光折变效应中若干问题的实验研究
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摘要
光折变效应能导致光折变材料的折射率在弱光作用下发生变化,在未来的光信息技术中有着广泛的应用前景。有关光折变材料的应用研究一直以来备受人们关注。随着材料技术的不断发展,光折变材料已由过去的非线性晶体发展为易于集成的半导体、薄膜、液晶等非线性材料。新型光折变材料的出现为今后的应用提供了坚实的基础,因此探索光折变效应在新领域的一些应用十分必要,本文正是基于此目的对光折变效应中的若干问题展开相关实验研究。
论文首先从Kukhtarev带输运模型出发,从理论上分析了光折变材料中的空间电荷场的建立及其调制折射率的过程。重点讨论了双光束耦合作用,从理论上分析了双光束耦合中的能量及相位耦合过程,从Bragg衍射角度定性分析了光折变体相位栅在能量耦合中所发挥的作用。然后介绍了光折变空间孤子的相关理论,分别讨论了自相位调制自聚焦机制形成的空间孤子及非线性相位耦合机制形成的空间孤子理论模型。通常又把通过非线性相位耦合机制形成的空间孤子称为全息孤子。本文介绍的全息孤子是基于双光束耦合作用形成的空间孤子,依据是否考虑损耗的影响,全息孤子又分为哈密顿全息孤子及耗散全息孤子。
本文首次提出了空间孤子的顶侧面观测法,该方法结合CCD图像采集技术和计算机软件处理技术,直观地分析了空间孤子的动态演化过程。该方法能够分析光束在传输过程中不同位置的强度最大值、半高全宽(FWHM)值及该处的能量值。通过该方法成功观测到光伏明孤子。对于耗散全息孤子的实验观测,由于存在能量耦合作用,因此不能直接采用该方法进行观测。本文结合光闸瞬间成像法及顶侧面观测法成功观测了耗散全息光伏明孤子。并分析了耗散全息孤子的相关特性,验证了全息波导的存在。依据双光束耦合理论,分析了外界微扰信息对干涉条纹与体相位栅之间相移角的影响。相移角的改变将直接导致两输出光之间的能量迅速发生变化。在两束入射光能量相同的条件下,一旦体相位栅形成,外界微扰信息将不会对体相位栅造成很大影响,微扰信息只是改变了相移角大小,避免了体相位栅的重建过程,因此体相位栅能够快速实现信号调制过程。
实验研究发现,外界微扰信息对两输出光的能量影响非常小,只占总能量的很小一部分。在经过光电探测后的信号中,调制信息属于交流成分,经过放大处理电路后便可提取出调制信号,两路输出光中包含的交流调制信号具有差分特性。利用该方法可实现高速光差分调制器件,该调制器用于探测传感领域可用来探测空气扰动,环境振动、瞬变压力等信息;该调制器用于空间光通信领域,可实现差分模式空间光通信,差分通信能有效克服共模干扰的影响。
Photorefractive effects can result in the change of refractive index of Photorefractive media under the illumination of very weak light, which may be widely used in future optical information technology. The application study on photorefractive materials has attracted more and more people’s attention. With the development of material technology, the photorefractive materials have been developed from nonlinear crystals to the easily integrated materials, such as semiconductor, thin film and liquid crystal, etc. The new photorefractive materials offer a good foundation for future application. So it is very necessary for the exploratory development of photorefractive effect in new application field. For this purpose, we develop the correlation experimental study on some problems of photorefractive effects in this dissertation.
The forming mechanism of space-charge field and its influence on the refractive index of nonlinear materials are first derived based on the Kukhtarev-Vinestskii model. We discuss the interaction of two laser beams inside a photorefractive medium, analyze the intensity and phase coupling process, and investigate qualitatively the role of photorefractive volume phase grating on the intensity coupling process. Then, relevant theories of photorefractive spatial solitons are presented. Spatial solitons generally can be classified into two generic types: The first type is originated from the self-phase modulation self-focusing mechanism, and the second type is originated from the mechanism that arises from the nonlinear phase coupling. Normally, we call the spatial solitons arises from the nonlinear phase coupling as holographic solitons. The holographic solitons investigated here is based on two-wave mixing, it can be divided into Hamitonian holographic (HH) solitons and dissipative holographic (DH) solitons.
