认知与情绪相互作用的神经与免疫学研究
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摘要
随着目前社会对亚健康现象重视程度的不断提高,认知与情绪交互作用的神经机制的研究,特别是心理应激的神经机制,以及身心调节方法对认知、情绪及身体状态的调节效应的研究,在近几年逐渐成为认知神经科学独特的热点研究领域。本文对此进行了深入的研究和探讨,初步结果如下:
(一)心理应激是亚健康的主要成因之一,对身心交互作用机制的深入研究有助于揭示亚健康的机制。本研究采用心境量表TMD(Total Mood Disturbance)评估发现,总分在110—160的学生处于不同程度的亚健康状态,分值越高,亚健康状态越严重。心境TMD指标与亚健康指标呈显著正相关,表明亚健康状态和负性心境状态之间是显著的互相促进的关系,负性心境是亚健康状态的主要成因。心境TMD指标和亚健康指标男生高于女生,表明男生有更严重的身心症状,而不良个人生活习惯的差异可能是主要原因。
(二)由于心因性应激反应对身心的负面效应,随着当代社会心理应激事件的增多和亚健康人群的不断增长,现代人需要合适的方法来调节身心。实践证明,冥想、意象、催眠、生物反馈、音乐疗法等是调节心因性应激反应的有效手段,当前干预策略倾向于多种方法的综合运用。
(三)数学应激是心理应激研究中常用的急性应激源,本文采用功能磁共振成像方法(fMRI)探讨了数学应激的脑机制。该部分先介绍了脑功能成像数据的处理方法,作为功能连接方法示例的研究,发现中英文字词加工时,左脑梭状回与Broca区和Wernicke区等形成了特殊的功能连接网络来完成不同的心理负荷任务;作为有效连接方法示例的研究,发现视觉的脑内信息处理模型涉及额叶、颞叶、枕叶和顶叶皮层,动态因果模型(DCM)分析表明了视觉信息在中枢系统中既串行又并行的处理过程。接下来本文研究了数学应激的脑机制,第一,研究发现西方人数学运算时需要较多语言区参与,表现在额部Broca区和颞顶Wernicke区活跃,通过脑内腹侧神经信息通路调节,而东方人数学运算时以Premotor Association Area为核心,通过脑内背侧神经信息通路直接调节完成任务。第二,建立了心算应激中小脑与大脑各区的功能联结模型,发现应激中小脑后叶与前额叶有较强的协作关系。表明小脑后叶在应激反应中起作用,但其功能发挥不是独立完成的,需要和大脑额区协作实现。第三,研究了不同难度的数学应激任务时的全脑负激活现象。结果显示,边缘系统中左右脑的前扣带回腹侧、后扣带回、楔前叶和左半球的海马、杏仁核、脑岛以及前额叶的广泛脑区都出现了负激活,而且负激活的程度随着的数学任务难度的增大而增强;功能连接分析发现随着任务难度增大,负激活区域间的关联性增强。结果表明,边缘系统和前额叶相关脑区在无应激或静息时是活跃的,其运作网络在应激状态中的抑制可能是应激损伤健康的原因之一。
(四)心理应激影响健康是因为身心之间存在着相互作用,本文研究了人体生理指标和心理指标之间的相互关系,发现身心之间存在互动效应,尤其是负面心境和生理的交互作用可能损害人体健康。本文还探讨了整体身心调节法(Integrative Bodv-MindTraining,IBMT)对大学生生理指标和心境指标及其相关性的调节效应。初步认为,身心调节法可能首先改善心境状态,良好的心境状态再进一步优化生理过程,从而起到健康促进作用;心理和生理的指标之间存在促进和抑制的相互作用,整体身心调节法可以使身心关联性增强,有效调节人体的生理过程,维护人体的免疫功能。
(五)研究了整体身心调节法对数学应激后健康被试自我调节能力的调节效应。本研究发现大学生经5天整体身心调节法训练(调节组),相对于经过5天累进放松法训练的放松组在数学应激后压力荷尔蒙(Cortisol)明显降低而免疫力指标(sIgA)明显提高,这表明短期练习可以显著优化和提高认知与情绪表现。研究还发现,整体身心调节法的调节作用存在时间效应,练习时间长的被试具有更好的调节能力。
The research of Cognition-Emotion interactions have been an important field of Cognitive Neuroscience. The researches of this interdisciplinary field mainly focus on the stress-induced health problems, the brain mechanism of mental stress and the effects of body-mind interventions on cognition, emotion and self-regulation in recent years. Concerning the problems of this field, some researches and discussions are made in this dissertation, and main work is summarized as follows:
In chapter one, the subhealth status and correlativity between indexes of subhealth and mood states were investigated in undergraduates. The results indicated schoolgirls have better body-mind states than schoolboys, Negative mood states may be a primary cause of subhealth formation, and there are promoted and inhibited interactions between indexes of subhealth and mood states in undergraduates. Moreover, the researching states of various body-mind interventions (eg. meditation, hypnosis, imagery, biofeedback, music, etc) were summarized and prospected.
