新型混合多端直流输电系统理论及其若干关键问题研究
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摘要
基于晶闸管电流源型换流器(CSC)的传统直流输电系统功率等级高、运行可靠、成本低,但仅适用于具有一定短路比的电力系统,难以向弱交流系统或无源负荷中心供电。由GTO、IGBT或IGCT等全控器件构成电压源型换流器(VSC)的直流输电系统不仅可以工作在有源逆变状态,也可以工作在无源逆变状态,具有独立控制有功功率和无功功率、提高交流系统稳定性、输出电压波形好等优点。然而,其功率等级较低、成本较为昂贵,难以应用在大规模的电力传输上。为获取最大的经济和技术效益,充分利用电压源换流器和电流源换流器各自的优点,本文对基于电压源型换流器和电流源型换流器的混合直流输电系统及其相关技术进行了研究。
首先,采用临界换相电压降指标分析了基于晶闸管电流源型换流器的传统直流输电系统与弱交流系统连接时的运行特性,并利用STATCOM技术进行了改进。同时,也分析了电压源型直流输电系统与弱交流系统相连接时的运行特性,指出利用STATCOM技术具有扩大逆变器的运行范围,提高交流系统的电压稳定性;减小系统等值电抗,增大临界换相电压降,降低换相失败概率;动态响应速度快等优点。然而,由于基于晶闸管的逆变器只能工作在有源逆变状态,即使采用STATCOM技术,其向无源系统供电的实现仍相当困难。为此,论文提出了一种含电压源型换流器的混合双端直流输电系统,不仅可以向弱交流系统供电,也能向无源系统供电,扩大了直流输电系统的适用范围。
其次,研究了一种基于电压源型换流器和电流源型换流器的混合多端直流输电系统,其换流器既可以是电压源型的,也可以是电流源型的,各个换流器之间以并联方式连接。为验证该直流输电模式的有效性和可行性,本文建立了一个混合三端直流输电系统仿真模型,包含一个电流源型整流器、一个电流源型逆变器和一个电压源型双向换流器,并分别设计了相应的控制策略。当电流源整流器采用定电流控制,电流源逆变器采用定电流控制,电压源双向换流器采用定直流电压控制和定交流电压控制时,混合多端直流输电系统在起动、稳态运行、交直流故障等情况下均具有良好的运行特性,不失为一种有效的直流输电模式,能够综合利用常规直流输电和轻型直流输电各自的优点,有效扩展常规直流输电系统的适用范围。
第三,提出了一种改进的瞬时对称分量分析方法,并将其应用于序电流检测。传统对称分量法定义在频域范围内,只能用于电力系统不对称运行或不对称故障状态的稳态分析,不能用于暂态分析。传统瞬时对称分量法定义在时域范围内,但在变换过程中采用了移相因子,具有一定的延时,不能实现无延迟对称分量变换。本文采用三角函数分解法,根据电压或电流的瞬时值直接构造对应的无延时旋转相量,然后再利用旋转相量进行对称分量变换,进而无延迟地获取正序、负序和零序分量的瞬时值。将改进瞬时对称分量法用于实现一种新型序电流检测,通过对三相不对称电路序电流检测的仿真研究,结果表明了该方法的正确性。
第四,提出了一种新型的正负序双回路、双闭环控制策略。电网三相不平衡时,故障侧交流系统将产生负序分量,进而在直流输电线路上产生2n次非特征谐波。直流非特征谐波通过直流输电网络传递至另一侧换流器,并在所连接交流系统中产生2n+1次的非特征谐波,进而影响电压源型直流输电系统的运行特性。本文利用改进瞬时对称分量法获取电压和电流的无延迟正、负序分量,并基于瞬时功率理论提出了一个正负序双回路、双闭环控制策略,可以有效地抑制电网三相不平衡时电压源型直流输电系统的谐波传递特性。
最后,对混合多端直流输电系统的应用进行了研究。主要研究了采用双馈异步电机的风力发电系统,提出了基于内模控制原理的控制策略,并通过电压源型换流器将大型风力发电场接入并联型混合多端直流输电系统,该混合多端直流输电系统也可通过电压源型换流器向弱交流系统供电。利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件,建立了一个含风力发电系统的五端混合直流输电系统,并通过仿真分析了其运行特性,验证了所提出控制策略的可行性。
Conventional HVDC system consists of line commutated current source converters based on thyristors. It has the advantages of high rated power, reliability, and low cost. However, because the conventional HVDC system connected to the weak AC power system is inclined to cause commutation failure and the voltage instability, it is only suitable for the strong AC power system. Therefore, such kind of HVDC system is difficult to supply power to the weak AC power system or passive power system. The VSC-HVDC system based on forced commutated voltage source converters, such as GTO, IGBT, IGCT, has the advantages to feed AC power systems with low short circuit power or even passive networks with no local power generation, to continuously adjust reactive power and active power independently, improve the voltage stability of the AC power system, and to supply high quality power. At present, the rated power of VSC-HVDC system is much less than that of conventional HVDC system, but its cost is much higher than that of conventional HVDC system. Therefore, it is impossible now to adopt the technology of VSC-HVDC system to transfer large power for long distance. To obtain the best economical, technical, and environmental benefits, a hybrid multi-terminal HVDC system composed of the advantages of both kinds of converter is investigated as well as its corresponding technologie and application problems.
