危害果树的重要害虫
|
摘要
茶翅蝽(Halyomorpha halys (St?l))又称梨蝽象,属半翅目(Hemiptera),蝽科(Pentatomidae),是我国北方梨、苹果等果园中的重要害虫,其成虫、若虫均可叮食危害,主要危害梨果类果树的果实,造成果实畸形,严重影响果实的品质和质量。除危害梨、桃、苹果、樱桃等果树外,还危害泡桐、桑、国槐、榆等多种园林绿化树种。该害虫在国内外分布较广,尤其是在我国北方地区如北京、河北、山东、河南等地的广大梨园危害较重,给果品生产造成很大损失。近年来,该害虫传入美国,成为果树和大豆的重要害虫。
目前对于茶翅蝽的研究主要是发生、危害及化学防治等方面。由于茶翅蝽迁移性强、寄主多、越冬场所多样,因此,常规的化学防治效果差,所造成果品的农药残留影响人们的身体健康。为了有效地、无污染地控制其危害,作者在北京地区对茶翅蝽的生物学及生物防治进行了研究,主要结果和结论如下:
(1)深入研究了茶翅蝽的生物学特性,表明该虫1年发生2代,以成虫越冬。3月下旬开始出蛰活动,5月上旬开始交尾。越冬代产卵盛期在5月下旬～6月中旬,第2代产卵盛期在7月中～8月上旬。8月下旬成虫开始寻找场所越冬,10月中旬大多进入越冬状态。每头雌虫一生最多产卵4块,最少产卵1块;最多产卵82粒,最少产卵12粒;大部分卵块的卵粒数比较固定,80%以上的卵块每块的卵粒为28个。
(2)调查发现茶翅蝽卵期、成虫期天敌共有9种,6种为寄生性,3种为捕食性。其中卵期天敌有7种,寄生蜂有6种:茶翅蝽沟卵蜂(Trissolcus halyomorphae Yang)(新种)(膜翅目Hymenoptera:黑卵蜂科Scelionidae)、沟卵蜂(Trissolcus sp.)、角槽黑卵蜂(Telenomus sp.)、蝽卵金小蜂(Acroclisoides sp.)、平腹小蜂(Anastatus sp.)、蝽卵跳小蜂(Ooencyrtus sp.),捕食性天敌1种:小花蝽(Orius sp.)(半翅目Hemiptera:花蝽科Anthocoridae)。若虫、成虫期天敌2种:蠋蝽(Arma chinensis (Fallou))(半翅目:蝽科)、三突花蛛(Misumena tricuspidata(Fabricius))(蜘蛛目Araneida:蟹蛛科Thomisidae)。优势天敌是茶翅蝽沟卵蜂,茶翅蝽卵中的自然寄生率为20～70%,平均为50%。
(3)重点研究了茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的生物学特性,发现该蜂在北京地区1年可发生10多代,以成蜂越冬。4月份开始活动。雄蜂先行羽化,1粒寄生卵内出蜂1头,刚羽化的雌蜂即可交配、产卵寄生,每雌平均怀卵量为40.6粒。具孤雌生殖现象,未交尾雌蜂行产雄孤雌生殖。成蜂雌雄性比(♀:♂)为5.45:1。不同日龄的寄主卵均能被雌蜂寄生,但寄生成功率不同,越新鲜的寄主卵越有利于寄生成功。该蜂的发育历期、寿命与温度密切相关。经测试,30℃时发育历期最短为7.3±0.17 d。全代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.2℃和132.5日度。在25℃下,完成1代的发育历期为10.5±0.06 d,据此推算,该蜂全年可发生10多代。茶翅蝽1年发生2代,而该种寄生蜂1年可以发生10多代,种群数量大是其控制茶翅蝽数量的最主要优点。室温下补充20%的蜂蜜水的雌蜂平均寿命为43.93±2.72 d,雄蜂平均寿命为33.29±2.52 d,明显比没有补充营养的长。茶翅蝽沟卵蜂成虫在林间有两个发生高峰期,分别在6月中下旬和7月下旬～8月上旬。
(4)在室温25℃±1℃下,研究了茶翅蝽卵期的两种主要寄生蜂—茶翅蝽沟卵蜂和平腹小蜂对寄主卵的竞争行为。发现这两种卵期天敌均能寄生已被另一种蜂所寄生的卵。若寄主卵首先被沟卵蜂寄生,并发育0～4 d后若再供平腹小蜂寄生,最后育出的绝大多数为平腹小蜂(占97.43%);若寄主首先被沟卵蜂寄生,并发育6 d以后的寄生卵,后来被平腹小蜂寄生,则最后出蜂多为沟卵蜂(占92.31%)。若寄主卵首先被平腹小蜂寄生, 0～1 d供沟卵蜂寄生时,出蜂以沟卵蜂为主;发育2 d以上再供沟卵蜂寄生,出蜂多为平腹小蜂。说明这两种天敌之间存在着较为激烈的种间竞争现象。
(5)研究发现茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的卵期、幼虫期均不耐低温,蛹期在11℃下可以进行短期的冷藏。成蜂耐低温,但雌雄性对低温的耐受性不同,同一温度下贮存相同时间,雌蜂的存活率要比雄蜂高的多。经过测试,11℃是适宜冷藏的温度,雌蜂的存活率在第19周仍可达到90%;雄蜂的存活率在第7周降到50%以下,第10周全部死亡。在7℃下雌蜂存贮到第17周,存活率也能达到50%以上;而雄蜂的存活率在第4周即降到50%以下,第8周全部死亡。在4℃下雌蜂存活率到第3周降到50%以下,第5周全部死亡,雄蜂的寿命不超过3周。茶翅蝽沟卵蜂寄生茶翅蝽卵的数量随茶翅蝽卵密度的增加而增加,而当茶翅蝽卵的数量增加到一定水平时,沟卵蜂寄生量趋向稳定,其曲线符合Holling功能反应II型,模型方程为:Na= N/(0.6485+0.01343×N),理论最大寄生量为74.45粒。
(6)室内试验发现,茶翅蝽沟卵蜂可寄生麻皮蝽(Erthesina fullo Thunberg)、菜蝽(Eurydema dominulus(Scopoli))、珀蝽(Plautia crossota(Dallas))、斑须蝽(Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus))和蠋蝽卵,这几种蝽象卵均能满足茶翅蝽沟卵蜂生长发育的营养需要,正常羽化出蜂,而菜蝽和珀蝽卵比其它几种蝽象更适合茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的繁殖。这些蝽象卵均可作为繁育沟卵蜂的寄主。
(7)研究了人工繁殖茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的替代寄主,用茶翅蝽卵的丙酮浸提液和茶翅蝽雌虫分泌物处理柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville)(鳞翅目Lepidaptera:大蚕蛾科Saturniidae)卵,对茶翅蝽沟卵蜂有较强的引诱作用,雌蜂刺探率较高,后将被刺探的柞蚕卵置于适宜条件下发育,未见沟卵蜂羽化。这是何因素造成有待于进一步研究。
本研究调查清楚了茶翅蝽的天敌资源;筛选出了控制该害虫的最主要天敌—茶翅蝽沟卵蜂,并研究了该种寄生蜂的生物学、生态学特性,以及与平腹小蜂种间竞争关系;还重点研究了利用替代寄主大量繁殖茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的技术;为利用这种重要天敌生物防治茶翅蝽打下良好的基础,今后需进一步研究天敌释放利用技术。
The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (St?l) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an severe pest both in orchard and ornamental trees. Its nymphae and adults attack many pome fruits e.g. pear, peach, apple and so on. Particularly, pear was attacked heavily in north China. The pest brings great loss to fruit grower. The bug was a recently introduced pest to the western hemisphere. This stink bug could become a major agricultural pest in North America.