In chapter two, the brain mechanism of mental mathematics stress was researched. Firstly, as an example research of functional connectivity in brain, the results indicate the activation map is consistent with the previous findings with Chinese words and English characters processing while the connectivity analysis between Broca's area and the left VWFA (Visual Word Form Area) indicate a reverse pattern. The results provide strong evidence for VWFA in processing Chinese characters similar to that found in alphabetic scripts and hence support the hypothesis that left VWFA cooperates with Broca's area to respond to the different task demands. Second, the activation of cerebellum during mental arithmetic tasks was found having a tendency of left laterality and was modulated by the difficult degree of tasks. Moreover, the functional connectivity was analyzed between cerebellum and cerebrum and the results indicated cerebellum had the connection of cooperation which was modulated by the difficult degrees of tasks with frontal lobe of cerebrum. Third, a profound deactivation of limbic system and anterior frontal cortex was observed in healthy subjects during mathematics stress. The results suggests the brain areas of deactivation are activated at rest and during nonstressful situations and the deactivation of the functional network among these brain areas plays a important role in detrimental health effects of psychosocial stress. Fourth, a differential cortical representation of numbers was demonstrated between native Chinese and English speakers. Contrasting to native English speakers, who largely employ a language process that relies on the left perisylvian cortices for mental calculation, native Chinese speakers, instead, engage a visuo-premotor association network for the same task. Whereas in both groups the inferior parietal cortex was activated by a task for numerical quantity comparison, functional connectivity analyses revealed a functional distinction between Chinese and English groups among the brain networks involved in the task. The results further indicate that the different biological encoding of numbers may be shaped by visual reading experience during language acquisition and other cultural factors such as mathematics learning strategies and education systems.
In chapter three, the correlativity between indexes of physiology and mood states was investigated in undergraduates, and the results indicated there were promoted and inhibited interactions between indexes of physiology and mood states in undergraduates. More over, the effect of IBMT (Integrative Body-Mind Training) for modulation on correlativity between indexes of physiology and mood states was investigated in undergraduates, and the results of this study have implications for the use of IBMT in modulating of parasympathetic system and enhancing immune function in undergraduates.
In chapter four, firstly, a group randomly assigned to 5 days of IBMT practice was showed significantly better attention and control of stress than a similarly chosen control group given relaxation training. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in stress-related cortisol, and an increase in immunoreactivity. These results provide a convenient method for studying the influence of meditation training by using experimental and control methods similar to those used to test drugs or other interventions. Second, the effects of IBMT for body-mind regulation on the level of salivary cortisol after mental arithmetic stress and the basal level of salivary cortisol were investigated. The results of these studies may have implications for the use of IBMT in modulating of parasympathetic system and enhancing immune function and practicers may need longer time of training if more effective effects are expected.
(一)心理应激是亚健康的主要成因之一,对身心交互作用机制的深入研究有助于揭示亚健康的机制。本研究采用心境量表TMD(Total Mood Disturbance)评估发现,总分在110—160的学生处于不同程度的亚健康状态,分值越高,亚健康状态越严重。心境TMD指标与亚健康指标呈显著正相关,表明亚健康状态和负性心境状态之间是显著的互相促进的关系,负性心境是亚健康状态的主要成因。心境TMD指标和亚健康指标男生高于女生,表明男生有更严重的身心症状,而不良个人生活习惯的差异可能是主要原因。
(二)由于心因性应激反应对身心的负面效应,随着当代社会心理应激事件的增多和亚健康人群的不断增长,现代人需要合适的方法来调节身心。实践证明,冥想、意象、催眠、生物反馈、音乐疗法等是调节心因性应激反应的有效手段,当前干预策略倾向于多种方法的综合运用。
(三)数学应激是心理应激研究中常用的急性应激源,本文采用功能磁共振成像方法(fMRI)探讨了数学应激的脑机制。该部分先介绍了脑功能成像数据的处理方法,作为功能连接方法示例的研究,发现中英文字词加工时,左脑梭状回与Broca区和Wernicke区等形成了特殊的功能连接网络来完成不同的心理负荷任务;作为有效连接方法示例的研究,发现视觉的脑内信息处理模型涉及额叶、颞叶、枕叶和顶叶皮层,动态因果模型(DCM)分析表明了视觉信息在中枢系统中既串行又并行的处理过程。接下来本文研究了数学应激的脑机制,第一,研究发现西方人数学运算时需要较多语言区参与,表现在额部Broca区和颞顶Wernicke区活跃,通过脑内腹侧神经信息通路调节,而东方人数学运算时以Premotor Association Area为核心,通过脑内背侧神经信息通路直接调节完成任务。第二,建立了心算应激中小脑与大脑各区的功能联结模型,发现应激中小脑后叶与前额叶有较强的协作关系。表明小脑后叶在应激反应中起作用,但其功能发挥不是独立完成的,需要和大脑额区协作实现。第三,研究了不同难度的数学应激任务时的全脑负激活现象。结果显示,边缘系统中左右脑的前扣带回腹侧、后扣带回、楔前叶和左半球的海马、杏仁核、脑岛以及前额叶的广泛脑区都出现了负激活,而且负激活的程度随着的数学任务难度的增大而增强;功能连接分析发现随着任务难度增大,负激活区域间的关联性增强。结果表明,边缘系统和前额叶相关脑区在无应激或静息时是活跃的,其运作网络在应激状态中的抑制可能是应激损伤健康的原因之一。
(四)心理应激影响健康是因为身心之间存在着相互作用,本文研究了人体生理指标和心理指标之间的相互关系,发现身心之间存在互动效应,尤其是负面心境和生理的交互作用可能损害人体健康。本文还探讨了整体身心调节法(Integrative Bodv-MindTraining,IBMT)对大学生生理指标和心境指标及其相关性的调节效应。初步认为,身心调节法可能首先改善心境状态,良好的心境状态再进一步优化生理过程,从而起到健康促进作用;心理和生理的指标之间存在促进和抑制的相互作用,整体身心调节法可以使身心关联性增强,有效调节人体的生理过程,维护人体的免疫功能。
