空间信息技术在水电开发工程预可研中的决策支持
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摘要
众多实践表明,空间信息技术在信息获取和空间决策分析中的强大功能,可为各类工程立项和建设提供客观、科学的决策支持。本文以“空间信息技术在水电开发工程预可研中能够做什么?”为主线,以黄河玛尔挡水电站为原型,重点探讨了遥感和GIS技术在水电开发工程预可研中应用的技术方法。论文的主要研究内容和取得的主要研究成果如下:
(1)完成了多源空间数据集成,为GIS决策分析提供了数据支撑。针对GIS中存在的空间数据多源化问题,从空间数据应用角度出发,详细总结阐述了三种常用空间数据集成方法,即数据格式转换法、坐标系转换与投影变换法、几何纠正法。利用这些方法,实现了玛尔挡水电站研究区各类空间数据的集成,为GIS空间决策分析奠定了坚实的数据基础。尤其针对我国GIS应用中经常遇到的北京54和西安80坐标之间的转换问题,提出了一种基于地形图标准图框和坐标改正参数实现两种坐标系地形图相互转换的简易方法,该方法操作简单,易于实现,非常适合于非测绘人员使用。
(2)进行了高精度格网DEM构建实验,并成功应用到玛尔挡水电站预可研中。基于地形数据构建高精度格网DEM,包括DEM最优生产方法选择和最佳分辨率确定两方面内容。实验分析表明:ArcGIS中Topogridtool法是目前常用遥感和GIS软件中生成格网DEM的最优方法。针对具体应用目标,可以选取地形粗糙度和剖面线长度作为不同比例尺地形数据生成格网DEM时确定最佳分辨率的定量指标。这样可以克服GIS空间分析中DEM分辨率确定的盲目性和随意性,确保基于DEM的空间分析精度。
基于DEM理论提出了“土地平整法”计算水库水位～面积曲线和水位～库容曲线的思想,并通过C#语言编写了水库面积～库容曲线计算软件。通过该软件,快速得到玛尔挡水电站水库在3270m设计水位时的水库面积为23.98km2,库容为13.72亿m3。通过计算不同水位时的水库面积和库容,快速绘制了水库水位～面积关系曲线和水位～库容关系曲线,有利于进行水电站各项设计参数的比选。
基于高精度DEM和高空间分辨率QuickBird影像等,构建了玛尔挡水电站库区虚拟现实地理信息系统(VR-GIS),为各级领导和工程技术人员形象直观地把握库区概况提供了重要平台,并可辅助进行工程设计方案的调整和完善。
(3)进行了水电开发的环境地质调查与评价,为玛尔挡水电站工程决策提供了客观依据。
利用ETM+影像进行了地层岩性、线性构造的解译与分析,完善了区域地质资料,弥补了地面地质工作的不足,为下阶段工程地质勘探工作指明了方向。
利用Quick Bird影像人工目视解译了玛尔挡水电站库区内的地质灾害,建立了地质灾害本底数据库。库区共解译出滑坡5处、崩塌5处,除靠近下坝址有一处较大规模滑坡需重点勘察研究外,其余滑坡、崩塌规模都较小,且距离坝址区较远,对工程影响不大,主要是淤积水库,不构成工程立项和建设的制约性因素。
选取斜坡结构、坡度、地层岩性、断层和河流水系5个评价因子,利用层次分析和多因子分级加权,对崩塌和滑坡地质灾害的危险性进行了预测评价。评价结果表明:整个研究区地质灾害危险性处于中等水平,但坝前及近坝库区相对于库区中段和库尾段,地质灾害危险性较高,即水电站建成蓄水后诱发滑坡和崩塌的可能性较大,需要加强该段库岸稳定性研究工作,确保水库蓄水后安全运行。
(4)进行了水电开发生态环境影响评价,为玛尔挡水电站工程决策提供了重要参考依据。
利用Quick Bird影像人工目视解译了研究区土地利用类型,基于景观生态学的理论和方法,选取9个景观指数模拟分析了水库淹没影响。水电站建成后,形成高原峡谷型水库,水域面积增加1784.220 hm2,淹没有林地938.175 hm2、裸地405.850 hm2、草地368.828 hm2、其它林地71.22 hm2、居民地0.15 hm2,不淹没耕地和道路。水库蓄水对当地社会经济结构的影响程度低,移民搬迁任务轻,淹没损失小。水库淹没前后景观基质都是草地,但景观破碎度和景观异质性升高,景观类型在空间分布上越来越均匀。综合分析表明:水库淹没对生态环境影响较小。
选用RUSLE(修正的通用土壤流失方程)模型,对研究区内水土流失进行了估算和评价。结果表明:研究区水土流失水平较低,但剧烈流失区主要分布在坝前及近坝库区,水电站建成后,水土流失产生的泥沙将直接进入水库。在进行水电站泄洪排沙等工程设计时,应充分考虑近坝库区水土流失对水库淤积的影响。水土流失预测也为水土保持规划提供了客观依据。
玛尔挡水电站的应用实践表明,将遥感和GIS等空间信息技术引入到水电开发工程预可研工作中,能够快速完成许多常规手段无法完成的工作,大大节约人力、财力和物力,提高工作效率,为工程决策提供强大的技术支持。
Much practice shows that spatial information technology can afford an objective and scientific decision-making support for all kinds of projects, because of it’s excellent function during information obtaining and spatial analysis.“What the spatial information technology can do during the Pre-feasibility Research on Hydroelectric Project?”, which is the theme of this paper. It focuses on technical methods of RS and GIS are applied into pre-feasibility research on hydroelectric project, taking the Maerdang Hydropower Station on the Yellow River as an example. Main research works of this paper are the following.
(1) Multi-source spatial data arc successfully integrated, which provide data support for GIS decision analysis.