At present, the studies on the pest mainly focus on its biology, control techniques by pesticide. Because the pest has many hosts and could move from forest trees to fruit trees freely. It brought difficulties for controlling it by normal techniques. In order to produce“green fruits”, it has to control the pest with nonpolution and nontoxicity measures. Thus, we conducted biocontrol study on using its natural enemies. The research results are as follows.
(1) The life cycle and biology of H. halys were studied by investigation in both field and the laboratory. It was found that the bug has 2 generations per year and overwintered as adult. In late March, it began to act, and mates in the early May. Most female adults oviposit from late May to mid June and mid July to early August. In late August some adults become to overwinter. A female oviposited 4 egg mass with 82 eggs maximally. Eighty percent of egg mass contain 28 eggs each mass.
(2) The natural enemies attacked the bug in its each stage have been investigated. A total of 9 species of natural enemies were found, including 6 parasitoids: Trissolcus halyomorphae Yang (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Trissolcus sp., Telenomus sp., Acroclisoides sp., Anastatus sp., Ooencyrtus sp., Orius sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Arma chinensis (Fallou) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Misumena tricuspidata (Araneida: Thomisidae). The predominant natural enemy of the pest was T. halyomorphae. Its parasitism rate could reach 20～70%, on an average 50%.
(3) The parasitoid T. halyomorphae was the important natural enemy of the bug. Its biology showed that the wasp was a solitary parasitoid and its male emergence earlier than female, and they mated soon after emergence. Then the female seeked her host and oviposited. A female could lay 40.6 eggs averagely. Its female prefered newly-laying host eggs. Developmental period and longevity of the wasp adult were closely related to temperature. The fast developmental period occurred at 30℃with 7.3±0.17 days. The developmental zero and effective accumulated temperature were 12.2℃and 132.5 day-degrees respectively. Supplementary nutrition could remarkably delay adult wasp’s longevity. The adults could live 43.93±2.72 days for female and 33.29±2.52 days for male in average when fed with 20% honey solution. The peak periods for the wasp population were appeared at the mid and last ten-days of June, the last ten-days of July and the first ten-days of August.
(4) The interspecific competition between T. halyomorphae and Anastatus sp. were studied in the laboratory at 25℃. The both parasitoids could lay egg into host egg previously parasitized by the other species, which caused multiparasitism. The result showed that when the host egg was parasitized by T. halyomorphae for≤4 days first, and then exposed to Anastatus sp. for oviposition, finally near all emerged parasitoid from the host egg were Anastatus sp., the host eggs were parasitized by T. halyomorphae for≥6 days first, then T. halyomorphae adult wasps were emerged mostly. Contrarily, when the host eggs were parasitized by Anastatus sp. for≤one day first, and then were exposed to T. halyomorphae for oviposition, finally most of emerged wasp adults were T. halyomorphae. But the host eggs were parasitized by Anastatus sp. first for≥2 days, and then exposed to T. halyomorphae, near all emerged wasps were Anastatus sp. from the host eggs. It was indicated that the two egg parasitoid species has serious host competition.
(5) It was found that with cold constant temperature 7℃and 11℃for storage, the eggs and the larvae of T. halyomorphae could not tolerent. But the temperature for storage of its pupa was feasible. When the female adults were stored at 11℃for 19 weeks, the survival percentage of the parasitoid was 90%. The survival percentage of the female adults stored for 17 weeks at 7℃was above 50%, and the percentage survival of the female adults under 50% at 4℃for 3 weeks. However, the life-span of male were shorter, and the survival percentage of the male stored for 4 weeks at 7℃was below 50%, and all died at 8th week. The male adults died at 4℃storaged for 3 weeks. At 11℃, the survival percentage of the male adults stored for 7 weeks was below 50%, and all died at 10th week. The result showed that the functional response was in keeping with Holling’s type II, the mathemical model of functional response was Na= N/(0.6485+0.01343×N), the theory maximum numbers of parasitism was 74.45 eggs.
(6) The mass rearing techniques of the egg parasitoid were tested in laboratory. It was showed eggs of Erthesina fullo Thunberg, Eurydema dominulus(Scopoli), Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus), Arma chinensis(Fallou) and Plautia crossota(Dallas)were all substitute hosts.
(7) The eggs of Antheraea pernyi (Lepidaptera: Saturniidae) was tested for mass rearing the parasitoid. The eggs were besmeared the acetone of eggs of the bug and the secretion of the bug female, then the parasitoid female were attracted. Although it was found that the female parasitoid pricked the eggs and seemed to lay egg in, finally there were no one wasp emergen- ced from the parasitized eggs. It is necessary to study the reason later.
The natural enemies attacked the bug in its each stage have been investigated. The predominant egg parasitoid of the pest was T. halyomorphae. Its biology and ecology were investigated. The interspecific competition between T. halyomorphae and Anastatus sp. were studied, especially the technique of the mass rearing the parasitoid with substitute hosts. These were the base to biocontrol the bug. It is necessary to study the technique of releasing the egg parasitoid later.
目前对于茶翅蝽的研究主要是发生、危害及化学防治等方面。由于茶翅蝽迁移性强、寄主多、越冬场所多样,因此,常规的化学防治效果差,所造成果品的农药残留影响人们的身体健康。为了有效地、无污染地控制其危害,作者在北京地区对茶翅蝽的生物学及生物防治进行了研究,主要结果和结论如下:
(1)深入研究了茶翅蝽的生物学特性,表明该虫1年发生2代,以成虫越冬。3月下旬开始出蛰活动,5月上旬开始交尾。越冬代产卵盛期在5月下旬～6月中旬,第2代产卵盛期在7月中～8月上旬。8月下旬成虫开始寻找场所越冬,10月中旬大多进入越冬状态。每头雌虫一生最多产卵4块,最少产卵1块;最多产卵82粒,最少产卵12粒;大部分卵块的卵粒数比较固定,80%以上的卵块每块的卵粒为28个。
