油品扬沸火灾重构与防治对策研究
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摘要
扬沸火灾过程复杂、危害严重,加上人们的重视程度不够,一旦发生将会造成巨大损失。目前人们对扬沸火灾的机理尚未完全理解,有效地阻止扬沸发生的对策措施亦不成熟。因此,研究油品扬沸火灾的特点和发生规律及机理,探索扬沸发生条件,分析其复杂的突变过程,特别是开展对扬沸火灾中各阶段的系统研究,科学、准确地判断、预测和防治扬沸的发生,对确保人员安全,维护社会安定,具有重要的社会和经济意义。为此本文从以下几个方面进行了研究:
首先对易发生扬沸的油品特性进行了分析,提出了扬沸三角的概念。利用色质联用仪和热重分析仪对易扬沸油品进行了实验分析,论证了扬沸发生必须符合扬沸三角的条件。分析了油品含水率、沸程和粘度对扬沸的影响。
建立了中小尺度油品扬沸火灾模拟实验台,对油品扬沸火灾过程中的特征参量进行实时测量,利用非接触式红外测温技术对油品扬沸火灾各阶段的火焰温度场进行测量分析。对油品扬沸火灾过程中的油水层热结构特性和影响油品扬沸火灾形成和强度的因素进行研究,得到油水界面温度位于110℃-130℃之间是扬沸发生的一个特征温度范围。利用自编程序对油品扬沸火灾各阶段的火焰高度、火焰变化幅度和脉动频率进行了分析。在实验数据的基础上,对中小尺度油品扬沸火灾中的热波传播速度和扬沸形成时间进行计算,并对油品沸溢半径进行了预测。在预测沸溢半径的基础上,对扬沸阶段火焰辐射进行计算。最后利用尺度模拟准则,确立中小尺度油品扬沸火灾与大尺度油品扬沸火灾之间的关系。
利用基于场模拟的CFD软件FDS,对大尺度油品扬沸火灾进行了数值实验模拟,首先对FDS应用到油品扬沸火灾模拟的可行性进行研究,然后利用FDS对油品扬沸火灾中的准稳态燃烧阶段和扬沸阶段中油品沸溢火灾进行了模拟,包括火焰温度、流场结构和火焰辐射等。特别对油品扬沸火灾中主要危害-热辐射,进行了系统研究,分析得到火焰热辐射强度在水平方向和垂直方向的分布规律,利用热辐射伤害准则确定了两阶段的安全距离,对黄岛油库扬沸火灾的准稳态燃烧阶段进行了数值实验模拟。
利用高速摄影技术,对扬沸前兆阶段的油水界面的实验观察,观测油水界面的气泡的生成和运动对扬沸形成的作用,论证了油水界面水过热剧烈沸腾和蒸汽微爆是导致扬沸形成的直接原因。理论分析得到油水界面气泡的增多,导致油层中空隙率的增大是导致油品沸溢发生的原因。通过油水界面压力数据得到,扬沸阶段油水界面压力的升高与蒸汽微爆存在必然联系,且压力上升导致扬沸的最终发生。在对扬沸火灾的机理进行分析研究的基础上,提出了防治油品扬沸火灾的被动与主动防治对策。在被动防治对策方面:使用非接触式红外测温方法对罐壁温度进行测量,根据罐壁温度来预测扬沸的发生,从而达到提前预防的目的;使用沸石对油水层界面水过热剧烈沸腾及蒸汽微爆现象进行抑制或减弱,达到降低扬沸阶段的热辐射和沸溢危害程度的目的。在主动防治对策方面:运用盘管式水冷却系统对扬沸的抑制进行了研究,当使用双列盘管冷却系统时,能够有效阻止扬沸的形成。
Boilover is one of the most dangerous on oil tank fires. Boilover is a very complicate process, which has the character of great dangerous and difficult to control, but it is not been look as an important problem. The reason of boilover is unkown for our, the methods of prevent boilover formation is unsuccessful. So, study the mechanism and the formation condition of boilover is important. We analysis the complex process of heat and mass transfer, and especially study the parameters on the each stage of boilover fire, which can provide the correct methods of prevention the boilover and decrease the loss of boilover. In order to gain the main propose. We have done the below works:
By the experimental study the character of oil which has boilover phoneme on the process of combustion. The concept of boilover triangle is established, and the oil with the condition of boilover triangle can has boilover phoneme on the process of combustion. The main analysis instruments are GC-MS and TGA. The influence of the water content of oil, boiling range and viscosity for boilover was analyzed.
