多元复合地基设计理论与模型试验研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的发展和基本建设规模的扩大,我国的地基处理技术得到了迅速的发展。复合地基技术是地基处理的一个非常热门的分支,尤其是近十年来工程中出现的多元复合地基技术,其理论远远落后于应用。为了使多元复合地基技术得到更好的推广和应用,对其承载特性及沉降机理进行更深入的研究分析是非常必要的。
本文运用理论分析、室内模型试验、数值模拟等方法对多元复合地基的承载特性及沉降机理进行了较深入的研究,主要内容如下:
总结和分析了多元复合地基在理论分析、室内及现场试验、数值模拟等方面的国内外研究现状。
对多元复合地基的承载力发挥系数进行了研究,推导了多元复合地基承载力发挥系数的解析公式。由于多元复合地基的设计理论和计算方法并不成熟,与承载力有关的承载力发挥系数就无法精确选取。本文从单一桩型复合地基关于桩间土承载力发挥系数与桩土应力比的关系式出发,并在得到多元复合地基桩土应力比的解析解的基础上,推导出多元复合地基次桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数的一般求解法。并通过实例证明了求解方法的可行性。
运用理论分析法对多元复合地基的沉降机理及计算方法做了较深入的探讨。分析了多元复合地基中单桩的荷载传递规律,并在此基础上运用弹性理论法中的荷载传递原理推导出单桩桩顶沉降与单桩所受荷载之间的关系式。考虑垫层与桩土之间的相互作用,以Mylonakis和Gazetas桩—桩相互作用模型为依据,推求出桩—桩和桩—土相互作用的柔度系数,根据弹性叠加原理建立包含桩顶、土顶沉降和其对应荷载的方程。求解该方程可以得出多元复合地基中主桩、次桩对土的桩土应力比和主桩、次桩及土的荷载分担比。
通过改变桩型及其设计参数,对多元复合地基进行了一系列室内模型试验,得到其工作性状:多元复合地基的荷载沉降曲线特征、各种桩和桩间土的应力特点、桩土应力比特点、桩和土的荷载分担比曲线特征。本室内静载荷试验模型虽然不能完全模拟现场多元复合地基的工作性状,但从定性上分析多元复合地基的工作性状是可行的。从试验结果看出,在处理粉细砂类土,钢管桩与砂桩、混凝土桩与石灰桩联合处理的效果较好,且明显优于砂桩处理的效果;而石灰桩与砂桩联合处理效果与砂桩处理的效果相比不明显。
通过ANSYS建立的多元复合地基非线性有限元模型,模拟了多元复合地基在均质地基和双层地基情况下的静载荷试验,并对计算结果进行分析,获得设计参数变化对多元复合地基承载力特征值、桩土应力比及承载力发挥系数的影响规律。
通过解析解、室内模型试验结果、数值分析、现场测试结果结合工程实践进行综合分析,进一步完善了多元复合地基的设计理论。
最后,对本文作了总结,并就进一步研究的方向提出了建议。
With the economic growth and the expansion of infrastructure construction, the technology of ground improvement has developed rapidly. Composite foundation technique is one of the hot fields of ground improvement technology, especially multi-element composite foundation which emerged in last decade, its theory falls behind the application. In order to spread the multi-element composite foundation technique better, it's necessary to study the characteristics of bearing capacity and mechanism of settlement further.
In this dissertation, theoretical analysis, model tests and numerical simulation methods have been employed to study the characteristics of load bearing and the mechanism of settlement of the multi-element composite foundation. The main contents are as follows:
The state-of-the-art of multi-element composite foundation in the theoretical analysis, model and field tests, numerical simulation, and other aspects were summarized at home and abroad.
The efficiency factors of bearing capacity have been studied. The analytical formulas for efficiency factors of bearing capacity of multi-element composite foundation were deduced. Because the design theory and calculation method are immature, the efficiency factors of bearing capacity cannot be selected accurately. From the relationship between efficiency factor of soil and pile-soil stress ratio of single-pile composite foundation, and based on the analytical solution of pile-soil stress ratio of multi-element composite foundation, the general method for calculating efficiency factors of bearing capacity of auxiliary piles and the soil in multi-element composite foundation was presented in this dissertation. By applying the method in practical project, its feasibility was proved.