(五)研究了整体身心调节法对数学应激后健康被试自我调节能力的调节效应。本研究发现大学生经5天整体身心调节法训练(调节组),相对于经过5天累进放松法训练的放松组在数学应激后压力荷尔蒙(Cortisol)明显降低而免疫力指标(sIgA)明显提高,这表明短期练习可以显著优化和提高认知与情绪表现。研究还发现,整体身心调节法的调节作用存在时间效应,练习时间长的被试具有更好的调节能力。
The research of Cognition-Emotion interactions have been an important field of Cognitive Neuroscience. The researches of this interdisciplinary field mainly focus on the stress-induced health problems, the brain mechanism of mental stress and the effects of body-mind interventions on cognition, emotion and self-regulation in recent years. Concerning the problems of this field, some researches and discussions are made in this dissertation, and main work is summarized as follows:
In chapter one, the subhealth status and correlativity between indexes of subhealth and mood states were investigated in undergraduates. The results indicated schoolgirls have better body-mind states than schoolboys, Negative mood states may be a primary cause of subhealth formation, and there are promoted and inhibited interactions between indexes of subhealth and mood states in undergraduates. Moreover, the researching states of various body-mind interventions (eg. meditation, hypnosis, imagery, biofeedback, music, etc) were summarized and prospected.
In chapter two, the brain mechanism of mental mathematics stress was researched. Firstly, as an example research of functional connectivity in brain, the results indicate the activation map is consistent with the previous findings with Chinese words and English characters processing while the connectivity analysis between Broca's area and the left VWFA (Visual Word Form Area) indicate a reverse pattern. The results provide strong evidence for VWFA in processing Chinese characters similar to that found in alphabetic scripts and hence support the hypothesis that left VWFA cooperates with Broca's area to respond to the different task demands. Second, the activation of cerebellum during mental arithmetic tasks was found having a tendency of left laterality and was modulated by the difficult degree of tasks. Moreover, the functional connectivity was analyzed between cerebellum and cerebrum and the results indicated cerebellum had the connection of cooperation which was modulated by the difficult degrees of tasks with frontal lobe of cerebrum. Third, a profound deactivation of limbic system and anterior frontal cortex was observed in healthy subjects during mathematics stress. The results suggests the brain areas of deactivation are activated at rest and during nonstressful situations and the deactivation of the functional network among these brain areas plays a important role in detrimental health effects of psychosocial stress. Fourth, a differential cortical representation of numbers was demonstrated between native Chinese and English speakers. Contrasting to native English speakers, who largely employ a language process that relies on the left perisylvian cortices for mental calculation, native Chinese speakers, instead, engage a visuo-premotor association network for the same task. Whereas in both groups the inferior parietal cortex was activated by a task for numerical quantity comparison, functional connectivity analyses revealed a functional distinction between Chinese and English groups among the brain networks involved in the task. The results further indicate that the different biological encoding of numbers may be shaped by visual reading experience during language acquisition and other cultural factors such as mathematics learning strategies and education systems.
In chapter three, the correlativity between indexes of physiology and mood states was investigated in undergraduates, and the results indicated there were promoted and inhibited interactions between indexes of physiology and mood states in undergraduates. More over, the effect of IBMT (Integrative Body-Mind Training) for modulation on correlativity between indexes of physiology and mood states was investigated in undergraduates, and the results of this study have implications for the use of IBMT in modulating of parasympathetic system and enhancing immune function in undergraduates.
In chapter four, firstly, a group randomly assigned to 5 days of IBMT practice was showed significantly better attention and control of stress than a similarly chosen control group given relaxation training. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in stress-related cortisol, and an increase in immunoreactivity. These results provide a convenient method for studying the influence of meditation training by using experimental and control methods similar to those used to test drugs or other interventions. Second, the effects of IBMT for body-mind regulation on the level of salivary cortisol after mental arithmetic stress and the basal level of salivary cortisol were investigated. The results of these studies may have implications for the use of IBMT in modulating of parasympathetic system and enhancing immune function and practicers may need longer time of training if more effective effects are expected.
引文
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