我国居民收入增长及其影响因素研究
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摘要
在经济高速增长的同时,如何提高民众的购买力是我国政府目前必须面对的一大难题。如果居民收入增长与经济增长不协调发展,那么生产力水平与消费水平的巨大反差会阻碍经济的可持续发展,这是导致经济增长迅速却不被人们感觉得到的关键原因之一,也是我国消费有效需求不振的重要因素,更是构建和谐社会必须面对的隐患。适逢党中央把构建和谐社会提升到了战略高度,提高居民收入水平并使之与经济协调发展有着重大的社会意义,这正是本研究的切入点。
本文以我国经济增长中的居民收入问题为主线,系统地分析了居民收入现状以及影响居民收入增长的宏观经济因素、微观经济因素和制度因素,为政府出台相应政策提供理论依据和数据支持,从而有利于将我国构建成和谐社会。此外,本文主要从城镇和农村两方面对影响居民收入增长的因素进行了考察。通过研究,得出如下主要结论:
首先,经由国际比较发现,我国居民收入与经济增长不协调,并且从国民收入分配格局和居民收入水平以及增长速度等方面就我国的居民收入现状进行了考察,发现我国居民收入增长在多方面都表现为滞后于经济增长,最后通过国际经验借鉴表明了居民收入增长与经济增长协调发展对维持社会稳定和经济可持续发展的重要性和必要性。
其次,从经济发展状况和宏观经济政策两方面考察了影响居民收入的宏观经济因素,发现为提高我国的城镇居民和农村居民收入水平,国家应加大城镇化、开放和工业化的实施力度,有选择性地加大投资力度和和适当控制城乡收入差距,矫正财政政策在实施过程中出现的偏差。
再次,从城镇和农村两方面剖析了影响居民收入的微观经济因素。对于城镇居民收入,从工资性收入和非工资性两方面进行了剖析,认为提高企业尤其是国有企业的效率以及改善企业分配格局是提高工资性收入的有效途径,而拓宽资本来源渠道和提高人力资本质量被认为是提高非工资性收入的切实可行的办法。对于农村居民收入,从成本收益和要素贡献两方面进行了分析,发现我国农产品价格偏低、农业生产成本较高和负担相对较重对我国农村居民收入提高不利,同时认为国家主要应该从提升科技水平、加大农业机械推广力度和刺激农民生产积极性等方面来提高农村居民的收入水平。
最后,从新制度经济学的相关理论出发,分析了各种不同的制度对居民收入增长的影响,提出了一些旨在提高我国居民收入的相关制度安排。
How to improve consumer purchasing power simultaneously is a big problem that our nation should face when economy grows with high speed. If resident’s income cannot increase in harmony with economic growth, the great contrast between productivity and consumption level will obstruct economic sustainable development. This inconsistent development is not only one key reason that people cannot feel much about rapid economic growth and that available consumption demand being low level, but also hang-up for establishing harmonious society. Since central government has upgraded the strategy of establishing harmonious society, it is significant importance that how to increase resident’s income level to match with economic growth, which is the aim of this article.
The outline of this article is resident’s income going with economic growth in our nation. This article systematically analyzes status of resident’s income in our nation and factors influencing resident’s income growth from aspects of macro-economic, micro-economic and institutional level, which provides theoretical and practical support for government to carry out relevant policies in favor of building harmonious society. In addition, this article demonstrates factors influencing income of urban resident and rural resident. There are conclusions as follows:
Firstly, resident’s income is not harmonious with economic developing level in China comparing with that in other countries. We have found that resident’s income growth in China lags economic growth after investigating its status, in the perspective of structure of national income distribution, resident’s income and the speed of its growth etc. Finally, the experience of other countries has suggested that the harmonious relationship between resident’s income growth and economic growth plays an importance role in maintenance of social stability and economic sustainable development.
Secondly, macro-economic factors influencing resident’s income have been considered from aspects of general economic situation and macro-economic policies. The results suggest that the government should strengthen implementation of the policies on urbanization, industrialization and open to the outside, purposefully carry out the investment policy, control rural-urban income gap properly, and rectify the abnormal effect made by fiscal policy.
Thirdly, micro-economic factors influencing the income of resident have been elucidated from aspects of urban region and rural region. For the income of urban resident, wage income and non-wage income have been considered. There are feasible ways to increase wage income by improving efficiency of enterprise esp. state-owned enterprise and distribution structure of enterprise, to gain non-wage income by broadening the channel of the capital resources and improving the quality of human capital. For the income of rural resident, the cost-benefit analysis and method of contribution of factors have been used and found that the income of rural resident can not increase rapidly due to comparatively low price of agricultural product, high cost for production and heavy burden on peasants, and considers that the government should improve the income level of rural resident by improving technology level, increasing extending degree of agricultural mechanism and promoting productivity enthusiasm.
