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内腔声—结构耦合系统的数值模拟与优化设计
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摘要
噪声控制技术是工程界普遍关心的问题。目前,对于空腔内噪声的研究越来越受到重视,例如汽车、轮船、飞机等乘坐室,由于空腔形状的复杂性,用传统的理论方法很难取得满意的结果,目前主要通过实验技术和各种数值方法的研究来控制噪声。本文通过数值模拟技术,对空腔噪声进行优化设计研究,可实现在设计阶段对乘坐室等腔内噪声响应的理论分析、预测及优化设计。
     本文在论述了内腔声-结构系统数值方法的历史及其现状的基础上,给出了内腔声-结构耦合系统的有限元方程和合理高效的求解算法,进一步提出了尺寸、形状、拓扑三个层次的优化设计模型,详细推导了灵敏度分析公式,给出了优化求解方法。特别是在随机激励下内腔声-结构耦合系统的求解方法、灵敏度分析及优化设计方面做了深入研究和有益的探讨。
     本文的工作是结合大型结构分析和优化软件JIFEX的现有方法和功能,进一步发展了内腔声-结构耦合系统的动力分析和优化设计的功能模块。本文的主要工作包括以下几部分:
     第一章综述了噪声控制技术的研究现状以及目前主要遇到的问题,论述了目前应用于声学领域的各种研究方法,包括有限元法、边界元法、统计能量法等,同时介绍了本文的软件开发平台JIFEX,给出了本论文的主要研究内容。
     第二章由声学波动方程及各类边界条件的等效积分弱形式推导出小阻尼声场的有限元方程。在此基础上,假设声压向量的非负性,求解小阻尼声场有限元方程。利用半解析方法计算了声学刚度阵、质量阵和阻尼阵的导数,并且用全局差分方法进行了校核,最后分别以特征频率和声压级响应为目标函数,对三维汽车模型的声场特性进行了边界形状优化,得到了满意的优化结果。
     第三章推导了内腔声-结构耦合系统方程,采用静凝聚法消除了质量矩阵的奇异性,采用了求解耦合系统非对称系数矩阵特征对的共轭子空间迭代算法,并证明了耦合系统左右特征向量的关系以及正交归一化条件。采用模态法、直接法和迭代法求解耦合系统响应,并通过数值算例证明了方法和程序的正确性和可行性。
     第四章研究了稳态激励下内腔声-结构耦合系统的特征频率和声压响应的灵敏度分析和优化设计方法。首先建立了尺寸、形状优化设计模型,给出了灵敏度分析算法。然后结合结构拓扑优化设计理论,建立了声场-结构耦合系统的拓扑优化模型,推导了拓扑设计变量的灵敏度公式。并利用材料分布拓扑优化方法,对内腔声-结构耦合系统的刚度层分布进行了拓扑优化设计。
     第五章研究了随机激励下内腔声-结构耦合系统的分析求解方法。考虑到随机激励下耦合问题算法求解的精度和效率,提出了一种求解耦合系统随机响应的迭代算法,并在每个迭代步过程中采用了虚拟激励法求解。通过求解过程的推导可以发现,虚拟激励法除了保持结构动力随机分析中高效的特点外,对于声固耦合系统的迭代求解,在计算效率上还具有常规算法无法比拟的优势。
     第六章推导了随机声学响应功率谱的灵敏度分析公式,并与差分法比较。以空腔内某点的随机声压级响应功率谱和内腔平均声压级响应功率谱为目标函数,以结构重量作为约束函数,以结构的厚度作为设计变量,建立了随机激励作用下的内空腔声-结构耦合系统的声学优化设计模型。通过修改SIMP模型和RAMP模型,建立了随机激励下耦合系统的拓扑优化模型,给出了优化求解算法。数值算例验证了本章提出的灵敏度分析方法的正确性,以及各种随机响应优化模型的可行性,为工程设计提供了有效的参考依据。
     最后对全文进行了总结和展望。
Nowadays, the techniques of noise control are paid more and more attention in engineering design. For interior noise problems, more research papers can be found in many fields, such as the cabins of automobiles, ships and airplanes. Because of the complex shape, it can not be solved by traditional theory methods. Experiment techniques and numerical methods are more suitable for these problems. In this dissertation, the numerical simulations are used to study the interior noise for analysis and optimizing the acoustic problems of the cabins at design stages.