In view of the issue of multi-source spatial data, three commonly used methods of data integration, which are data format conversion, coordinate system conversion & projection conversion, and geometric correction, are described in detail in the perspective of spatial data application. Various spatial data of the study area were integrated using these methods, which laid a solid data foundation for GIS spatial analysis of decision-making. Especially, to resolve problems of transformation between Beijing1954 and Xi'an1980 coordinate system, this paper bring forward an easy and feasible method based on standard frame of topographic map and revised parameters for coordinate. This method operates simply and easily perform, which is very suitable for some persons who don’t specialize in survey.
(2) High-precision Grid DEM construction experiments were tested, and applied successfully to pre-feasibility research on the Maerdang Hydropower Station on the Yellow River.
High-precision Grid DEM construction based on topography data includes two parts, which are optimal production methods choice and best resolution decision. Experimental analysis indicates that:“Topogridtool”in ArcGIS is the best method of Grid DEM generating among common RS and GIS softwares. In view of application targets, topography roughness and profile line length are chosen as quantitative indexes of best resolution decision for Grid DEM generating using different scales topography data, which can overcome the blindness and random in GIS spatial analysis, and ensure the spatial analysis accuracy using DEM.
“Land Leveling method”was proposed based on DEM theory to calculate the reservoir level-area curve and level- storage capacity curve, which is compiled with C# language into the reservoir area-storage capacity calculation software. By the software, the area and storage capacity of the Maerdang Hydropower Station are calculated quickly, 23.98 km2 and 1.372 billion m3 respectively when the design water level is 3270 m. And the reservoir water level-area curve and water level-storage capacity curve were mapped quickly according to area and storage capacity in different water level.
Virtual Reality GIS (VR-GIS) for reservoir region was constructed based on high-precision DEM and high-spatial resolution Quick Bird images, which can provide an important platform for leaders and engineers & technicians to master the project in detail, and assists them regulating and improving project design.
(3) Environmental geology investigation and assessment on hydroelectric development was done, which provides objective basis for project decision of the Maerdang Hydropower Station.
Regional formation and lithology and linear structures were interpreted using ETM+ images, which can improve regional geological data, repair defects about ground geological work, and indicate direction for engineering geology survey.
Reservoir geologic hazards were visually interpreted using Quick Bird images, and the geologic hazards background database was established. Five landslides and five landslips are interpreted in reservoir. Among them, one landslide whose scale is larger, near the down dam and need focus on investigation, the others whose scale were smaller, farther from the dam , slightly affect the project, and mainly bring reservoir sedimentation, which can not constitute restriction elements of project determination and construction.