Firstly, by use of the parameter of critical commutating voltage reduction, the mechanism of commutation failures of conventional HVDC system connected to a weak AC system is investigated and its operation characteristics are also investigated. Comparing the influences of different reactive power compensating devices, it is found that STATCOM is the best choice to improve the operation characteristics, to reduce the probability of the commutation failures, to enlarge the operation range of the inverter, to enhance the voltage stability of the weak AC system. However, even using the STATCOM to compensate the reactive power, it is still very difficult to transfer power to passive AC power system by the conventional HVDC technology. Therefore, a new hybrid point-to-point HVDC system including a voltage source inverter is designed. It is found that this kind of HVDC system is able to supply the passive system.
Secondly, a novel hybrid multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system, composed of line commutated thyristor current source converters (CSC) and GTO voltage source converters (VSC) in parallel, is proposed for the extension of the conventional HVDC system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, a simulation model for the hybrid three-terminal HVDC system is developed, which consists of a VSC terminal, a CSC rectifier, and a CSC inverter. Based on the developed MTDC system, two control schemes are proposed. The performance of the HVDC system is studied by simulation under the following conditions: start-up, normal operations, and faulted conditions in the DC links as well as in the AC systems. Simulation results show that the first control scheme is more effective for the hybrid MTDC system, and such system is able to exploit the advantages of both the conventional HVDC system and the VSC-HVDC system. The results also show a new application for the conventional HVDC system.
Thirdly, a new method to calculate the instantaneous symmetrical components in the time-domain is proposed in this paper. This provides a new way to detect the positive and negative sequence currents. Traditional symmetrical components defined in the frequency- domain is effective only for steady-state analyses of unbalanced faults and systems. Although the conventional instantaneous symmetrical component definited in time-domain can be use, time delay will be introduced. A new kind of instantaneous symmetrical component calculation methos is developed in the dissertation. The principle of the proposed method is based on the rolling phasors which are calculated by use of the three phase instantaneous variables. As a result, the positive, the negative and the zero sequence components can be obtained. Additional advantages of the proposed method include: without triangular function calculation, good real-time performance. As an example, the proposed method is used for the detection of the positive and the negative sequence current for a unbalanced three phase power system The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fourthly, a new dual loop and dual current control scheme based on the instantaneous symmetrical components is proposed in this paper. If the VSC-HVDC system is connected to the three-phase unbalanced power system, negative sequence components will be produced in the AC power system and the 2nth orders non-characterized harmonics component in the DC line. The DC ripple will transfer to the other converter of the HVDC system, and will produce (2n+1)th orders uncharacterized harmonics in the AC power system connected to that converter. Therefore, if the unbalanced fault occurs in the AC power system, it will deteriorate the performance of VSC-HVDC system. In the proposed control scheme, sequence components without time delay are obtained from the instantaneous symmetrical components of both the voltage and the current measurements. As a result, the proposed method can be used in the real-time control especially for those cases the time delay caused by the conventional symmetrical components must be considered. Based on the result obtained, a control scheme including a compensator for the unbalanced component is developed to eliminate the harmonics transfer characteristics of VSC-HVDC system under the unbalanced faults.