(2)调查发现茶翅蝽卵期、成虫期天敌共有9种,6种为寄生性,3种为捕食性。其中卵期天敌有7种,寄生蜂有6种:茶翅蝽沟卵蜂(Trissolcus halyomorphae Yang)(新种)(膜翅目Hymenoptera:黑卵蜂科Scelionidae)、沟卵蜂(Trissolcus sp.)、角槽黑卵蜂(Telenomus sp.)、蝽卵金小蜂(Acroclisoides sp.)、平腹小蜂(Anastatus sp.)、蝽卵跳小蜂(Ooencyrtus sp.),捕食性天敌1种:小花蝽(Orius sp.)(半翅目Hemiptera:花蝽科Anthocoridae)。若虫、成虫期天敌2种:蠋蝽(Arma chinensis (Fallou))(半翅目:蝽科)、三突花蛛(Misumena tricuspidata(Fabricius))(蜘蛛目Araneida:蟹蛛科Thomisidae)。优势天敌是茶翅蝽沟卵蜂,茶翅蝽卵中的自然寄生率为20～70%,平均为50%。
(3)重点研究了茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的生物学特性,发现该蜂在北京地区1年可发生10多代,以成蜂越冬。4月份开始活动。雄蜂先行羽化,1粒寄生卵内出蜂1头,刚羽化的雌蜂即可交配、产卵寄生,每雌平均怀卵量为40.6粒。具孤雌生殖现象,未交尾雌蜂行产雄孤雌生殖。成蜂雌雄性比(♀:♂)为5.45:1。不同日龄的寄主卵均能被雌蜂寄生,但寄生成功率不同,越新鲜的寄主卵越有利于寄生成功。该蜂的发育历期、寿命与温度密切相关。经测试,30℃时发育历期最短为7.3±0.17 d。全代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.2℃和132.5日度。在25℃下,完成1代的发育历期为10.5±0.06 d,据此推算,该蜂全年可发生10多代。茶翅蝽1年发生2代,而该种寄生蜂1年可以发生10多代,种群数量大是其控制茶翅蝽数量的最主要优点。室温下补充20%的蜂蜜水的雌蜂平均寿命为43.93±2.72 d,雄蜂平均寿命为33.29±2.52 d,明显比没有补充营养的长。茶翅蝽沟卵蜂成虫在林间有两个发生高峰期,分别在6月中下旬和7月下旬～8月上旬。
(4)在室温25℃±1℃下,研究了茶翅蝽卵期的两种主要寄生蜂—茶翅蝽沟卵蜂和平腹小蜂对寄主卵的竞争行为。发现这两种卵期天敌均能寄生已被另一种蜂所寄生的卵。若寄主卵首先被沟卵蜂寄生,并发育0～4 d后若再供平腹小蜂寄生,最后育出的绝大多数为平腹小蜂(占97.43%);若寄主首先被沟卵蜂寄生,并发育6 d以后的寄生卵,后来被平腹小蜂寄生,则最后出蜂多为沟卵蜂(占92.31%)。若寄主卵首先被平腹小蜂寄生, 0～1 d供沟卵蜂寄生时,出蜂以沟卵蜂为主;发育2 d以上再供沟卵蜂寄生,出蜂多为平腹小蜂。说明这两种天敌之间存在着较为激烈的种间竞争现象。
(5)研究发现茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的卵期、幼虫期均不耐低温,蛹期在11℃下可以进行短期的冷藏。成蜂耐低温,但雌雄性对低温的耐受性不同,同一温度下贮存相同时间,雌蜂的存活率要比雄蜂高的多。经过测试,11℃是适宜冷藏的温度,雌蜂的存活率在第19周仍可达到90%;雄蜂的存活率在第7周降到50%以下,第10周全部死亡。在7℃下雌蜂存贮到第17周,存活率也能达到50%以上;而雄蜂的存活率在第4周即降到50%以下,第8周全部死亡。在4℃下雌蜂存活率到第3周降到50%以下,第5周全部死亡,雄蜂的寿命不超过3周。茶翅蝽沟卵蜂寄生茶翅蝽卵的数量随茶翅蝽卵密度的增加而增加,而当茶翅蝽卵的数量增加到一定水平时,沟卵蜂寄生量趋向稳定,其曲线符合Holling功能反应II型,模型方程为:Na= N/(0.6485+0.01343×N),理论最大寄生量为74.45粒。
(6)室内试验发现,茶翅蝽沟卵蜂可寄生麻皮蝽(Erthesina fullo Thunberg)、菜蝽(Eurydema dominulus(Scopoli))、珀蝽(Plautia crossota(Dallas))、斑须蝽(Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus))和蠋蝽卵,这几种蝽象卵均能满足茶翅蝽沟卵蜂生长发育的营养需要,正常羽化出蜂,而菜蝽和珀蝽卵比其它几种蝽象更适合茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的繁殖。这些蝽象卵均可作为繁育沟卵蜂的寄主。
(7)研究了人工繁殖茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的替代寄主,用茶翅蝽卵的丙酮浸提液和茶翅蝽雌虫分泌物处理柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi Guerin-Meneville)(鳞翅目Lepidaptera:大蚕蛾科Saturniidae)卵,对茶翅蝽沟卵蜂有较强的引诱作用,雌蜂刺探率较高,后将被刺探的柞蚕卵置于适宜条件下发育,未见沟卵蜂羽化。这是何因素造成有待于进一步研究。
本研究调查清楚了茶翅蝽的天敌资源;筛选出了控制该害虫的最主要天敌—茶翅蝽沟卵蜂,并研究了该种寄生蜂的生物学、生态学特性,以及与平腹小蜂种间竞争关系;还重点研究了利用替代寄主大量繁殖茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的技术;为利用这种重要天敌生物防治茶翅蝽打下良好的基础,今后需进一步研究天敌释放利用技术。
The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (St?l) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an severe pest both in orchard and ornamental trees. Its nymphae and adults attack many pome fruits e.g. pear, peach, apple and so on. Particularly, pear was attacked heavily in north China. The pest brings great loss to fruit grower. The bug was a recently introduced pest to the western hemisphere. This stink bug could become a major agricultural pest in North America.
At present, the studies on the pest mainly focus on its biology, control techniques by pesticide. Because the pest has many hosts and could move from forest trees to fruit trees freely. It brought difficulties for controlling it by normal techniques. In order to produce“green fruits”, it has to control the pest with nonpolution and nontoxicity measures. Thus, we conducted biocontrol study on using its natural enemies. The research results are as follows.
(1) The life cycle and biology of H. halys were studied by investigation in both field and the laboratory. It was found that the bug has 2 generations per year and overwintered as adult. In late March, it began to act, and mates in the early May. Most female adults oviposit from late May to mid June and mid July to early August. In late August some adults become to overwinter. A female oviposited 4 egg mass with 82 eggs maximally. Eighty percent of egg mass contain 28 eggs each mass.
(2) The natural enemies attacked the bug in its each stage have been investigated. A total of 9 species of natural enemies were found, including 6 parasitoids: Trissolcus halyomorphae Yang (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Trissolcus sp., Telenomus sp., Acroclisoides sp., Anastatus sp., Ooencyrtus sp., Orius sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Arma chinensis (Fallou) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Misumena tricuspidata (Araneida: Thomisidae). The predominant natural enemy of the pest was T. halyomorphae. Its parasitism rate could reach 20～70%, on an average 50%.
(3) The parasitoid T. halyomorphae was the important natural enemy of the bug. Its biology showed that the wasp was a solitary parasitoid and its male emergence earlier than female, and they mated soon after emergence. Then the female seeked her host and oviposited. A female could lay 40.6 eggs averagely. Its female prefered newly-laying host eggs. Developmental period and longevity of the wasp adult were closely related to temperature. The fast developmental period occurred at 30℃with 7.3±0.17 days. The developmental zero and effective accumulated temperature were 12.2℃and 132.5 day-degrees respectively. Supplementary nutrition could remarkably delay adult wasp’s longevity. The adults could live 43.93±2.72 days for female and 33.29±2.52 days for male in average when fed with 20% honey solution. The peak periods for the wasp population were appeared at the mid and last ten-days of June, the last ten-days of July and the first ten-days of August.
(4) The interspecific competition between T. halyomorphae and Anastatus sp. were studied in the laboratory at 25℃. The both parasitoids could lay egg into host egg previously parasitized by the other species, which caused multiparasitism. The result showed that when the host egg was parasitized by T. halyomorphae for≤4 days first, and then exposed to Anastatus sp. for oviposition, finally near all emerged parasitoid from the host egg were Anastatus sp., the host eggs were parasitized by T. halyomorphae for≥6 days first, then T. halyomorphae adult wasps were emerged mostly. Contrarily, when the host eggs were parasitized by Anastatus sp. for≤one day first, and then were exposed to T. halyomorphae for oviposition, finally most of emerged wasp adults were T. halyomorphae. But the host eggs were parasitized by Anastatus sp. first for≥2 days, and then exposed to T. halyomorphae, near all emerged wasps were Anastatus sp. from the host eggs. It was indicated that the two egg parasitoid species has serious host competition.
