhibits extremely high strength, and under the high stress of 2000MPa, its fracture will be a cleavage, also a brittle failure. Ni-Fe, the main component of matrix, has a low melting point. So, it can change into liquid when sintered, thus it can bond the W-particle. This paper is mainly concerned with the following studies:
The volumn fraction, configuration and micro distribution of the W particles are the important factors to the tungsten alloy properties. The micro-hardness and micro-elastic-modulus of matrix in tungsten alloy were respectively measured. Using the finite element method with load-displacement relationships obtained from nano-indentation experiments, the parameters of the macro-yield strength and hardening modulus of matrix in the tungsten ally were given. Using the inverse method the micro elastic-plastic properties of the matrix in tungsten alloy were obtained, i.e. through three-dimensional finite element computations with load-displacement relationships obtained from nano indentation experiments, the parameters of the micro-yield strength and micro-hardening modulus of matrix in the tungsten alloy were given. In order to verify the validity of this method the macro experiments were performed and the results of the experiments illustrated that it was valid to determine the micro properties by using the inverse method. Therefore the elastic-plastic properties of the matrix in tungsten alloy were obtained. From the results of the nano indention test the macro material characteristics are the average statistic value of the micro properties. The number of the data points is finite not to express this average affect till the data points are enough and the macro and micro results will be consistent. It provided the basis for studying the relationships of macro-mechanical behaves with micro- structures of tungsten alloy.
The tension experimental data of tungsten alloy were processed by back-propagation (BP) Neural Network method, including the influences of the W content and deformation magnitude on the tensile strength. Thus two relation curves were drawn, which illustrated the relation between deformation magnitude and material tensile strength whenW contentswere changed, and the relation betweenW contents and material tensile strength in the case of different deformation magnitude. It is shown that BP Neural Network may be used to predict the trend of tensile strength of WHA with the changes of shapes and volume fractions of w-phase. Also, the dynamic compression and tension properties of the tungsten alloy were tested by the splited Hopkinson pressure bar and the pneumatic tension bar. Bodner-Partom model and the Zerilli—Armstrongmodel were used to simulated the tension and compression test and it was shown that the tension and compression properties of the tungsten alloy is non-symmetric.
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