Five evaluation factors, which are slopes structure, slope, formation and lithology, fault and river, are selected to forecast and evaluate the geologic hazard risk of landslides and landslips, based on analytic hierarchy process and the ordinal scale relative weighting-rating technique. Evaluation results are that, geologic hazard risk is moderate in all study area, but that is higher in frontal dam and near dam of reservoir that in the middle part and the tail part. In other words, after the hydropower station established, the probability that landslides and landslips are induced is comparatively bigger. So reservoir shore stability research need to be enhanced in order to ensure the reservoir safely operates after the hydropower station established.
(4)Environmental impact assessment of hydropower development was done, which can provide important reference for decision-making of the Maerdang Hydropower Station.
Land use types were visually interpreted using Quick Bird images. Based on the theories and methods of landscape ecology, analyzed the impacts caused by reservoir submersion, using nine landscape indexes. After the Maerdang Hydropower Station will been established, it will become a plateau canyon reservoir. Water area will increase 1784.220 hectares, and the reservoir will submerge 938.175 hectares woodland, 405.850 hectares bare land, 368.828 hectares grassland, 71.22 hectares other woodland, and 0.15 hectare residential areas, but cultivated lands and roads will not be submerged, which shows that the Maerdang Hydropower Station will give little impact on the local socio-economic structure, immigration task will be light, and submersion loss will be little.
The matrixes of landscape are grasslands before and after submersion, but landscape fragmentation and landscape heterogeneity will rise, and the spatial distribution of the landscape types will become uniform. Comprehensive analysis shows that submersion will give little influence upon ecological environment.
This paper evaluated and estimated soil erosion of study area based on RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation). The results show that the level of soil erosion in study area is relatively low, but severe loss areas are mainly located in frontal dam and near dam of reservoir. After the Maerdang Hydropower Station established, sediment from soil loss will directly enter the reservoir. When the Maerdang Hydropower Station designed, we should consider the soil loss will give influence on reservoir sedimentation. The forecast of soil erosion can provide objective basis for the soil and water conservation planning.
The application and practice in the Maerdang Hydropower Station indicates that, the spatial information technology (RS, GIS, et al.), which are introduced into pre-feasibility research on hydroelectric project, can complete quickly much work which traditional approaches cannot finish, save labor power, fund and resource greatly, improve work efficiency, and provide powerful technical support for decision-making.
(1)完成了多源空间数据集成,为GIS决策分析提供了数据支撑。针对GIS中存在的空间数据多源化问题,从空间数据应用角度出发,详细总结阐述了三种常用空间数据集成方法,即数据格式转换法、坐标系转换与投影变换法、几何纠正法。利用这些方法,实现了玛尔挡水电站研究区各类空间数据的集成,为GIS空间决策分析奠定了坚实的数据基础。尤其针对我国GIS应用中经常遇到的北京54和西安80坐标之间的转换问题,提出了一种基于地形图标准图框和坐标改正参数实现两种坐标系地形图相互转换的简易方法,该方法操作简单,易于实现,非常适合于非测绘人员使用。