Finally, the application of hybrid multi-terminal HVDC system for large wind farm is studied. The wind power system using double fed induction generator and its control scheme based on the internal model control theory are investigated. The operation characteristics of the wind farm connected to a hybrid parallel multi-terminal HVDC system are analyzed by use of the PSCAD/EMTDC. Satisfactory results are obtained.
首先,采用临界换相电压降指标分析了基于晶闸管电流源型换流器的传统直流输电系统与弱交流系统连接时的运行特性,并利用STATCOM技术进行了改进。同时,也分析了电压源型直流输电系统与弱交流系统相连接时的运行特性,指出利用STATCOM技术具有扩大逆变器的运行范围,提高交流系统的电压稳定性;减小系统等值电抗,增大临界换相电压降,降低换相失败概率;动态响应速度快等优点。然而,由于基于晶闸管的逆变器只能工作在有源逆变状态,即使采用STATCOM技术,其向无源系统供电的实现仍相当困难。为此,论文提出了一种含电压源型换流器的混合双端直流输电系统,不仅可以向弱交流系统供电,也能向无源系统供电,扩大了直流输电系统的适用范围。
其次,研究了一种基于电压源型换流器和电流源型换流器的混合多端直流输电系统,其换流器既可以是电压源型的,也可以是电流源型的,各个换流器之间以并联方式连接。为验证该直流输电模式的有效性和可行性,本文建立了一个混合三端直流输电系统仿真模型,包含一个电流源型整流器、一个电流源型逆变器和一个电压源型双向换流器,并分别设计了相应的控制策略。当电流源整流器采用定电流控制,电流源逆变器采用定电流控制,电压源双向换流器采用定直流电压控制和定交流电压控制时,混合多端直流输电系统在起动、稳态运行、交直流故障等情况下均具有良好的运行特性,不失为一种有效的直流输电模式,能够综合利用常规直流输电和轻型直流输电各自的优点,有效扩展常规直流输电系统的适用范围。
第三,提出了一种改进的瞬时对称分量分析方法,并将其应用于序电流检测。传统对称分量法定义在频域范围内,只能用于电力系统不对称运行或不对称故障状态的稳态分析,不能用于暂态分析。传统瞬时对称分量法定义在时域范围内,但在变换过程中采用了移相因子,具有一定的延时,不能实现无延迟对称分量变换。本文采用三角函数分解法,根据电压或电流的瞬时值直接构造对应的无延时旋转相量,然后再利用旋转相量进行对称分量变换,进而无延迟地获取正序、负序和零序分量的瞬时值。将改进瞬时对称分量法用于实现一种新型序电流检测,通过对三相不对称电路序电流检测的仿真研究,结果表明了该方法的正确性。
第四,提出了一种新型的正负序双回路、双闭环控制策略。电网三相不平衡时,故障侧交流系统将产生负序分量,进而在直流输电线路上产生2n次非特征谐波。直流非特征谐波通过直流输电网络传递至另一侧换流器,并在所连接交流系统中产生2n+1次的非特征谐波,进而影响电压源型直流输电系统的运行特性。本文利用改进瞬时对称分量法获取电压和电流的无延迟正、负序分量,并基于瞬时功率理论提出了一个正负序双回路、双闭环控制策略,可以有效地抑制电网三相不平衡时电压源型直流输电系统的谐波传递特性。
最后,对混合多端直流输电系统的应用进行了研究。主要研究了采用双馈异步电机的风力发电系统,提出了基于内模控制原理的控制策略,并通过电压源型换流器将大型风力发电场接入并联型混合多端直流输电系统,该混合多端直流输电系统也可通过电压源型换流器向弱交流系统供电。利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件,建立了一个含风力发电系统的五端混合直流输电系统,并通过仿真分析了其运行特性,验证了所提出控制策略的可行性。
Conventional HVDC system consists of line commutated current source converters based on thyristors. It has the advantages of high rated power, reliability, and low cost. However, because the conventional HVDC system connected to the weak AC power system is inclined to cause commutation failure and the voltage instability, it is only suitable for the strong AC power system. Therefore, such kind of HVDC system is difficult to supply power to the weak AC power system or passive power system. The VSC-HVDC system based on forced commutated voltage source converters, such as GTO, IGBT, IGCT, has the advantages to feed AC power systems with low short circuit power or even passive networks with no local power generation, to continuously adjust reactive power and active power independently, improve the voltage stability of the AC power system, and to supply high quality power. At present, the rated power of VSC-HVDC system is much less than that of conventional HVDC system, but its cost is much higher than that of conventional HVDC system. Therefore, it is impossible now to adopt the technology of VSC-HVDC system to transfer large power for long distance. To obtain the best economical, technical, and environmental benefits, a hybrid multi-terminal HVDC system composed of the advantages of both kinds of converter is investigated as well as its corresponding technologie and application problems.