Basing on CCD technology and software processing, a new method, namely top- and side-view method, is first presented for the observation of spatial optical solitons in photorefractive crystals. This method has an ability to show the horizontal and vertical outline of the beam at any location of the crystal very intuitively. The max intensity, full wave at half maximum (FWHM) and total energy of the beam at any location of the crystal can be obtained by this means. By use of this method, we have experimentally observed the two-dimension bright photovoltaic solitons in a KNSBN crystal. Because there exists intensity coupling, the DH solitons can’t be observed directly by this means. We have experimentally observed the DH bright photovoltaic solitons in a KNSBN crystal by this method combined with optical shutter. The correlated character of DH solitons is analyzed from experimental data. Experimental results prove the existence of holographic waveguide.
The influence of infinitesimal disturbance on the phase shift between the incident fringes pattern and the volume phase grating is discussed based on two-wave mixing theory. The change of the phase shift will immediately result in the intensity fluctuation of two output beams. As soon as the volume phase grating forms under two incident beams with the same intensity, the phase grating is almost unaffected under the influence of infinitesimal disturbance, the disturbance only changes the phase shift, and the volume phase grating avoids reforming, so the volume phase grating can implement signal modulation quickly.
It can be seen from the experiments, the influence of infinitesimal disturbance on the intensity of two output beams is very tiny. Compare with the total energy, the modulated energy is very small. The modulated signal is the alternating current (AC) portion of the composite signal generated by photoelectric detector. By use of special amplification circuit, the modulated signal can be obtained. Two modulated signals of the two output beams own the character of differential signals. High speed optical differential modulation device can be made by utilizing this character of volume phase grating. In the sensor domain, this differential modulation device can be used to detect the air disturbance, environmental vibration, transient pressure, etc. For space optic communication, this differential modulation device can implement differential space optic communication, which can eliminate the common-mode disturbance effectively.
论文首先从Kukhtarev带输运模型出发,从理论上分析了光折变材料中的空间电荷场的建立及其调制折射率的过程。重点讨论了双光束耦合作用,从理论上分析了双光束耦合中的能量及相位耦合过程,从Bragg衍射角度定性分析了光折变体相位栅在能量耦合中所发挥的作用。然后介绍了光折变空间孤子的相关理论,分别讨论了自相位调制自聚焦机制形成的空间孤子及非线性相位耦合机制形成的空间孤子理论模型。通常又把通过非线性相位耦合机制形成的空间孤子称为全息孤子。本文介绍的全息孤子是基于双光束耦合作用形成的空间孤子,依据是否考虑损耗的影响,全息孤子又分为哈密顿全息孤子及耗散全息孤子。
本文首次提出了空间孤子的顶侧面观测法,该方法结合CCD图像采集技术和计算机软件处理技术,直观地分析了空间孤子的动态演化过程。该方法能够分析光束在传输过程中不同位置的强度最大值、半高全宽(FWHM)值及该处的能量值。通过该方法成功观测到光伏明孤子。对于耗散全息孤子的实验观测,由于存在能量耦合作用,因此不能直接采用该方法进行观测。本文结合光闸瞬间成像法及顶侧面观测法成功观测了耗散全息光伏明孤子。并分析了耗散全息孤子的相关特性,验证了全息波导的存在。依据双光束耦合理论,分析了外界微扰信息对干涉条纹与体相位栅之间相移角的影响。相移角的改变将直接导致两输出光之间的能量迅速发生变化。在两束入射光能量相同的条件下,一旦体相位栅形成,外界微扰信息将不会对体相位栅造成很大影响,微扰信息只是改变了相移角大小,避免了体相位栅的重建过程,因此体相位栅能够快速实现信号调制过程。
实验研究发现,外界微扰信息对两输出光的能量影响非常小,只占总能量的很小一部分。在经过光电探测后的信号中,调制信息属于交流成分,经过放大处理电路后便可提取出调制信号,两路输出光中包含的交流调制信号具有差分特性。利用该方法可实现高速光差分调制器件,该调制器用于探测传感领域可用来探测空气扰动,环境振动、瞬变压力等信息;该调制器用于空间光通信领域,可实现差分模式空间光通信,差分通信能有效克服共模干扰的影响。
Photorefractive effects can result in the change of refractive index of Photorefractive media under the illumination of very weak light, which may be widely used in future optical information technology. The application study on photorefractive materials has attracted more and more people’s attention. With the development of material technology, the photorefractive materials have been developed from nonlinear crystals to the easily integrated materials, such as semiconductor, thin film and liquid crystal, etc. The new photorefractive materials offer a good foundation for future application. So it is very necessary for the exploratory development of photorefractive effect in new application field. For this purpose, we develop the correlation experimental study on some problems of photorefractive effects in this dissertation.