(2)进行了高精度格网DEM构建实验,并成功应用到玛尔挡水电站预可研中。基于地形数据构建高精度格网DEM,包括DEM最优生产方法选择和最佳分辨率确定两方面内容。实验分析表明:ArcGIS中Topogridtool法是目前常用遥感和GIS软件中生成格网DEM的最优方法。针对具体应用目标,可以选取地形粗糙度和剖面线长度作为不同比例尺地形数据生成格网DEM时确定最佳分辨率的定量指标。这样可以克服GIS空间分析中DEM分辨率确定的盲目性和随意性,确保基于DEM的空间分析精度。
基于DEM理论提出了“土地平整法”计算水库水位～面积曲线和水位～库容曲线的思想,并通过C#语言编写了水库面积～库容曲线计算软件。通过该软件,快速得到玛尔挡水电站水库在3270m设计水位时的水库面积为23.98km2,库容为13.72亿m3。通过计算不同水位时的水库面积和库容,快速绘制了水库水位～面积关系曲线和水位～库容关系曲线,有利于进行水电站各项设计参数的比选。
基于高精度DEM和高空间分辨率QuickBird影像等,构建了玛尔挡水电站库区虚拟现实地理信息系统(VR-GIS),为各级领导和工程技术人员形象直观地把握库区概况提供了重要平台,并可辅助进行工程设计方案的调整和完善。
(3)进行了水电开发的环境地质调查与评价,为玛尔挡水电站工程决策提供了客观依据。
利用ETM+影像进行了地层岩性、线性构造的解译与分析,完善了区域地质资料,弥补了地面地质工作的不足,为下阶段工程地质勘探工作指明了方向。
利用Quick Bird影像人工目视解译了玛尔挡水电站库区内的地质灾害,建立了地质灾害本底数据库。库区共解译出滑坡5处、崩塌5处,除靠近下坝址有一处较大规模滑坡需重点勘察研究外,其余滑坡、崩塌规模都较小,且距离坝址区较远,对工程影响不大,主要是淤积水库,不构成工程立项和建设的制约性因素。
选取斜坡结构、坡度、地层岩性、断层和河流水系5个评价因子,利用层次分析和多因子分级加权,对崩塌和滑坡地质灾害的危险性进行了预测评价。评价结果表明:整个研究区地质灾害危险性处于中等水平,但坝前及近坝库区相对于库区中段和库尾段,地质灾害危险性较高,即水电站建成蓄水后诱发滑坡和崩塌的可能性较大,需要加强该段库岸稳定性研究工作,确保水库蓄水后安全运行。
(4)进行了水电开发生态环境影响评价,为玛尔挡水电站工程决策提供了重要参考依据。
利用Quick Bird影像人工目视解译了研究区土地利用类型,基于景观生态学的理论和方法,选取9个景观指数模拟分析了水库淹没影响。水电站建成后,形成高原峡谷型水库,水域面积增加1784.220 hm2,淹没有林地938.175 hm2、裸地405.850 hm2、草地368.828 hm2、其它林地71.22 hm2、居民地0.15 hm2,不淹没耕地和道路。水库蓄水对当地社会经济结构的影响程度低,移民搬迁任务轻,淹没损失小。水库淹没前后景观基质都是草地,但景观破碎度和景观异质性升高,景观类型在空间分布上越来越均匀。综合分析表明:水库淹没对生态环境影响较小。
选用RUSLE(修正的通用土壤流失方程)模型,对研究区内水土流失进行了估算和评价。结果表明:研究区水土流失水平较低,但剧烈流失区主要分布在坝前及近坝库区,水电站建成后,水土流失产生的泥沙将直接进入水库。在进行水电站泄洪排沙等工程设计时,应充分考虑近坝库区水土流失对水库淤积的影响。水土流失预测也为水土保持规划提供了客观依据。
玛尔挡水电站的应用实践表明,将遥感和GIS等空间信息技术引入到水电开发工程预可研工作中,能够快速完成许多常规手段无法完成的工作,大大节约人力、财力和物力,提高工作效率,为工程决策提供强大的技术支持。
Much practice shows that spatial information technology can afford an objective and scientific decision-making support for all kinds of projects, because of it’s excellent function during information obtaining and spatial analysis.“What the spatial information technology can do during the Pre-feasibility Research on Hydroelectric Project?”, which is the theme of this paper. It focuses on technical methods of RS and GIS are applied into pre-feasibility research on hydroelectric project, taking the Maerdang Hydropower Station on the Yellow River as an example. Main research works of this paper are the following.
(1) Multi-source spatial data arc successfully integrated, which provide data support for GIS decision analysis.
In view of the issue of multi-source spatial data, three commonly used methods of data integration, which are data format conversion, coordinate system conversion & projection conversion, and geometric correction, are described in detail in the perspective of spatial data application. Various spatial data of the study area were integrated using these methods, which laid a solid data foundation for GIS spatial analysis of decision-making. Especially, to resolve problems of transformation between Beijing1954 and Xi'an1980 coordinate system, this paper bring forward an easy and feasible method based on standard frame of topographic map and revised parameters for coordinate. This method operates simply and easily perform, which is very suitable for some persons who don’t specialize in survey.
(2) High-precision Grid DEM construction experiments were tested, and applied successfully to pre-feasibility research on the Maerdang Hydropower Station on the Yellow River.