(5) It was found that with cold constant temperature 7℃and 11℃for storage, the eggs and the larvae of T. halyomorphae could not tolerent. But the temperature for storage of its pupa was feasible. When the female adults were stored at 11℃for 19 weeks, the survival percentage of the parasitoid was 90%. The survival percentage of the female adults stored for 17 weeks at 7℃was above 50%, and the percentage survival of the female adults under 50% at 4℃for 3 weeks. However, the life-span of male were shorter, and the survival percentage of the male stored for 4 weeks at 7℃was below 50%, and all died at 8th week. The male adults died at 4℃storaged for 3 weeks. At 11℃, the survival percentage of the male adults stored for 7 weeks was below 50%, and all died at 10th week. The result showed that the functional response was in keeping with Holling’s type II, the mathemical model of functional response was Na= N/(0.6485+0.01343×N), the theory maximum numbers of parasitism was 74.45 eggs.
(6) The mass rearing techniques of the egg parasitoid were tested in laboratory. It was showed eggs of Erthesina fullo Thunberg, Eurydema dominulus(Scopoli), Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus), Arma chinensis(Fallou) and Plautia crossota(Dallas)were all substitute hosts.
(7) The eggs of Antheraea pernyi (Lepidaptera: Saturniidae) was tested for mass rearing the parasitoid. The eggs were besmeared the acetone of eggs of the bug and the secretion of the bug female, then the parasitoid female were attracted. Although it was found that the female parasitoid pricked the eggs and seemed to lay egg in, finally there were no one wasp emergen- ced from the parasitized eggs. It is necessary to study the reason later.
The natural enemies attacked the bug in its each stage have been investigated. The predominant egg parasitoid of the pest was T. halyomorphae. Its biology and ecology were investigated. The interspecific competition between T. halyomorphae and Anastatus sp. were studied, especially the technique of the mass rearing the parasitoid with substitute hosts. These were the base to biocontrol the bug. It is necessary to study the technique of releasing the egg parasitoid later.
引文
[1]张瑞,付占芳,李松涛.北京果品生产现状、问题及未来策略.北京农业科学, 2001,(3):5~9
[2]赵少波.河北省果品产业现状与发展对策.河北果树, 2006, 6: 3~5
[3]王源岷,王英男.梨茶翅蝽研究初报.华北农学报, 1988,3(4):96~101
[4]褚凤杰,周志芳.茶翅蝽生物学特性观察及防治研究.河北农业大学学报, 1997, 20(2):12~17
[5]刘卫国.豫东梨区蝽象危害呈严重趋势.植物保护, 2004,30(1):90
[6]冯明祥.梨树茶翅蝽的生物学及防治.植物保护, 1990,16(2):27~28
[7]秦维亮.茶翅蝽发生规律及防治技术.植物保护, 1990,16(6):22~23
[8]孙益知.果树病虫害生物防治.北京:金盾出版社. 2004, 1~13
[9] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN62300.pdf
[10] Yang Zhong-qi, Yao Yan-xia. A new scelionid species parasitizing egg of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from China. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101(2) (in press)
[11]章士美等.中国经济昆虫志.第三十一册.半翅目(一).北京:科学出版社. 1985
[12]林乃铨,汤玉清,陈珠梅等.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽象示范试验.福建果树,1989(,4):14~16
[13]翁志辉,林国华.荔枝蝽的发生危害特点及测报与防治.福建农业科技, 1994,(5):35~36
[14]郭伦发,何金祥.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂对荔枝蝽的控制效果.广西植保, 2003,16(1):7~9
[15]古德祥,张古忍,张润杰等.中国南方害虫生物防治50周年回顾. 2000,43(3):327~335
[16]徐金汉,叶建如.荔枝蝽成虫空间分布型及其抽样技术.福建农业大学学报, 1991,20(3):286~290
[17]佘春仁,潘蓉英.荔枝蝽的系统解剖及其在测报上的应用.福建农学院学报,1993, 22(1):59~63
[18]佘春林,金新富,刘先驱等.茶翅蝽和斑须蝽对梨树的危害及防治研究.中国果树, 2002(2):5~7
[19]蒲蛰龙,麦秀慧,黄明度.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝椿蟓试验初报.植物保护学报, 1962,1(3):301~306
[20]蒲蛰龙.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽象.广州:中山大学出版社. 135~169
[21]佘春仁,潘蓉英,古德祥等.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽若干技术问题探讨.福建农业大学学报, 1997,26(4):441~445
[22]黄明度,麦秀慧,吴伟南等.荔枝蝽象卵寄生蜂——平腹小蜂(Anastatus sp.)的生物学及其应用的研究.昆虫学报, 1974,17(4):362~376
[23]邢嘉琪,李丽英.荔枝蝽象卵寄生蜂—平腹小蜂体外培育研究.昆虫学报, 1990,33(2):166~173
[24]吴珍泉,刘学东,林伯钦.用柞蚕卵自然诱集平腹小蜂的初步研究.福建农业大学学报, 2000,29(1):50~53
[25]佘春仁,潘蓉英,徐金汉.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂对荔蝽卵的寄生特性.福建农业大学学报, 1995,24(2):187~189
[26]韩诗畴,陈巧贤,许雄等.体外培育平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽.昆虫天敌, 1988,10(3):170~173
[27]汤玉清,林琦媛,陈珠梅.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂辨别寄主能力的研究.福建农学院学报, 1993,22(2):173~178
[28]刘雨芳,古德祥.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂越冬环境初步调查.昆虫知识, 1998,35(4):227~230
[29]刘雨芳,古德祥.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂对寄主的搜索行为.中国生物防治, 2000,16(1):1~4
[30]韩诗畴,陈巧贤,刘文惠等.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂种间对寄主竞争的研究.昆虫天敌, 1993, 15(1):10~13
[31]赵景玮,许建飞.荔枝蝽卵平腹小蜂对寄主卵的功能反应研究——对经典Holling功能反应原理的改良.福建农业大学学报, 1995, 24(1):23~27
[32]李时银,罗大民.荔枝蝽-寄生蜂系统数量变动模型与应用.生态学报, 2001, 21(11):1839~1846
[33]明广增,赵性宝,王鹏等.梨茶翅蝽的发生与防治技术.植保技术与推广, 2001,21(6):20~21
[34]李鑫,龚建宁,李海林.茶翅蝽成虫取食行为研究初探.河北林学院学报, 1996,11卷增刊:230~234
[35]孙志强,傅建敏,乔杰等.茶翅蝽对植原体的传播能力.林业科学研究, 1999,12(6):606~611
[36]鲁和平,宋吉皂,侯密顺等.茶翅蝽越冬期防治研究.河北林业科技, 1987,(3):30~33
[37]武威振.烟雾剂防治茶翅蝽越冬成虫效果显著.农业科技通讯, 1987,(2):18
[38]李大乱,张翠疃,苏海峰等.茶翅蝽象和麻皮蝽象的防治技术.河北农业科技, 1991,(3):18
[39]周志芳,褚凤杰.梨园茶翅蝽防治适期的研究.河北果树, 1995,(3):4~5
[40]吕波,杨批修,郭超峰等.茶翅蝽生物学特性及其防治.河南农业, 1996,(8):12
[41]张永强,慕晓华,姬松龄等.麻皮蝽和茶翅蝽的生物学特性及防治技术.落叶果树,2006(3):42~44
[42]刘献明.绿盲蝽在桃、苹果、葡萄、梨上发生危害的调查及防治.果农之友, 2005,(8):34~35
[43]骆建珍.绿盲蝽象在果树上的危害与防治.四川农业科技, 2005,(6):35
[44]王玖荣,吴雪燕,陈亮等.梨花网蝽的发生及防治.山西果树, 2005,(1):50~51
[45]刘先琴,秦伸麒,李先明.梨网蝽的发生规律及防治技术.湖北植保, 2000,(6):26~27
[46]兰景华.梨网蝽对梨叶细胞结构影响的机制.西南农业大学学报, 1994,16(1):17~19
[47]吴迅.几种药剂对梨网蝽的药效试验.湖南农业科学, 2002,(3):51,58
[48]明广增,徐建国,季长兴等.斑须蝽在梨树上的发生与防治.植保技术与推广, 2003,23(6):23~24
[49]董慈祥,杨青蕊.斑须蝽发育始点和有效积温研究.植保技术与推广, 2000,20(1):8~9
[50]佘春林,金新富,刘先驱等.茶翅蝽和斑须蝽对梨树的危害及防治研究.中国果树, 2002,(2):5~7
[51] Kieffer J J. Hymenoptera. Proctotrupoidea. Scelionidae. Das Tierreich 1926, (48): 1~885
[52]申效诚.斑须蝽蝽卵蜂生物学特性的初步研究.昆虫知识, 1984,21(4):173~175
[53]李大乱,张翠疃,苏海峰等.蝽象沟卵蜂的初步观察简报.昆虫天敌, 1992,14(4):189~190
[54]祝长清.稻蝽小黑卵蜂生物学特性观察简报.昆虫知识, 1986,(2):78~79
[55]乔体尚.西北麦蝽天敌-稻蝽小黑卵蜂.中国生物防治, 1989,1:45
[56]王问学,张宏业,黄有春等.丽盾蝽沟卵蜂的生物学.中国生物防治, 1988,(3):139
[57]周世芳.油桐丽盾蝽生物学特性.广西植保, 1994,(4):12~14
[58]刘复玳.润蝽黑卵蜂(Trissocus sp.)寄生沙枣润蝽卵的调查研究.甘肃林业科技, 1988,(3):35~37
[59]甘家生.油茶蝽及其蝽黑卵蜂的初步观察.西部林业科学, 1982,(1):61~63
[60]李中新,刘玉升.温度对茶翅蝽沟卵蜂及其寄主卵发育的影响.中国生物防治, 2004,20(1):64~66
[61]张翠疃,李大乱,苏海峰等.茶翅蝽和麻皮蝽生物学特性研究.林业科学研究, 1993,6(3):271~275
