水处理过程中典型雌激素活性物质的变化特征
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摘要
具有雌激素活性的内分泌干扰物(e-EDCs)因其对野生动物和人类健康具有较大的危害而受到国内外的广泛关注。我国对于这类物质在污水和自来水常规处理工艺中的存在状况、处理工艺对它们的去除效果以及出水中残留物质对水生动物和人类健康的危害等方面的研究还比较薄弱。本文以北京市典型污水和自来水处理过程为对象,研究雌激素活性物质的存在状况与变化特征。
采用固相萃取前处理、硅胶氧化铝柱-有机溶剂淋洗分级以及气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析雌激素活性物质的种类和浓度,利用重组基因酵母检测雌激素活性,建立了分析污水和自来水中典型雌激素活性物质的方法(BDCA)。
采用BDCA方法从识别我国典型污水和自来水中的雌激素活性贡献物着手,了解其存在状况及在污水和自来水处理过程中的物质浓度变化和雌激素活性变化,发现双酚A、壬基酚和辛基酚是某污水进水的雌激素活性贡献物,其它雌激素活性物质是出水的雌激素活性贡献物;壬基酚和酞酸酯是某自来水源水中雌激素活性贡献物,混凝沉淀单元中雌激素活性有所增加,一部分来自于混凝剂中的烷基酚类,另一部分可能来自于混凝过程中甾醇类的释放,加氯消毒也导致雌激素活性增强,可能是酚类和天然有机物的氯化过程所致。
研究了臭氧氧化对污水和自来水中的雌激素活性物质的去除效果,发现臭氧能快速、有效地去除污水和自来水的雌激素活性;虽然臭氧能完全去除水中壬基酚的雌激素活性,但同时会生成壬基苯二酚、壬基苯醌等具有不同雌激素活性的中间产物,增加臭氧投加量、降低pH、减少悬浮物含量、降低羟基自由基抑制剂浓度以及控制适量的腐殖酸浓度等措施有利于4-NP雌激素活性的去除。
提出以雌激素活性作为水中雌激素活性物质的综合指标,依据生态风险评价初步探讨了污水出水、地表水和自来水出厂水的雌激素活性安全阈值,使用设置的安全阈值对目前的污水和自来水处理工艺中e-EDCs进行了风险评估,并对相关处理工艺提出了改进措施。
Estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (e-EDCs) are of major concerns for humans and widelife for their adverse effects. There are few studies on e-EDCs in the conventional wastewater treatment (WWTP) and waterworks in China, such as their occurrence, removal rate in the treatment processes and their harm to aquatic widelife and humans because of their residual in the effluent. This dissertation focused on a case study of occurrence and variation of e-EDCs from the typical WWTP and wa-terworks in Beijing, China.
Bioassay-directed chemical analysis (BDCA) was conducted to identify the dominant contributors to estrogenic activity of wastewater and drinking water by us-ing solid phase extraction (SPE) and silica gel-alumina column chromatography combined with a recombinant yeast bioassay for detecting estrogenic activity and gas chromato graphy-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for quantifying estrogenic substances.
By using BDCA, the dominant contributors to estrogenic activity of wastewater and drinking water were identified to make clear the occurrence of e-EDCs and varia-tion of their concentrations and estrogenic activity. In theWWTP, bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were mainly contributors to estrogenic activ-ity in the influent. Some unknown estrogenic components were contributors to estro-genic activity in the effluent. In the waterworks, NP and phthalate esters were mainly contributed to the estrogenic activity of raw water; the increased estrogenic activity in coagulation-sedimentation process was partly from the alkylphenol in the coagulants, and the else was from the releasing of the sterols; the increased residual estrogenic activity in the finished water was probably due to the chlorination of natural organic matters (NOM) and the formation of chlorophenols.
Ozone was chosen as a potential method to oxidize the e-EDCs in wastewater and drinking water. Ozone was shown to be rapid and effective to remove the estro-genic acticity of wastewater and drinking water. Although ozone could completely decomposed the estrogenic activity of 4-NP, ozonation by-products, the mixtures of 4-nonylcatechol homologues and the mixtures of 4-nonylbenzoquinone homologues have different estrogenic activity. Higher ozone concentration, lower pH, lower sus-pended solid concentration, lower ?OH inhibitor concentration, appropriate humic acid concentration and so on were favorable for the decrease of estrogenic activity of 4-NP.