The forming mechanism of space-charge field and its influence on the refractive index of nonlinear materials are first derived based on the Kukhtarev-Vinestskii model. We discuss the interaction of two laser beams inside a photorefractive medium, analyze the intensity and phase coupling process, and investigate qualitatively the role of photorefractive volume phase grating on the intensity coupling process. Then, relevant theories of photorefractive spatial solitons are presented. Spatial solitons generally can be classified into two generic types: The first type is originated from the self-phase modulation self-focusing mechanism, and the second type is originated from the mechanism that arises from the nonlinear phase coupling. Normally, we call the spatial solitons arises from the nonlinear phase coupling as holographic solitons. The holographic solitons investigated here is based on two-wave mixing, it can be divided into Hamitonian holographic (HH) solitons and dissipative holographic (DH) solitons.
Basing on CCD technology and software processing, a new method, namely top- and side-view method, is first presented for the observation of spatial optical solitons in photorefractive crystals. This method has an ability to show the horizontal and vertical outline of the beam at any location of the crystal very intuitively. The max intensity, full wave at half maximum (FWHM) and total energy of the beam at any location of the crystal can be obtained by this means. By use of this method, we have experimentally observed the two-dimension bright photovoltaic solitons in a KNSBN crystal. Because there exists intensity coupling, the DH solitons can’t be observed directly by this means. We have experimentally observed the DH bright photovoltaic solitons in a KNSBN crystal by this method combined with optical shutter. The correlated character of DH solitons is analyzed from experimental data. Experimental results prove the existence of holographic waveguide.
The influence of infinitesimal disturbance on the phase shift between the incident fringes pattern and the volume phase grating is discussed based on two-wave mixing theory. The change of the phase shift will immediately result in the intensity fluctuation of two output beams. As soon as the volume phase grating forms under two incident beams with the same intensity, the phase grating is almost unaffected under the influence of infinitesimal disturbance, the disturbance only changes the phase shift, and the volume phase grating avoids reforming, so the volume phase grating can implement signal modulation quickly.
It can be seen from the experiments, the influence of infinitesimal disturbance on the intensity of two output beams is very tiny. Compare with the total energy, the modulated energy is very small. The modulated signal is the alternating current (AC) portion of the composite signal generated by photoelectric detector. By use of special amplification circuit, the modulated signal can be obtained. Two modulated signals of the two output beams own the character of differential signals. High speed optical differential modulation device can be made by utilizing this character of volume phase grating. In the sensor domain, this differential modulation device can be used to detect the air disturbance, environmental vibration, transient pressure, etc. For space optic communication, this differential modulation device can implement differential space optic communication, which can eliminate the common-mode disturbance effectively.
引文
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