[62] Clarke A R. The control of Nezara viridula L. with introduced egg parasitoids in Australia. A review of a "Landmark" example of classical biological control. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1990,41: 1127,1146
[63] Hoffmann M P, Davidson N A, Wilson L T, et al. Imported wasp helps control southern greenstink bug. California Agric. 1991, (45): 20~22
[64] Correa F B S, Moscardi F. Seasonal occurrence and host spectrum of egg parasitoids associated with soybean stink bugs. Biological Control. 1995,(5):196~202
[65] Field S A, Calbert G. Patch defence in the parasitoid wasp Trissolcus basalis: when to begin fighting? Behavior. 1998,(135):629~642
[66] Field S A, Calbert G, Keller M A. Patch defence in the parasitoid wasp Trissolcus basalis (Insect: Scelionidae): the time structure of pairwise contests, and the waiting game. Ethology. 1998,(104):821~840
[67] Field S A, Calbert G. Do not count your eggs before they are parasitized: contest resoluction and the trade-off during patch defence in a parasitoid wasp. Behav. Ecol.. 1999,(10):122~127
[68] James H R, Stephen D W, Richard Sedcole. Trap cropping to manage green vegetable bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in sweet corn in New Zealand. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 2002,4(2):101~107
[69] Vincent P. Jones, Daphne Westcot. The effect of seasonal changes on Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Scelionidae) in Hawaii. Biological control. 2002,23(2):115120
[70] Vincent P. Jones. Reassessment of the role of predators and Trissolcus basalis in biological control of southern green stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Hawaii. Biological Control. 1995,(5):566~572
[71] Loch A D. Abundance, distribution and availability of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) hosts in a soybean agricultural system in southeastern Queensland. Biological Control. 2000,18(2):120~135
[72] Rosi M C N, Isidoro S C. Source of the host marking pheromone in the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Journal of Insect Physiology. 2001,47(9):989~995
[73] Stefano Colazza, Gianandrea Salerno, Eric Wajnberg. Volatile and contact chemicals released by Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) have a kairomonal effect on the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Biological Control. 1999, 16(3):310~317
[74] Colazza S, Fucarino A, Peri E et al. Insect oviposition induces volatile emission in herbaceous plants that attracts egg parasitoids. J Exp Biol. 2004,207 (1) :47~53
[75] Consoli F L, Conti E, Dangott L J. In vitro culture of the teratocytes of Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and their requirements for host-derived components. BiologicalControl. 2001,22(2):176~184
[76] Maria C B M, Raul Laumann, Edson R S. Induced volatiles in soybean and plgeon pea plants artificially infested with the neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, and their effect on the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi. Entomologia Expertmentalis et Applicata. 2005,115(1): 227~237
[77] Correafereira B S, Moscardi F. Seasonal occurrence and host spectrum of egg parasitoids associated with soybean stink bugs. Biological control. 1995,5(2):196~202
[78] Jones V P. Reassessment of the role of predators and Trissolcus basalis in biological control of southern green stink buk (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Hawaii. Biological Control. 1995,5(4):566~572
[79] Janet M S, Frank G Z, Ehler L E. Effect of Methamidophos Residue on the Pentatomid Egg Parasitoids Trissolcus basalis and Trissolcus utahensis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Biological Control. 1996,(6):193~201
[80] Meats A, Castillo M S. Ratio-dependent parasitism with Trissolcus Basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg rafts of Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): effect of experimental variables and compatibility of‘ratio’and‘Holling’models. Australian Journal of Entomology. 2002,(41):243~252
[81] Leskey T C, Hogmire H W. Monitoring stink bugs(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in mid-Atlantic apple and peach orchards. J Econ Entomol. 2005,98(1):143~153
[82] Ahmet Bayram, Haluk Ozcan. Effect of cold storage on the performance of Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebrre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biological Control. 2005,35(1):68~77
[83] Chabi A O, Schulthess F. Factors affecting the biology of Telenomus isis (Polaszek) (Hymeno- ptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of cereal stem borers in west Africa. Biological Control 2001,21(1):44~54
[84] Chabi A O, Fiaboe M K. Host suitability and thermal requirements of Lathromeris ovicida Risbec (Hymenoptera: Trichogramnatidae), an egg parasitoid of cereal stemborers in Africa. Biological control. 2004,30(3):617~623
[85] Yoav Gazit, Lewis W J. Arrestment of Telenomus remu s(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) by a kairomone associated with eggs of its host Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Biological Control. 1996,6(2):283~290
[86] Eric Conti, Gianandrea Salerno, Ferdinando Bin. The role of host semiochemicals in parasitoid specificity:a case study with Trissolcus brochymenae and Trissolcus simony on pentatomid bugs. Biological Control. 2004,29(3):435~444
[87] Borges M., Costa L M, Sujll E R. Semiochemical and physical stimuli involved in host recognition by Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) toward Euschistus Heros (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Physiolo Entomology. 1999,(24):227~233
[88] Kivan M, Kilic N. Host preference:parasitism,emergence and development of Trissolcus semistriatus (Hymenoptera: Scelonidae) in various host eggs. J.Appl. Ent. 2006,(126): 395~399
[89] Johnson NF. Revision of the Australasian Trissolcus species (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Invertebr. Taxon. 1984,(5):211~239
[90]彭趋贤.黑卵蜂在森林害虫综合治理中的优势、利用途径及前景.江苏林业科技, 1986,(2):33~37
[91] Aksyutova L N, Guldyaeva T I. Insect enemies of orchard pests in the Amur region. Zashch Rast. 1977, 5:26
[92]王平远,蔡剑萍,孙锡麟等.松毛虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus dendrolimus Chu)在林内散放后的习性观察.昆虫学报, 1956,6(3):271~285