With theoretical analysis methods, the settlement mechanism and the calculation method of the multi-element composite foundation were studied deeply. This dissertation performed the analysis of load-transfer law of single pile in multi-element composite foundation. Based on the above law, the relationship between the settlement of the single pile's top and the load on the sigle pile's top was derived by load-transfer principle in elasticity theory. Relying on the model of pile to pile from Mylonakis and Gazetas, considering the interaction among cushion, pile and soil, the flexibility coefficients of pile to pile and pile to soil were obtained. And according to the superposition principle in elasticity theory, an equation including the settlements and the loads on the pile top and soil top was established. Pile-soil stress ratios of primary pile to soil and auxiliary pile to soil and load-sharing ratios of primary pile, auxiliary pile and soil of multi-element composite foundation could be obtained by solving the equation.
A set of apparatus of foundation physical model has been developed and utilized to conduct model tests of multi-element composite foundation. By changing the types of multi-element composite foundation and their design parameters, a number of characteristics of multi-element composite foundation have been obtained, including the characteristics of load-settlement curves, stress of the piles, stress of the soil between piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piless and soil. Although the model tests cannot precisely describe the characteristics of multi-element composite foundation, they reveal the mechanism of multi-element composite foundation qualitatively. It is concluded that the multi-element composite foundation on steel pipe pile and sand column and the multi-element composite foundation on concrete pile and lime column contributed more greatly than the composite foundation on sand column for improving the silty fine sand. But the multi-element composite foundation of lime column and sand column did not contribute more greatly than the composite foundation of sand column for improving the silty fine sand.
The nonlinear finite element model of the multi-element composite foundation established by ANSYS, can simulate the static load tests of multi-element composite foundation under the conditons of homogeneous foundation and the double foundation. Through the comparison of measured and computed results, influence laws of the characteristic value of bearing capacity, pile-soil stress ratios and efficiency factors of bearing capacity of multi-element composite foundation were obtained by changing the design parameters.
By comprehensive analyses of analytical solutions, model test results, numerical simulation, field test results and engineering practice, the design theory of the multi-element composite foundation was further improved.
Finally, the problems which need further studies were discussed.
本文运用理论分析、室内模型试验、数值模拟等方法对多元复合地基的承载特性及沉降机理进行了较深入的研究,主要内容如下:
总结和分析了多元复合地基在理论分析、室内及现场试验、数值模拟等方面的国内外研究现状。
对多元复合地基的承载力发挥系数进行了研究,推导了多元复合地基承载力发挥系数的解析公式。由于多元复合地基的设计理论和计算方法并不成熟,与承载力有关的承载力发挥系数就无法精确选取。本文从单一桩型复合地基关于桩间土承载力发挥系数与桩土应力比的关系式出发,并在得到多元复合地基桩土应力比的解析解的基础上,推导出多元复合地基次桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数的一般求解法。并通过实例证明了求解方法的可行性。
运用理论分析法对多元复合地基的沉降机理及计算方法做了较深入的探讨。分析了多元复合地基中单桩的荷载传递规律,并在此基础上运用弹性理论法中的荷载传递原理推导出单桩桩顶沉降与单桩所受荷载之间的关系式。考虑垫层与桩土之间的相互作用,以Mylonakis和Gazetas桩—桩相互作用模型为依据,推求出桩—桩和桩—土相互作用的柔度系数,根据弹性叠加原理建立包含桩顶、土顶沉降和其对应荷载的方程。求解该方程可以得出多元复合地基中主桩、次桩对土的桩土应力比和主桩、次桩及土的荷载分担比。
通过改变桩型及其设计参数,对多元复合地基进行了一系列室内模型试验,得到其工作性状:多元复合地基的荷载沉降曲线特征、各种桩和桩间土的应力特点、桩土应力比特点、桩和土的荷载分担比曲线特征。本室内静载荷试验模型虽然不能完全模拟现场多元复合地基的工作性状,但从定性上分析多元复合地基的工作性状是可行的。从试验结果看出,在处理粉细砂类土,钢管桩与砂桩、混凝土桩与石灰桩联合处理的效果较好,且明显优于砂桩处理的效果;而石灰桩与砂桩联合处理效果与砂桩处理的效果相比不明显。
通过ANSYS建立的多元复合地基非线性有限元模型,模拟了多元复合地基在均质地基和双层地基情况下的静载荷试验,并对计算结果进行分析,获得设计参数变化对多元复合地基承载力特征值、桩土应力比及承载力发挥系数的影响规律。
通过解析解、室内模型试验结果、数值分析、现场测试结果结合工程实践进行综合分析,进一步完善了多元复合地基的设计理论。
最后,对本文作了总结,并就进一步研究的方向提出了建议。
With the economic growth and the expansion of infrastructure construction, the technology of ground improvement has developed rapidly. Composite foundation technique is one of the hot fields of ground improvement technology, especially multi-element composite foundation which emerged in last decade, its theory falls behind the application. In order to spread the multi-element composite foundation technique better, it's necessary to study the characteristics of bearing capacity and mechanism of settlement further.
