纤维素的改性及其用于生物大分子分离的研究
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摘要
毛细管电泳是一种分析DNA和蛋白质等带电生物大分子最有效、最广泛的技术之一。与传统凝胶电泳相比,它具有高效、微量、高灵敏度及易于自动化的特征。毛细管电泳的核心部件是毛细管电泳柱,虽然用未经处理的石英毛细管电泳柱可以进行多种样品的分离,但是要有效地分离生物大分子,如蛋白质和DNA,只用未经处理的毛细管电泳柱就难以奏效了,解决问题的有效办法之一就是对毛细管电泳柱进行涂覆。对毛细管进行涂覆的主要目的有:减少被分析物质与毛细管内壁的相互作用;改变电渗流的影响;提高分析的重现性;满足一些特殊要求物质的分离。围绕这些内容,本文着重开展了以下几个方面的工作。
1.羟乙基纤维素/聚丙烯酰胺共混物在DNA测序中的研究
使羟乙基纤维素(HEC)与线形聚丙烯酰胺(LPA)共混物构成聚合物网络,并将其用于DNA的测序,这种聚合物网络同时具有LPA对DNA优良的筛分性能和HEC对毛细管内壁动态涂覆的能力。用2.5%w/v的这种介质在没有对软件系统优化的情况下,73 min内对标准DNA的读写长度可达900个碱基。
2.羟乙基纤维素接枝改性聚合物在毛细管电泳分离双链DNA中的研究
用于双链DNA(dsDNA)分析的理想的毛细管涂层必须具备以下特点:高的分离效能,动态涂覆功能,较低的粘度。在本文中,我们采用原子转移自由基活性聚合方法(ATRP),合成了羟乙基纤维素接枝聚丙烯酰胺的共聚物(HEC-g-PAM)。因为作为主链的HEC具有很好的动态涂覆功能,而PAM具有良好的分离功能。通过与未涂覆的毛细管以及用HEC涂覆的毛细管的比较,证明HEC-g-PAM是一种性能优良的涂层。
3.阳离子羟乙基纤维素在毛细管电泳蛋白质分离中的应用
蛋白质也是一类非常重要的生物大分子。实际上,用未涂覆毛细管电泳对蛋白质进行分离很难达到好的效果。这是因为蛋白质和毛细管壁之间存在着各种不同的反应,包括:氢键结合,静电作用,憎水作用等。为了消除这些反应的影响以及达到对电渗流进行控制的目的,就必须对毛细管进行涂覆。目前,已经有多种聚合物用于这种目的,阳离子聚合物就是其中重要的一种。本文合成了阳离子羟乙基纤维素(cat-HEC),然后利用这种聚合物涂覆的毛细管柱对蛋白质进行了分离,并与其他涂层的性能进行了比较。结果表明cat-HEC能够有效地减少碱性蛋白质在毛细管内的吸附。用该种毛细管分离蛋白质,具有分离效率高(N＞200,000 plate/m),重复性好(RSD＜1.O%),涂层使用时间长等优点。
4.羟乙基纤维素接枝改性聚合物在毛细管电泳分离蛋白质中的应用
采用了传统的Ce~(4+)自由基引发聚合合成了HEC-g-P4VP聚合物,将这种纤维素接枝改性聚合物涂覆在毛细管内壁,研究了它在不同pH条件下对电渗流的影响。然后利用这种聚合物涂覆的毛细管柱进行碱性、中性、酸性蛋白质的分离。结果表明HEC-g-P4VP能够在毛细管内壁形成稳定的涂层,能有效地减少蛋白质在毛细管内的吸附。
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been proven to be a powerful method for DNA and protein analysis. It offers great advantages over conventional slab gel electrophoresis in terms of higher resolution, shorter analysis time, minimal sample requirement, negligible waste of toxic chemicals, high detection sensitivity, and ease of automation. Like the other chromatography technique, the capillary electrophoresis column is the most important component. Although some biomacromolecules can be analyzed in the bare fused-silica capillaries, the separation medium has played an important role in high performance CE for DNA and protein separations. There are many reasons for modification of the capillary wall in electrophoresis. Goals may include reduction or elimination of analyte-wall interactions, alteration of electroosmotic flow (EOF) for rapid separation, improved reproducibility, and better resolution of particularly difficult separation problems. Base on these findings, we designed work on the following aspects:
1. HEC and LPA composite matrices for DNA sequencing
A network was formed by matrix of HEC and LPA for DNA sequencing, trying to combine the high sieving ability of LPA and the dynamic coating ability of HEC. The results showed that under the appropriate ratio of HEC to LPA, the networks yielded a read length of up to 900 bases of contiguous sequence in 73 min without optimized base-calling software.