Finally, based on relevant theories of new institution economics, some systems influencing resident’s income growth have been analyzed. Moreover, some suggestion has been proposed in order to improve resident’s income based on the results above.
本文以我国经济增长中的居民收入问题为主线,系统地分析了居民收入现状以及影响居民收入增长的宏观经济因素、微观经济因素和制度因素,为政府出台相应政策提供理论依据和数据支持,从而有利于将我国构建成和谐社会。此外,本文主要从城镇和农村两方面对影响居民收入增长的因素进行了考察。通过研究,得出如下主要结论:
首先,经由国际比较发现,我国居民收入与经济增长不协调,并且从国民收入分配格局和居民收入水平以及增长速度等方面就我国的居民收入现状进行了考察,发现我国居民收入增长在多方面都表现为滞后于经济增长,最后通过国际经验借鉴表明了居民收入增长与经济增长协调发展对维持社会稳定和经济可持续发展的重要性和必要性。
其次,从经济发展状况和宏观经济政策两方面考察了影响居民收入的宏观经济因素,发现为提高我国的城镇居民和农村居民收入水平,国家应加大城镇化、开放和工业化的实施力度,有选择性地加大投资力度和和适当控制城乡收入差距,矫正财政政策在实施过程中出现的偏差。
再次,从城镇和农村两方面剖析了影响居民收入的微观经济因素。对于城镇居民收入,从工资性收入和非工资性两方面进行了剖析,认为提高企业尤其是国有企业的效率以及改善企业分配格局是提高工资性收入的有效途径,而拓宽资本来源渠道和提高人力资本质量被认为是提高非工资性收入的切实可行的办法。对于农村居民收入,从成本收益和要素贡献两方面进行了分析,发现我国农产品价格偏低、农业生产成本较高和负担相对较重对我国农村居民收入提高不利,同时认为国家主要应该从提升科技水平、加大农业机械推广力度和刺激农民生产积极性等方面来提高农村居民的收入水平。
最后,从新制度经济学的相关理论出发,分析了各种不同的制度对居民收入增长的影响,提出了一些旨在提高我国居民收入的相关制度安排。
How to improve consumer purchasing power simultaneously is a big problem that our nation should face when economy grows with high speed. If resident’s income cannot increase in harmony with economic growth, the great contrast between productivity and consumption level will obstruct economic sustainable development. This inconsistent development is not only one key reason that people cannot feel much about rapid economic growth and that available consumption demand being low level, but also hang-up for establishing harmonious society. Since central government has upgraded the strategy of establishing harmonious society, it is significant importance that how to increase resident’s income level to match with economic growth, which is the aim of this article.
The outline of this article is resident’s income going with economic growth in our nation. This article systematically analyzes status of resident’s income in our nation and factors influencing resident’s income growth from aspects of macro-economic, micro-economic and institutional level, which provides theoretical and practical support for government to carry out relevant policies in favor of building harmonious society. In addition, this article demonstrates factors influencing income of urban resident and rural resident. There are conclusions as follows:
Firstly, resident’s income is not harmonious with economic developing level in China comparing with that in other countries. We have found that resident’s income growth in China lags economic growth after investigating its status, in the perspective of structure of national income distribution, resident’s income and the speed of its growth etc. Finally, the experience of other countries has suggested that the harmonious relationship between resident’s income growth and economic growth plays an importance role in maintenance of social stability and economic sustainable development.
Secondly, macro-economic factors influencing resident’s income have been considered from aspects of general economic situation and macro-economic policies. The results suggest that the government should strengthen implementation of the policies on urbanization, industrialization and open to the outside, purposefully carry out the investment policy, control rural-urban income gap properly, and rectify the abnormal effect made by fiscal policy.
Thirdly, micro-economic factors influencing the income of resident have been elucidated from aspects of urban region and rural region. For the income of urban resident, wage income and non-wage income have been considered. There are feasible ways to increase wage income by improving efficiency of enterprise esp. state-owned enterprise and distribution structure of enterprise, to gain non-wage income by broadening the channel of the capital resources and improving the quality of human capital. For the income of rural resident, the cost-benefit analysis and method of contribution of factors have been used and found that the income of rural resident can not increase rapidly due to comparatively low price of agricultural product, high cost for production and heavy burden on peasants, and considers that the government should improve the income level of rural resident by improving technology level, increasing extending degree of agricultural mechanism and promoting productivity enthusiasm.
Finally, based on relevant theories of new institution economics, some systems influencing resident’s income growth have been analyzed. Moreover, some suggestion has been proposed in order to improve resident’s income based on the results above.
引文
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