[93]王平远.松毛虫黑卵蜂大量繁殖及散放的研究.昆虫学报, 1961,10(1):381~394
[94]龙承德,彭趋贤,钱永庆等.两种松毛虫黑卵蜂的初步研究.昆虫学报, 1957,7(3):261~284
[95]陈泰鲁.寄生松毛虫的黑卵蜂.中国森林病虫, 1984,(1):45~48
[96]莫建华.马尾松毛虫卵—寄生蜂相互作用的初步研究.中南林学院学报, 1987,7(1):41~48
[97]王淑芬,黄勇平.松毛虫黑卵蜂的行为生态研究I..产卵行为与寄主选择.中南林学院学报, 1991,11(2):125~129
[98]邓莉,罗志良,戴开甲等.黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的性质研究.武汉大学学报,1997,43(6):785~788
[99]曹爱华,李胜文,戴开甲等.天敌昆虫黑卵蜂人工寄主卵研究I.松毛虫卵内含物的生化分析.昆虫天敌,1988,10(3):125~128
[100]王问学.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂生物学及林间寄生习性.湖南林业科技, 1980,(2):32~37
[101]王问学.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂的生物学.昆虫学报, 1981, 24(4):384~389
[102]王问学.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂的种群空间分布型.经济林研究, 1984, 2(1):66~72
[103]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂识主利它素的研究.中国生物防治, 1997,13(4):145~150
[104]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂的功能反应.昆虫天敌, 1998,20(1):13~18
[105]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毛虫黑卵蜂寄生行为观察.湖南农业大学学报, 1996,22(6):561~564
[106]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毛虫黑卵蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察.湖南农业大学学报, 1997,2(3):244~249
[107]梁细弟,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂的生物学调查.蚕业科学, 1989,15(2):95~99
[108]陈品南,胡萃,程家安.野蚕黑卵蜂的功能反应和干扰反应.浙江农业大学学报, 1991,17(4):396~400
[109]高其康,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂触角感器的超微结构研究.浙江农业大学学报, 1993,19(4):399~404
[110]高其康.野蚕黑卵蜂触角节间神经轴突的超微结构研究.杭州电子工业学院学报, 2000,20(3):98~99
[111]高其康,胡萃野蚕黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的来源及性质浙江农业大学学报, 1995, 21(6):583~587
[112]高其康,胡萃.温度对野蚕黑卵蜂寄主利它素的影响.昆虫学报, 2000,43(4):373~380
[113]高其康,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的纯化及氨基酸组成分析.昆虫学报, 2002,45(3):313~317
[114]高其康,楼兵干,董海涛等.家蚕性附腺发育与核酸及利它素蛋白变化的关系.昆虫学报, 2002, 45(5):583~587
[115]陈品南,梁细弟,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂繁育寄主的研究.蚕业科学, 1997,23(2):65~69
[116]韦国栋,戎念杭,叶恭银等.寄主识别利它素诱导野蚕黑卵蜂寄生马尾松毛虫的研究.浙江农业学报, 2005,17(2):69~73
[117]李宏科.芦毒蛾黑卵蜂研究初报.湖南农业科学, 1988,(4):41~42
[118]陈泰鲁,童新旺.寄生于油茶枯叶蛾卵的黑卵蜂一新种(膜翅目:缘腹细蜂科).动物分类学报, 1980,5(3):310~311
[119]刘崇乐,傅贻玲,陈泰鲁.粘虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus cirphivorus Liu)的生物学及田间散放.昆虫学报, 1960,10(3):283~288
[120]鲁信纯.粘虫黑卵蜂生物学特性初步研究.昆虫天敌, 1988,10(1):48~51
[121]倪乐湘,童新旺.杨扇舟蛾黑卵蜂生物学特性初步观察.湖南林业科技, 1985,(2):6~7
[122]陈泰鲁,吴燕如.黄斑草毒蛾卵期天敌—黑卵蜂属一新种.昆虫学报, 1979,22(4):471~472
[123]庞雄飞,李丽英.孟氏隐唇瓢虫在广州等地定居控制石栗粉蚧的危害.昆虫天敌, 1979(,3):50
[124]田毓起,魏炳传,严毓骅.引进丽蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的初步观察.农业科技通讯, 1979,(9):34~36
[125]杨忠岐.中国寄生于美国白蛾的啮小蜂一新属-新种(膜翅目,姬小蜂科,啮小蜂亚科).昆虫分类学报, 1989,XI(1):117~123
[126]杨忠岐,王小艺,王传珍等.白蛾周氏啮小蜂可持续控制美国白蛾的研究.林业科学, 2005,41(5):72~80
[127]魏建荣,杨忠岐,苏智.利用生命表评价白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾的控制作用.昆虫学报, 2003,46(3):318~324
[128]魏建荣,杨忠岐,王传珍等.天敌昆虫对美国白蛾的生物控制研究.林业科学, 2004, 40(2):90~95
[129] Vinson S B. Host selection by insect parasitoid[J]. Ann. Rew. 1976,(21):109~134
[130]侯照远,严福顺.寄生蜂寄主选择行为研究进展.昆虫学报, 1997,40(1):94~107
[131] Vinson S B. The chemical ecology of the parasitoid-host relationship.In Bell W J & CardéR T.eds. Chemical Ecology of Insects. Chapman and Hall, London. 1984.
[132] Vinson S B, Iwantsch G F. Host suitability for insect parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology. 1980,(25):397~419
[133] Vinson S B, Bin F, Vet L E M. Introduction-critical issue in host selection by insect parasitoids. Biological Control. 1998,(11):77~78
[134] Dicke M, Van Beed T A, Posthumus M A. et al.. Isolation and identification of volatile kairomone that affects acarine predator-prey interactions; Involvement of host plant in its production. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 1990,(16):381~396
[135]王建武,周强,徐涛等.挥发性信息化合物与学习行为在平腹小蜂寄主选择过程中的作用.生态学报, 2003,23(9):1791~1797
[136] Vinson, S. B. Parasitoid-host relationship. In: Chemical Ecology of Insects. New York : Chapman and Hall. 1984,205~233.
[137] Vet L E M, Dicke M. Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annual Review of Entomology. 1992,(37):141~172
[138]娄永根,程家安.植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三营养层次的相互作用及其研究方法.应用生态学报, 1997,8(3):325~331
[139] Eller F J, Heath R R. et al. Factors affecting oviposition by the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in an artificial substrate. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1990,(83):398~404
[140] Budenberg W J. Honeydew as a contact kairomone for aphid parasitoids. Entomologla Experimentalis et Applicata. 1990,(55):139~148
[141] Tumlinson J H, Turlings T C J, Lewis W J. The semiochemical complexes that mediate insect parasitoid foraging. Agriculture Zoology Reviews. 1992,(5):221~252
[142] Horikoshi M, Takabayashi S, Yano et al.. Cotesia glomerata female wasps use fatty acids from plant-herbivore complex in host searching. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 1997,23(6): 1505~1515
[143]娄永根,程家安.褐飞虱利它素及其与水稻品种的关系.植物保护学报, 1994,21(4):327~332
[144] Dicke M , Sabelis M W. Prey preference of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus pyri. I.Response to volatile kairomones. Experimental & Applied Acarology. 1988,(3):1~13
[145] Keiji Takasu, Donald A Nordlund. Host recognition kairomones for Anaphes iole Girault, an egg parasitoid of the Western Tarnished plant bug. Biological Control. 2001,22(1):60~65
[146] Suiter D M, Leder S B, Ruark J L. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on submental muscle activity. Dysphagia. 2006,(21):56~60
[147] Vinson S B, Barfield C B, Henson R D. Oviposition behavior of Bracon mellitor, a parasitoid of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis).Ⅱ. Assosiative learing. Physiol. Ent. 1977, (2):157~164
[148] Nasser S.Mandour,任顺祥;邱宝利, et al. Effects of extraction from nymphs, exuviae and adults of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on the behavior of Encarsia bimaculata Heraty et Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2003,46(6):745~748
[149] Strand M R., Vinson S B. Behavioral response of the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps to a kaironome. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 1982,(31):308~315
[150] Weseloh R M. Host location by parasitoids. In Semiochemicals: Their Role in pest Control.(Nordlund D A, Jones R L and Lewis W J, eds.).New York. 1987,79~95..