The small-scale boilover fire simulation experiment bench was built, which can real-time surveys the characteristic parameters of boilover. The characteristic parameters include burning velocity( linear burning rate and mass burning rate),heat release rate, flame temperature, radiation and flame height, which were investigated in the combustions of mixed crude oil, mixed oil(kerosene and lubrication oil) and diesel oil on quasi-steady combustion, pre-boilover and boilover stage. Mutations were found in those parameters, the values of burning velocity and heat release rate became times to several decuple of those mean values on boilover stage. Using the non-contact infrared thermometer analyzes the flame temperature field on each stage of boilover. The thermal structure of oil and water layer and factors which can influence the boilover formation and intensity were studied. The range of 110℃-130℃is the characteristic temperature range of boilover. We utilized our program calculated the change scope of flame height, and flame pulsation frequency. Based on the experimental data, the heat wave velocity, boilover formation time and the radius of boil-over were predicted. The solid flame model was used calculated the thermal radiation on quasi-steady burning phase. The calculation values and the experimental values were compared, and we found the calculation values are consistent with experimental values. The flame shape, flame temperature and fire area change when boilover fire forms. Those changes can lead to the mutation of thermal radiation. Based on the calculation of radius of boilover, point source flame model was used to calculate the thermal radiation on boilover stage. We calculated the thermal radiation on boilover stage. Lastly, we used the simulation principles of scale establish the relation between the small-scale and large-scale boilover.
The software of FDS was used to simulate the large-scale boilover. Firstly, we proved the feasibility of FDS on the simulation of quasi-steady combustion stage. We used the software of FDS simulate the flame temperature, velocity field and flame thermal radiation. Especially for the main dangerous of flame thermal radiation, the distribution of flame radiation intensity on horizontal and vertical orientation was gained. The principal of thermal radiation destroy was used to determine the safety distance when boilover happens.
Experimental study the oil-water interface with high-speed photography and experimental study the formation of bubble and the accumulation of bubble were carried out. The formation of bubble is proved is the reason of flame height change and the accumulation of bubble is the reason of boilover formation. The accumulation of bubbles can cause the micro-explosion of steam, which can make the pressure of oil-water interface increase. The increase of pressure can cause the boilover formation. Boilover fire is a mutation harmfulness phenomenon. The prevention of boilover is a difficult problem. Based on experimental study of boilover mechanism, the small-scale tank boilover fire prevention experiment platform was built to resolve the problem. We study the prevention methods of boilover. The prevention methods can divided into initiative and passive prevention methods. The passive prevention method is measure the tank wall temperature with the IR thermal field diagnosis method. According to temperature of tank wall and the heat zone temperature, predict the boilover formation. The second method of passive prevention method is using the zeolite to prevent the super-heat water acute boil. The initiative prevention method is using serpentinepipe cooling system apply on boilover prevention. The temperature of oil layer,oil-water interface, water layer and radiation proved the serpentinepipe cooling system can reduce and prevent the harmfulness of boilover. The small-scale tank boilover fire prevention methods can provide theoretical foundation for the prevention of large-scale tank boilover fire.
首先对易发生扬沸的油品特性进行了分析,提出了扬沸三角的概念。利用色质联用仪和热重分析仪对易扬沸油品进行了实验分析,论证了扬沸发生必须符合扬沸三角的条件。分析了油品含水率、沸程和粘度对扬沸的影响。
建立了中小尺度油品扬沸火灾模拟实验台,对油品扬沸火灾过程中的特征参量进行实时测量,利用非接触式红外测温技术对油品扬沸火灾各阶段的火焰温度场进行测量分析。对油品扬沸火灾过程中的油水层热结构特性和影响油品扬沸火灾形成和强度的因素进行研究,得到油水界面温度位于110℃-130℃之间是扬沸发生的一个特征温度范围。利用自编程序对油品扬沸火灾各阶段的火焰高度、火焰变化幅度和脉动频率进行了分析。在实验数据的基础上,对中小尺度油品扬沸火灾中的热波传播速度和扬沸形成时间进行计算,并对油品沸溢半径进行了预测。在预测沸溢半径的基础上,对扬沸阶段火焰辐射进行计算。最后利用尺度模拟准则,确立中小尺度油品扬沸火灾与大尺度油品扬沸火灾之间的关系。
利用基于场模拟的CFD软件FDS,对大尺度油品扬沸火灾进行了数值实验模拟,首先对FDS应用到油品扬沸火灾模拟的可行性进行研究,然后利用FDS对油品扬沸火灾中的准稳态燃烧阶段和扬沸阶段中油品沸溢火灾进行了模拟,包括火焰温度、流场结构和火焰辐射等。特别对油品扬沸火灾中主要危害-热辐射,进行了系统研究,分析得到火焰热辐射强度在水平方向和垂直方向的分布规律,利用热辐射伤害准则确定了两阶段的安全距离,对黄岛油库扬沸火灾的准稳态燃烧阶段进行了数值实验模拟。
利用高速摄影技术,对扬沸前兆阶段的油水界面的实验观察,观测油水界面的气泡的生成和运动对扬沸形成的作用,论证了油水界面水过热剧烈沸腾和蒸汽微爆是导致扬沸形成的直接原因。理论分析得到油水界面气泡的增多,导致油层中空隙率的增大是导致油品沸溢发生的原因。通过油水界面压力数据得到,扬沸阶段油水界面压力的升高与蒸汽微爆存在必然联系,且压力上升导致扬沸的最终发生。在对扬沸火灾的机理进行分析研究的基础上,提出了防治油品扬沸火灾的被动与主动防治对策。在被动防治对策方面:使用非接触式红外测温方法对罐壁温度进行测量,根据罐壁温度来预测扬沸的发生,从而达到提前预防的目的;使用沸石对油水层界面水过热剧烈沸腾及蒸汽微爆现象进行抑制或减弱,达到降低扬沸阶段的热辐射和沸溢危害程度的目的。在主动防治对策方面:运用盘管式水冷却系统对扬沸的抑制进行了研究,当使用双列盘管冷却系统时,能够有效阻止扬沸的形成。