In this dissertation, theoretical analysis, model tests and numerical simulation methods have been employed to study the characteristics of load bearing and the mechanism of settlement of the multi-element composite foundation. The main contents are as follows:
The state-of-the-art of multi-element composite foundation in the theoretical analysis, model and field tests, numerical simulation, and other aspects were summarized at home and abroad.
The efficiency factors of bearing capacity have been studied. The analytical formulas for efficiency factors of bearing capacity of multi-element composite foundation were deduced. Because the design theory and calculation method are immature, the efficiency factors of bearing capacity cannot be selected accurately. From the relationship between efficiency factor of soil and pile-soil stress ratio of single-pile composite foundation, and based on the analytical solution of pile-soil stress ratio of multi-element composite foundation, the general method for calculating efficiency factors of bearing capacity of auxiliary piles and the soil in multi-element composite foundation was presented in this dissertation. By applying the method in practical project, its feasibility was proved.
With theoretical analysis methods, the settlement mechanism and the calculation method of the multi-element composite foundation were studied deeply. This dissertation performed the analysis of load-transfer law of single pile in multi-element composite foundation. Based on the above law, the relationship between the settlement of the single pile's top and the load on the sigle pile's top was derived by load-transfer principle in elasticity theory. Relying on the model of pile to pile from Mylonakis and Gazetas, considering the interaction among cushion, pile and soil, the flexibility coefficients of pile to pile and pile to soil were obtained. And according to the superposition principle in elasticity theory, an equation including the settlements and the loads on the pile top and soil top was established. Pile-soil stress ratios of primary pile to soil and auxiliary pile to soil and load-sharing ratios of primary pile, auxiliary pile and soil of multi-element composite foundation could be obtained by solving the equation.
A set of apparatus of foundation physical model has been developed and utilized to conduct model tests of multi-element composite foundation. By changing the types of multi-element composite foundation and their design parameters, a number of characteristics of multi-element composite foundation have been obtained, including the characteristics of load-settlement curves, stress of the piles, stress of the soil between piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piless and soil. Although the model tests cannot precisely describe the characteristics of multi-element composite foundation, they reveal the mechanism of multi-element composite foundation qualitatively. It is concluded that the multi-element composite foundation on steel pipe pile and sand column and the multi-element composite foundation on concrete pile and lime column contributed more greatly than the composite foundation on sand column for improving the silty fine sand. But the multi-element composite foundation of lime column and sand column did not contribute more greatly than the composite foundation of sand column for improving the silty fine sand.
The nonlinear finite element model of the multi-element composite foundation established by ANSYS, can simulate the static load tests of multi-element composite foundation under the conditons of homogeneous foundation and the double foundation. Through the comparison of measured and computed results, influence laws of the characteristic value of bearing capacity, pile-soil stress ratios and efficiency factors of bearing capacity of multi-element composite foundation were obtained by changing the design parameters.
By comprehensive analyses of analytical solutions, model test results, numerical simulation, field test results and engineering practice, the design theory of the multi-element composite foundation was further improved.
Finally, the problems which need further studies were discussed.
引文
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