Firstly, by use of the parameter of critical commutating voltage reduction, the mechanism of commutation failures of conventional HVDC system connected to a weak AC system is investigated and its operation characteristics are also investigated. Comparing the influences of different reactive power compensating devices, it is found that STATCOM is the best choice to improve the operation characteristics, to reduce the probability of the commutation failures, to enlarge the operation range of the inverter, to enhance the voltage stability of the weak AC system. However, even using the STATCOM to compensate the reactive power, it is still very difficult to transfer power to passive AC power system by the conventional HVDC technology. Therefore, a new hybrid point-to-point HVDC system including a voltage source inverter is designed. It is found that this kind of HVDC system is able to supply the passive system.
Secondly, a novel hybrid multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system, composed of line commutated thyristor current source converters (CSC) and GTO voltage source converters (VSC) in parallel, is proposed for the extension of the conventional HVDC system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed system, a simulation model for the hybrid three-terminal HVDC system is developed, which consists of a VSC terminal, a CSC rectifier, and a CSC inverter. Based on the developed MTDC system, two control schemes are proposed. The performance of the HVDC system is studied by simulation under the following conditions: start-up, normal operations, and faulted conditions in the DC links as well as in the AC systems. Simulation results show that the first control scheme is more effective for the hybrid MTDC system, and such system is able to exploit the advantages of both the conventional HVDC system and the VSC-HVDC system. The results also show a new application for the conventional HVDC system.
Thirdly, a new method to calculate the instantaneous symmetrical components in the time-domain is proposed in this paper. This provides a new way to detect the positive and negative sequence currents. Traditional symmetrical components defined in the frequency- domain is effective only for steady-state analyses of unbalanced faults and systems. Although the conventional instantaneous symmetrical component definited in time-domain can be use, time delay will be introduced. A new kind of instantaneous symmetrical component calculation methos is developed in the dissertation. The principle of the proposed method is based on the rolling phasors which are calculated by use of the three phase instantaneous variables. As a result, the positive, the negative and the zero sequence components can be obtained. Additional advantages of the proposed method include: without triangular function calculation, good real-time performance. As an example, the proposed method is used for the detection of the positive and the negative sequence current for a unbalanced three phase power system The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fourthly, a new dual loop and dual current control scheme based on the instantaneous symmetrical components is proposed in this paper. If the VSC-HVDC system is connected to the three-phase unbalanced power system, negative sequence components will be produced in the AC power system and the 2nth orders non-characterized harmonics component in the DC line. The DC ripple will transfer to the other converter of the HVDC system, and will produce (2n+1)th orders uncharacterized harmonics in the AC power system connected to that converter. Therefore, if the unbalanced fault occurs in the AC power system, it will deteriorate the performance of VSC-HVDC system. In the proposed control scheme, sequence components without time delay are obtained from the instantaneous symmetrical components of both the voltage and the current measurements. As a result, the proposed method can be used in the real-time control especially for those cases the time delay caused by the conventional symmetrical components must be considered. Based on the result obtained, a control scheme including a compensator for the unbalanced component is developed to eliminate the harmonics transfer characteristics of VSC-HVDC system under the unbalanced faults.
Finally, the application of hybrid multi-terminal HVDC system for large wind farm is studied. The wind power system using double fed induction generator and its control scheme based on the internal model control theory are investigated. The operation characteristics of the wind farm connected to a hybrid parallel multi-terminal HVDC system are analyzed by use of the PSCAD/EMTDC. Satisfactory results are obtained.
引文
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