Boilover is one of the most dangerous on oil tank fires. Boilover is a very complicate process, which has the character of great dangerous and difficult to control, but it is not been look as an important problem. The reason of boilover is unkown for our, the methods of prevent boilover formation is unsuccessful. So, study the mechanism and the formation condition of boilover is important. We analysis the complex process of heat and mass transfer, and especially study the parameters on the each stage of boilover fire, which can provide the correct methods of prevention the boilover and decrease the loss of boilover. In order to gain the main propose. We have done the below works:
By the experimental study the character of oil which has boilover phoneme on the process of combustion. The concept of boilover triangle is established, and the oil with the condition of boilover triangle can has boilover phoneme on the process of combustion. The main analysis instruments are GC-MS and TGA. The influence of the water content of oil, boiling range and viscosity for boilover was analyzed.
The small-scale boilover fire simulation experiment bench was built, which can real-time surveys the characteristic parameters of boilover. The characteristic parameters include burning velocity( linear burning rate and mass burning rate),heat release rate, flame temperature, radiation and flame height, which were investigated in the combustions of mixed crude oil, mixed oil(kerosene and lubrication oil) and diesel oil on quasi-steady combustion, pre-boilover and boilover stage. Mutations were found in those parameters, the values of burning velocity and heat release rate became times to several decuple of those mean values on boilover stage. Using the non-contact infrared thermometer analyzes the flame temperature field on each stage of boilover. The thermal structure of oil and water layer and factors which can influence the boilover formation and intensity were studied. The range of 110℃-130℃is the characteristic temperature range of boilover. We utilized our program calculated the change scope of flame height, and flame pulsation frequency. Based on the experimental data, the heat wave velocity, boilover formation time and the radius of boil-over were predicted. The solid flame model was used calculated the thermal radiation on quasi-steady burning phase. The calculation values and the experimental values were compared, and we found the calculation values are consistent with experimental values. The flame shape, flame temperature and fire area change when boilover fire forms. Those changes can lead to the mutation of thermal radiation. Based on the calculation of radius of boilover, point source flame model was used to calculate the thermal radiation on boilover stage. We calculated the thermal radiation on boilover stage. Lastly, we used the simulation principles of scale establish the relation between the small-scale and large-scale boilover.
The software of FDS was used to simulate the large-scale boilover. Firstly, we proved the feasibility of FDS on the simulation of quasi-steady combustion stage. We used the software of FDS simulate the flame temperature, velocity field and flame thermal radiation. Especially for the main dangerous of flame thermal radiation, the distribution of flame radiation intensity on horizontal and vertical orientation was gained. The principal of thermal radiation destroy was used to determine the safety distance when boilover happens.
Experimental study the oil-water interface with high-speed photography and experimental study the formation of bubble and the accumulation of bubble were carried out. The formation of bubble is proved is the reason of flame height change and the accumulation of bubble is the reason of boilover formation. The accumulation of bubbles can cause the micro-explosion of steam, which can make the pressure of oil-water interface increase. The increase of pressure can cause the boilover formation. Boilover fire is a mutation harmfulness phenomenon. The prevention of boilover is a difficult problem. Based on experimental study of boilover mechanism, the small-scale tank boilover fire prevention experiment platform was built to resolve the problem. We study the prevention methods of boilover. The prevention methods can divided into initiative and passive prevention methods. The passive prevention method is measure the tank wall temperature with the IR thermal field diagnosis method. According to temperature of tank wall and the heat zone temperature, predict the boilover formation. The second method of passive prevention method is using the zeolite to prevent the super-heat water acute boil. The initiative prevention method is using serpentinepipe cooling system apply on boilover prevention. The temperature of oil layer,oil-water interface, water layer and radiation proved the serpentinepipe cooling system can reduce and prevent the harmfulness of boilover. The small-scale tank boilover fire prevention methods can provide theoretical foundation for the prevention of large-scale tank boilover fire.
引文
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