Estrogenic activity was recommended as a comprehensive index to evaluate the effect of e-EDCs for water quality. According to the ecological risk assessment, the safe guideline values were set for the effluent of wastewater, surface water and fin-ished water from a waterworks, respectively. The risk assessment was made for the conventional water treatment processes and improving measures were given to the concerned processes.
采用固相萃取前处理、硅胶氧化铝柱-有机溶剂淋洗分级以及气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析雌激素活性物质的种类和浓度,利用重组基因酵母检测雌激素活性,建立了分析污水和自来水中典型雌激素活性物质的方法(BDCA)。
采用BDCA方法从识别我国典型污水和自来水中的雌激素活性贡献物着手,了解其存在状况及在污水和自来水处理过程中的物质浓度变化和雌激素活性变化,发现双酚A、壬基酚和辛基酚是某污水进水的雌激素活性贡献物,其它雌激素活性物质是出水的雌激素活性贡献物;壬基酚和酞酸酯是某自来水源水中雌激素活性贡献物,混凝沉淀单元中雌激素活性有所增加,一部分来自于混凝剂中的烷基酚类,另一部分可能来自于混凝过程中甾醇类的释放,加氯消毒也导致雌激素活性增强,可能是酚类和天然有机物的氯化过程所致。
研究了臭氧氧化对污水和自来水中的雌激素活性物质的去除效果,发现臭氧能快速、有效地去除污水和自来水的雌激素活性;虽然臭氧能完全去除水中壬基酚的雌激素活性,但同时会生成壬基苯二酚、壬基苯醌等具有不同雌激素活性的中间产物,增加臭氧投加量、降低pH、减少悬浮物含量、降低羟基自由基抑制剂浓度以及控制适量的腐殖酸浓度等措施有利于4-NP雌激素活性的去除。
提出以雌激素活性作为水中雌激素活性物质的综合指标,依据生态风险评价初步探讨了污水出水、地表水和自来水出厂水的雌激素活性安全阈值,使用设置的安全阈值对目前的污水和自来水处理工艺中e-EDCs进行了风险评估,并对相关处理工艺提出了改进措施。
Estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (e-EDCs) are of major concerns for humans and widelife for their adverse effects. There are few studies on e-EDCs in the conventional wastewater treatment (WWTP) and waterworks in China, such as their occurrence, removal rate in the treatment processes and their harm to aquatic widelife and humans because of their residual in the effluent. This dissertation focused on a case study of occurrence and variation of e-EDCs from the typical WWTP and wa-terworks in Beijing, China.
Bioassay-directed chemical analysis (BDCA) was conducted to identify the dominant contributors to estrogenic activity of wastewater and drinking water by us-ing solid phase extraction (SPE) and silica gel-alumina column chromatography combined with a recombinant yeast bioassay for detecting estrogenic activity and gas chromato graphy-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for quantifying estrogenic substances.
By using BDCA, the dominant contributors to estrogenic activity of wastewater and drinking water were identified to make clear the occurrence of e-EDCs and varia-tion of their concentrations and estrogenic activity. In theWWTP, bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were mainly contributors to estrogenic activ-ity in the influent. Some unknown estrogenic components were contributors to estro-genic activity in the effluent. In the waterworks, NP and phthalate esters were mainly contributed to the estrogenic activity of raw water; the increased estrogenic activity in coagulation-sedimentation process was partly from the alkylphenol in the coagulants, and the else was from the releasing of the sterols; the increased residual estrogenic activity in the finished water was probably due to the chlorination of natural organic matters (NOM) and the formation of chlorophenols.
Ozone was chosen as a potential method to oxidize the e-EDCs in wastewater and drinking water. Ozone was shown to be rapid and effective to remove the estro-genic acticity of wastewater and drinking water. Although ozone could completely decomposed the estrogenic activity of 4-NP, ozonation by-products, the mixtures of 4-nonylcatechol homologues and the mixtures of 4-nonylbenzoquinone homologues have different estrogenic activity. Higher ozone concentration, lower pH, lower sus-pended solid concentration, lower ?OH inhibitor concentration, appropriate humic acid concentration and so on were favorable for the decrease of estrogenic activity of 4-NP.
Estrogenic activity was recommended as a comprehensive index to evaluate the effect of e-EDCs for water quality. According to the ecological risk assessment, the safe guideline values were set for the effluent of wastewater, surface water and fin-ished water from a waterworks, respectively. The risk assessment was made for the conventional water treatment processes and improving measures were given to the concerned processes.
引文
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