High-precision Grid DEM construction based on topography data includes two parts, which are optimal production methods choice and best resolution decision. Experimental analysis indicates that:“Topogridtool”in ArcGIS is the best method of Grid DEM generating among common RS and GIS softwares. In view of application targets, topography roughness and profile line length are chosen as quantitative indexes of best resolution decision for Grid DEM generating using different scales topography data, which can overcome the blindness and random in GIS spatial analysis, and ensure the spatial analysis accuracy using DEM.
“Land Leveling method”was proposed based on DEM theory to calculate the reservoir level-area curve and level- storage capacity curve, which is compiled with C# language into the reservoir area-storage capacity calculation software. By the software, the area and storage capacity of the Maerdang Hydropower Station are calculated quickly, 23.98 km2 and 1.372 billion m3 respectively when the design water level is 3270 m. And the reservoir water level-area curve and water level-storage capacity curve were mapped quickly according to area and storage capacity in different water level.
Virtual Reality GIS (VR-GIS) for reservoir region was constructed based on high-precision DEM and high-spatial resolution Quick Bird images, which can provide an important platform for leaders and engineers & technicians to master the project in detail, and assists them regulating and improving project design.
(3) Environmental geology investigation and assessment on hydroelectric development was done, which provides objective basis for project decision of the Maerdang Hydropower Station.
Regional formation and lithology and linear structures were interpreted using ETM+ images, which can improve regional geological data, repair defects about ground geological work, and indicate direction for engineering geology survey.
Reservoir geologic hazards were visually interpreted using Quick Bird images, and the geologic hazards background database was established. Five landslides and five landslips are interpreted in reservoir. Among them, one landslide whose scale is larger, near the down dam and need focus on investigation, the others whose scale were smaller, farther from the dam , slightly affect the project, and mainly bring reservoir sedimentation, which can not constitute restriction elements of project determination and construction.
Five evaluation factors, which are slopes structure, slope, formation and lithology, fault and river, are selected to forecast and evaluate the geologic hazard risk of landslides and landslips, based on analytic hierarchy process and the ordinal scale relative weighting-rating technique. Evaluation results are that, geologic hazard risk is moderate in all study area, but that is higher in frontal dam and near dam of reservoir that in the middle part and the tail part. In other words, after the hydropower station established, the probability that landslides and landslips are induced is comparatively bigger. So reservoir shore stability research need to be enhanced in order to ensure the reservoir safely operates after the hydropower station established.
(4)Environmental impact assessment of hydropower development was done, which can provide important reference for decision-making of the Maerdang Hydropower Station.
Land use types were visually interpreted using Quick Bird images. Based on the theories and methods of landscape ecology, analyzed the impacts caused by reservoir submersion, using nine landscape indexes. After the Maerdang Hydropower Station will been established, it will become a plateau canyon reservoir. Water area will increase 1784.220 hectares, and the reservoir will submerge 938.175 hectares woodland, 405.850 hectares bare land, 368.828 hectares grassland, 71.22 hectares other woodland, and 0.15 hectare residential areas, but cultivated lands and roads will not be submerged, which shows that the Maerdang Hydropower Station will give little impact on the local socio-economic structure, immigration task will be light, and submersion loss will be little.
The matrixes of landscape are grasslands before and after submersion, but landscape fragmentation and landscape heterogeneity will rise, and the spatial distribution of the landscape types will become uniform. Comprehensive analysis shows that submersion will give little influence upon ecological environment.
This paper evaluated and estimated soil erosion of study area based on RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation). The results show that the level of soil erosion in study area is relatively low, but severe loss areas are mainly located in frontal dam and near dam of reservoir. After the Maerdang Hydropower Station established, sediment from soil loss will directly enter the reservoir. When the Maerdang Hydropower Station designed, we should consider the soil loss will give influence on reservoir sedimentation. The forecast of soil erosion can provide objective basis for the soil and water conservation planning.
The application and practice in the Maerdang Hydropower Station indicates that, the spatial information technology (RS, GIS, et al.), which are introduced into pre-feasibility research on hydroelectric project, can complete quickly much work which traditional approaches cannot finish, save labor power, fund and resource greatly, improve work efficiency, and provide powerful technical support for decision-making.
引文
1大坝建设环境生态影响研究综述.[EB/OL]./http://www.jxsks.com, 2005-03-17
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