2. Novel hydroxyethylcellulose graft copolymer for separation of double-stranded DNA fragments
An ideal separation medium for dsDNA separations using CE should possess the following properties: high sieving ability, dynamic coating ability, and relatively low viscosity. In this work, hydroxyethylcellulose-graft-polyacrylamide (HEC-g-PAM) copolymer was synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerziation (ATRP). The reason we chosen HEC as the backbone is that HEC has both good sieving ability and dynamic coating ability for DNA separation. HEC-g-PAM with well-defined structures was applied for the first time as a medium for the separation of dsDNA in the bare fused-silica capillaries. The effectiveness of HEC-g-PAM for dsDNA fragment analysis was evaluated in comparison with that of HEC conventionally used for this purpose. Furthermore, the influences of PAM graft length on the separation performances of dsDNA were also discussed.
3. Cationized hydroxyethylcellulose as a novel, adsorbed coating for basic protein separation
Protein is another important biomacromolecules. In practice, the efficiencies typically achieved in protein separations by CE are considerably lower because of different types of interactions, including hydrogen-bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions, between the proteins and the silica wall of the capillary. In order to minimize protein adsorption and stabilize EOF, a large amount of polymers have been explored to form stable dynamic coatings on capillary wall and show high efficiency in reducing protein adsorption. In previous studies, the cationic polymer derivatives were shown to be capable of suppressing the adsorption of fluorescently labeled amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Therefore, we take account of introducing cationized groups into HEC, then using cationized hydroxyethylcellulose (cat-HEC) as novel, hydrophilic, adsorbed capillary coating for electrophoretic protein analysis. The reason we chosen cat-HEC is that the HEC backbone has good sieving ability and the cat-HEC polymer contains cationic groups as substituents which can form ionic bond with the negative silanol groups on the silica surface. The results showed that highly efficient and rapid protein separation has been obtained over a wide pH range. These coatings demonstrated the excellent reproducibility of migration times of the three proteins, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values less than 1.0%.
4. Novel hydroxyethylcellulose graft copolymer for protein separation
New separation medium, hydroxyethylcellulose-graft-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (HEC-g-P4VP), synthesized by using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) initiator in aqueous nitric acid solution, used for protein separation by CE is presented. The properties of HEC-g-P4VP as coating of capillary wall for basic, acidic and neutral protein separation were studied. The polymer efficiently coated the capillary inner surface by a dynamic process, thereby leaded to high efficiency, reproducibility and recovery of proteins analyzed by CE.
1.羟乙基纤维素/聚丙烯酰胺共混物在DNA测序中的研究
使羟乙基纤维素(HEC)与线形聚丙烯酰胺(LPA)共混物构成聚合物网络,并将其用于DNA的测序,这种聚合物网络同时具有LPA对DNA优良的筛分性能和HEC对毛细管内壁动态涂覆的能力。用2.5%w/v的这种介质在没有对软件系统优化的情况下,73 min内对标准DNA的读写长度可达900个碱基。
2.羟乙基纤维素接枝改性聚合物在毛细管电泳分离双链DNA中的研究
用于双链DNA(dsDNA)分析的理想的毛细管涂层必须具备以下特点:高的分离效能,动态涂覆功能,较低的粘度。在本文中,我们采用原子转移自由基活性聚合方法(ATRP),合成了羟乙基纤维素接枝聚丙烯酰胺的共聚物(HEC-g-PAM)。因为作为主链的HEC具有很好的动态涂覆功能,而PAM具有良好的分离功能。通过与未涂覆的毛细管以及用HEC涂覆的毛细管的比较,证明HEC-g-PAM是一种性能优良的涂层。
3.阳离子羟乙基纤维素在毛细管电泳蛋白质分离中的应用
蛋白质也是一类非常重要的生物大分子。实际上,用未涂覆毛细管电泳对蛋白质进行分离很难达到好的效果。这是因为蛋白质和毛细管壁之间存在着各种不同的反应,包括:氢键结合,静电作用,憎水作用等。为了消除这些反应的影响以及达到对电渗流进行控制的目的,就必须对毛细管进行涂覆。目前,已经有多种聚合物用于这种目的,阳离子聚合物就是其中重要的一种。本文合成了阳离子羟乙基纤维素(cat-HEC),然后利用这种聚合物涂覆的毛细管柱对蛋白质进行了分离,并与其他涂层的性能进行了比较。结果表明cat-HEC能够有效地减少碱性蛋白质在毛细管内的吸附。用该种毛细管分离蛋白质,具有分离效率高(N＞200,000 plate/m),重复性好(RSD＜1.O%),涂层使用时间长等优点。
4.羟乙基纤维素接枝改性聚合物在毛细管电泳分离蛋白质中的应用
采用了传统的Ce~(4+)自由基引发聚合合成了HEC-g-P4VP聚合物,将这种纤维素接枝改性聚合物涂覆在毛细管内壁,研究了它在不同pH条件下对电渗流的影响。然后利用这种聚合物涂覆的毛细管柱进行碱性、中性、酸性蛋白质的分离。结果表明HEC-g-P4VP能够在毛细管内壁形成稳定的涂层,能有效地减少蛋白质在毛细管内的吸附。