[151]娄永根,程家安.水稻品种和稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱协同作用的模拟分析.生物数学学报, 1999,14(4):470~478
[152] Nordlund D A. J. Chem. Ecol.,1983,(9):695~701
[153]韩宝瑜.茶树-茶蚜-捕食、寄生性天敌间定位、取食的物理、化学通讯机制.中国农业科学院博士学位论文,1999
[154] Raffa K F. Temporal and spatial disparities among bark beetles, predators and associated responding to synthetic bark beetle pheromones: Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Wisconsin. Environ.Entomol, 1991,20(6):1665~1679.
[155] Eller F J, Tumlinson J H, Lewis W J. Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. VII. Source of volatiles mediating the host-location flight behavior of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology, 1988,(17):745~735
[156] Cortesero A M, Stapel J O, Lewis W J. Understanding and manipulating plant attributes to enhance. Biological Control , 2000,17(1):35~49
[157]胡京生,陈常铭.纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂搜索利它素的研究.昆虫学报, 1987,30(1):31~40
[158] Loughrin J H, Manukian A, Heath R R et al. Volatiles emitted by different cotton varieties damaged by feeding beet armyworm larvae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1995, 21(8): 1217~1227
[159] Hagvar E B, Hofsvang T. Interspecific competition in parasitoids, with implications for biological control. Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 1989,86:321~335
[160] Mackauer M. Host discrimination and larval competition in solitary endoparasitiods. In:Mackauer M, L E Ehler and J Roland, Critical Issues in Biological Control. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK, 1990, 41~62
[161] Rajapakse R H S., Waddill V H , Ashley R Effect of host age, parasitoid age and temperature on interspecific competition between Chelonus insularis Cresson, Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis manilae. Insect Science and its Applicotion, 1992,13(1):87~94
[162] Pijls J.W.A.M., Hofker K.D., Van Stalduinen M.j. Interspecific host discrimination and competition in Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi and A. (E.) diversicornis. 1995.
[163]张学武,古德祥.红圆蚧三种寄生蜂的相互竞争研究.生态科学,1994,(1):94~99
[164]吴梅香.荔枝蝽卵两种寄生蜂种间辨别寄主的能力.福建农林大学学报,2002,31(1):41~44
[165]施祖华, F. B. Gebremeskel,刘树生.颈双缘姬蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂的种间竞争.中国生物防治, 2001,17(3):112~115
[166]施祖华, Rageh Mahmood A.,刘树生.寄主龄期、温度对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂种间竞争的影响.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(1):24~28
[167]施祖华,李庆宝,李欣等.弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂的种间竞争关系.中国生物防治,2003,19(3):97~102
[168] Godfray H C J. Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994,151~210.
[169] Lewis W J , Vet L E M, Tumlinson J H et al.. Variations in parasitoid foraging behavior: essential element of a sound biological control theory. Environmental Entomology, 1990,(19):1183~1193.
[170] Strand M R, Johnoson J A, Culin J D. Intrinsic interspecific compertition between the polyembryomic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum and solitary endoparasitoid Microplitis Demolitor in Pseudoplusis includens, Entomol.exp.appl., 1990,55(3):275~284
[171] Mackauer M. Host discrimination and larval competition in solitary endoparasitiods.In: Mackauer, M., L E Ehler and J Roland (eds.), Critical Issues in Biological Control. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK,1990,41~62
[172]李欣,崔莉,白素芬等.内寄生蜂对寄主小菜蛾发育的调控能力研究.河南农业大学学报, 2005,39(3):308~312
[173]田慎鹏,张继红,阎云花等.棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂和中红侧沟茧蜂的种间竞争.第五届生物多样性保护与利用高新科学技术国际研讨会暨昆虫保护、利用与产业国际研讨会论文集, 2005,81~82
[174] Fisher R C. A study in insect multiparasitism:Ⅱ.The mechanism and control of competition for possession of the host. J. Exp. Biol., 1961,38:605~628
[175]白素芬,李欣,陈学新等.第五届生物多样性保护与利用高新科学技术国际研讨会暨昆虫保护、利用与产业化国际研讨会论文集, 2005,77~78
[176]韩诗畴,陈巧贤,刘文惠等.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂种间对寄主竞争的研究.昆虫天敌,1993,15(1):10~13
[177]郭明昉.稻螟赤眼蜂(Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead)与其他赤眼蜂种类对寄主的辨别及种间竞争关系研究.昆虫天敌,1985,7(4):192~200
[178]严静君,姚德富,李英梅.黑足凹眼姬蜂在松毛虫低密度下的种群动态和控制作用.林业科学, 1992,28(5):405~411
[179]杨龙龙,吴燕如,周伟儒.苹果园中凹唇壁蜂和紫壁蜂的生态位比较研究.昆虫学报,1997,40(3):265~270
[180]朱永成,张琼,陈宗麒等.豌豆上潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂时间生态位研究.云南农业大学学报, 2006,21(6):725~728
[181]谢国林,潘务耀,唐子颖等.花角蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的控制效能及其稳定作用的评估.昆虫学报, 1997,40(2):135~144
[182]施祖华,李庆宝,李欣等.半闭弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生菜蛾幼虫时的种间竞争.昆虫学报, 2004,47(3):342~348
[183]李庆宝等.菜蛾啮小蜂的寄主辨别能力和种间竞争.浙江大学学报. 2004,30(2):164~168
[184]何余容,吕利华,陈科伟.拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的种间竞争.应用生态学报, 2004,15(12):2401~2404
[185]黎瑞玲,朱耀沂.两种赤眼卵蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)与(Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen)在不同空间及温度下之种间竞争.植物保护学会会刊, 1992,34:246~255
[186]朱耀沂.两种赤眼卵蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)与(Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen)在不同接蜂数及寄主卵密度下之种间竞争.中华昆虫, 1991,11:214~226
[187] Kfir R.H., Van Harmurg. Interspecific competition between Telenomus ullyetti (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogrammatoidea lutea (Hym: Trichogram-matidae) parasitizing eggs of the cotton bollworm Heliothis armiger in the laboratory. Environ, Entomol., 1988,17(4):664~670
[188]刘芳,娄永根,程家安.挥发物在调节稻虱缨小蜂、黑肩绿盲蝽种内种间关系中的作用.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版). 2002,28(4):401~406
[189]古德祥,陈永格.松突圆蚧种群生命表与花角蚜小蜂的寄生作用的研究.昆虫天敌, 1998,20(4):126~133
[190]李中新.茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的初步研究,山东农业大学硕士论文, 2002
[191] Awan M S, Wilson L T, Hoffmann M.P. Comparative biology of three geographic populations of Trissolcus basalis(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Environ. Entomol.1990,(19):387~392
[192] Hoffmann M P, Davidson N A, Wilson, L T, et al. Imported wasp helps control southern green stink bug. California Agric., 1991,(45): 20~22.