     This dissertation presents the finite element equation and proposes reasonable and high efficient solution algorithms for interior acoustic-structural coupled systems based on the research history and actuality of numerical methods. Then the optimization models are presented for size, shape and topology design variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis equations and optimization argorithms are derived. Specially, the random response analysis, its sensitiviy and design optimization methods are studied in this dissertation.
     New functional models of dynamic analysis and optimization design for interior acoustic-structural coupled systems are implemented in JIFEX, which is a large-scale engineering structural analysis and optimization software. The main content of this dissertation includes the following chapters:
     In chapter 1, the research motivation and the main problems of noise control techniques are investigated. Several numerical methods used in acoustic fields, such as FEM, BEM, SEA (Statistical Energy Analysis), are discussed. Then the software-JIFEX is introduced. Finally, the brief description of the research work in the dissertation is presented.
     In the second chapter, based on the wave equation for linear acoustics and various boundary conditions, the finite element equations for lightly damped acoustic cavity are given. The equations are solved based on the assumption that the acoustic pressure vector, which indicates the magnitude and relative phases at all locations in the system, is entirely real. The semi-analytical method is used to calculate the sensitivity of stiffness, mass and damping matrices comparing with finite difference method. In the last section, the eigenfrequency and sound pressure level response of a 3D-car model are optimized to show the validity and efficiency of the sensitivity analysis and design optimization methods.
     In chapter 3, the finite element equations of acoustic-structural coupled systems are given. The static condensation method is used to avoid the singular structural mass matrix. In order to calculate the eigenpairs of non-symmetrical matrix, the adjoint subspace iteration method is given. Also, the relation of the left and right eigenvectors and the normalized orthogonality conditions are confirmed. The responses of coupled systems are calculated using the modal method, direct method and iteration method. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the validity of these methods
     In chapter 4, the sensitivity of the eigenfrequency and sound pressure with respect to size and shape design parameters for those coupled systems are derived. Then the design optimization models are also presented. The topology optimization method for the coupled acoustic-structural systems is studied with the topology optimization theory. The sensitivity of acoustic pressure with respect to topology design variables and topology optimization method of stiffener distribution for the acoustic-structural coupled systems are proposed to study the stiffener material distribution of structure for interior sound pressure level (SPL) reduction of the coupled system. Numerical examples are given to show the validity and the efficiency of the sensitivity analysis and design optimization methods.
     In the fifth chapter, the interior acoustic-structural coupled systems subjected to random excitations are studied. An iteration method is proposed to improve the efficient and accuracy of the computation. The pseudo-excitation method is used to calculate the random response in iterations. It was found that the pseudo excitation method is more efficiency than traditional random analysis methods for iteration calculation of interior acoustic-structural coupled systems beside its high efficiency.
     In chapter 6, the sensitivity analysis formulas for the random responses of coupled acoustic-structural systems are derived and compared with finite difference method. The node sound pressure level (SPL) or average SPL of acoustic pressure power spectral density (PSD) is selected as the objective function with the structural weight constraint. The thickness of the structural plate is chosen as design variables. The design optimization model of the coupled systems subjected to random excitations is proposed. Furthermore, the topology optimization models of the coupled systems subjected to random excitations are presented through improving the SIMP and RAMP topology optimization models. Numerical examples are given to show the validity and efficiency of the sensitivity analysis and design optimization methods.
     In the conclusion, the main contributions of the dissertation are summarized and the further work is suggested.
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