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been proven to be a powerful method for DNA and protein analysis. It offers great advantages over conventional slab gel electrophoresis in terms of higher resolution, shorter analysis time, minimal sample requirement, negligible waste of toxic chemicals, high detection sensitivity, and ease of automation. Like the other chromatography technique, the capillary electrophoresis column is the most important component. Although some biomacromolecules can be analyzed in the bare fused-silica capillaries, the separation medium has played an important role in high performance CE for DNA and protein separations. There are many reasons for modification of the capillary wall in electrophoresis. Goals may include reduction or elimination of analyte-wall interactions, alteration of electroosmotic flow (EOF) for rapid separation, improved reproducibility, and better resolution of particularly difficult separation problems. Base on these findings, we designed work on the following aspects:
1. HEC and LPA composite matrices for DNA sequencing
A network was formed by matrix of HEC and LPA for DNA sequencing, trying to combine the high sieving ability of LPA and the dynamic coating ability of HEC. The results showed that under the appropriate ratio of HEC to LPA, the networks yielded a read length of up to 900 bases of contiguous sequence in 73 min without optimized base-calling software.
2. Novel hydroxyethylcellulose graft copolymer for separation of double-stranded DNA fragments
An ideal separation medium for dsDNA separations using CE should possess the following properties: high sieving ability, dynamic coating ability, and relatively low viscosity. In this work, hydroxyethylcellulose-graft-polyacrylamide (HEC-g-PAM) copolymer was synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerziation (ATRP). The reason we chosen HEC as the backbone is that HEC has both good sieving ability and dynamic coating ability for DNA separation. HEC-g-PAM with well-defined structures was applied for the first time as a medium for the separation of dsDNA in the bare fused-silica capillaries. The effectiveness of HEC-g-PAM for dsDNA fragment analysis was evaluated in comparison with that of HEC conventionally used for this purpose. Furthermore, the influences of PAM graft length on the separation performances of dsDNA were also discussed.
3. Cationized hydroxyethylcellulose as a novel, adsorbed coating for basic protein separation
Protein is another important biomacromolecules. In practice, the efficiencies typically achieved in protein separations by CE are considerably lower because of different types of interactions, including hydrogen-bonding, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions, between the proteins and the silica wall of the capillary. In order to minimize protein adsorption and stabilize EOF, a large amount of polymers have been explored to form stable dynamic coatings on capillary wall and show high efficiency in reducing protein adsorption. In previous studies, the cationic polymer derivatives were shown to be capable of suppressing the adsorption of fluorescently labeled amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Therefore, we take account of introducing cationized groups into HEC, then using cationized hydroxyethylcellulose (cat-HEC) as novel, hydrophilic, adsorbed capillary coating for electrophoretic protein analysis. The reason we chosen cat-HEC is that the HEC backbone has good sieving ability and the cat-HEC polymer contains cationic groups as substituents which can form ionic bond with the negative silanol groups on the silica surface. The results showed that highly efficient and rapid protein separation has been obtained over a wide pH range. These coatings demonstrated the excellent reproducibility of migration times of the three proteins, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values less than 1.0%.
4. Novel hydroxyethylcellulose graft copolymer for protein separation
New separation medium, hydroxyethylcellulose-graft-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (HEC-g-P4VP), synthesized by using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) initiator in aqueous nitric acid solution, used for protein separation by CE is presented. The properties of HEC-g-P4VP as coating of capillary wall for basic, acidic and neutral protein separation were studied. The polymer efficiently coated the capillary inner surface by a dynamic process, thereby leaded to high efficiency, reproducibility and recovery of proteins analyzed by CE.
引文
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