[193]丁岩钦.昆虫数学生态学.北京:科学出版社,1994
[194] Slansky F.Jr., Wheeler G.S. Caterpillars' compensatory feeding response to diluted nutrients leads to toxic allelochemical dose. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1992,(65): 171~186
[195] Takasu K, Lewis W. J. The Role of learning in adult food location by the larval parasitoid,Micorp-litis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Insect Behavior. 1996,9(2):265~279
[196] Emden HF. Plant diversity and natural enemy efficiency in agroecosystems. In Critical Issues in Biological Control (M. Mackauer, S.R. Leather and J.Roland eds.). Intercept Press, Andover, UK, 1990,63~80
[197] Heimpel G E, Rosenheim J A , Kattari D. Adult feeding and life time reproductive success in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 1991,(83):305~315
[198]陈宴辉,史晓利,仲崇翔等.蜜露对天敌昆虫生长繁殖及搜寻行为的影响.昆虫知识, 2005,42(4):379~386
[199]焦懿,赵苹.白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂生物学特性的研究.昆虫学报, 1999,42(2):166~171
[200]郑许松,俞晓平,吕仲贤等.不同营养源对稻虱缨小蜂寿命及寄生能力的影响.应用生态学报, 2003,14(10):1751~1755
[201] Jervis M A, Kidd N A C, Phytophagy. In Insect Natural Enimies (M A Jervis, and N.A.C.Kidd eds). Chapman and Hall, London, UK,1996,375~394
[202]宋南,罗梅浩,原国辉.取食对寄生蜂的影响.昆虫天敌, 2006,28(3):132~138
[203]王青,王丽平,严毓骅.喂饲蜂蜜水对丽蚜小蜂成蜂产卵寄生能力的影响.生物防治通报, 1992,8(2):64~67
[204] Heimpel G E, Collier T R. The evolution of host feeding behaviour in insect parasitoids. Biological Reviews, 1996,71:373~400
[205] Slank F. Nutritional value of plant materials to natural enemies. In Proceedings of 19th International Congres of Entomology, Beijing, 1992,pp298
[206] Leius K. Attactiveness of different foods and flowers to the adults of some Hymenopterous parasites. Can.Ent., 1960,(92):369~376
[207]谢中能,谢以权,李理等.纽斯赤眼蜂产卵刺激素的研究.昆虫学报,1991,34(1):54~59
[208] Bjrnstad O N, Stit S M, Stenseth N C, et al. The impact of specialized enemies on the dimensionality of host dynamics. Nature, 2000, (409):1001~1006
[2]赵少波.河北省果品产业现状与发展对策.河北果树, 2006, 6: 3~5
[3]王源岷,王英男.梨茶翅蝽研究初报.华北农学报, 1988,3(4):96~101
[4]褚凤杰,周志芳.茶翅蝽生物学特性观察及防治研究.河北农业大学学报, 1997, 20(2):12~17
[5]刘卫国.豫东梨区蝽象危害呈严重趋势.植物保护, 2004,30(1):90
[6]冯明祥.梨树茶翅蝽的生物学及防治.植物保护, 1990,16(2):27~28
[7]秦维亮.茶翅蝽发生规律及防治技术.植物保护, 1990,16(6):22~23
[8]孙益知.果树病虫害生物防治.北京:金盾出版社. 2004, 1~13
[9] http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN62300.pdf
[10] Yang Zhong-qi, Yao Yan-xia. A new scelionid species parasitizing egg of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from China. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101(2) (in press)
[11]章士美等.中国经济昆虫志.第三十一册.半翅目(一).北京:科学出版社. 1985
[12]林乃铨,汤玉清,陈珠梅等.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽象示范试验.福建果树,1989(,4):14~16
[13]翁志辉,林国华.荔枝蝽的发生危害特点及测报与防治.福建农业科技, 1994,(5):35~36
[14]郭伦发,何金祥.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂对荔枝蝽的控制效果.广西植保, 2003,16(1):7~9
[15]古德祥,张古忍,张润杰等.中国南方害虫生物防治50周年回顾. 2000,43(3):327~335
[16]徐金汉,叶建如.荔枝蝽成虫空间分布型及其抽样技术.福建农业大学学报, 1991,20(3):286~290
[17]佘春仁,潘蓉英.荔枝蝽的系统解剖及其在测报上的应用.福建农学院学报,1993, 22(1):59~63
[18]佘春林,金新富,刘先驱等.茶翅蝽和斑须蝽对梨树的危害及防治研究.中国果树, 2002(2):5~7
[19]蒲蛰龙,麦秀慧,黄明度.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝椿蟓试验初报.植物保护学报, 1962,1(3):301~306
[20]蒲蛰龙.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽象.广州:中山大学出版社. 135~169
[21]佘春仁,潘蓉英,古德祥等.利用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽若干技术问题探讨.福建农业大学学报, 1997,26(4):441~445
[22]黄明度,麦秀慧,吴伟南等.荔枝蝽象卵寄生蜂——平腹小蜂(Anastatus sp.)的生物学及其应用的研究.昆虫学报, 1974,17(4):362~376
[23]邢嘉琪,李丽英.荔枝蝽象卵寄生蜂—平腹小蜂体外培育研究.昆虫学报, 1990,33(2):166~173
[24]吴珍泉,刘学东,林伯钦.用柞蚕卵自然诱集平腹小蜂的初步研究.福建农业大学学报, 2000,29(1):50~53
[25]佘春仁,潘蓉英,徐金汉.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂对荔蝽卵的寄生特性.福建农业大学学报, 1995,24(2):187~189
[26]韩诗畴,陈巧贤,许雄等.体外培育平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽.昆虫天敌, 1988,10(3):170~173
[27]汤玉清,林琦媛,陈珠梅.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂辨别寄主能力的研究.福建农学院学报, 1993,22(2):173~178
[28]刘雨芳,古德祥.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂越冬环境初步调查.昆虫知识, 1998,35(4):227~230
[29]刘雨芳,古德祥.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂对寄主的搜索行为.中国生物防治, 2000,16(1):1~4
[30]韩诗畴,陈巧贤,刘文惠等.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂种间对寄主竞争的研究.昆虫天敌, 1993, 15(1):10~13
[31]赵景玮,许建飞.荔枝蝽卵平腹小蜂对寄主卵的功能反应研究——对经典Holling功能反应原理的改良.福建农业大学学报, 1995, 24(1):23~27
[32]李时银,罗大民.荔枝蝽-寄生蜂系统数量变动模型与应用.生态学报, 2001, 21(11):1839~1846
[33]明广增,赵性宝,王鹏等.梨茶翅蝽的发生与防治技术.植保技术与推广, 2001,21(6):20~21
[34]李鑫,龚建宁,李海林.茶翅蝽成虫取食行为研究初探.河北林学院学报, 1996,11卷增刊:230~234
[35]孙志强,傅建敏,乔杰等.茶翅蝽对植原体的传播能力.林业科学研究, 1999,12(6):606~611
[36]鲁和平,宋吉皂,侯密顺等.茶翅蝽越冬期防治研究.河北林业科技, 1987,(3):30~33
[37]武威振.烟雾剂防治茶翅蝽越冬成虫效果显著.农业科技通讯, 1987,(2):18
[38]李大乱,张翠疃,苏海峰等.茶翅蝽象和麻皮蝽象的防治技术.河北农业科技, 1991,(3):18
[39]周志芳,褚凤杰.梨园茶翅蝽防治适期的研究.河北果树, 1995,(3):4~5
[40]吕波,杨批修,郭超峰等.茶翅蝽生物学特性及其防治.河南农业, 1996,(8):12
[41]张永强,慕晓华,姬松龄等.麻皮蝽和茶翅蝽的生物学特性及防治技术.落叶果树,2006(3):42~44
[42]刘献明.绿盲蝽在桃、苹果、葡萄、梨上发生危害的调查及防治.果农之友, 2005,(8):34~35
[43]骆建珍.绿盲蝽象在果树上的危害与防治.四川农业科技, 2005,(6):35
[44]王玖荣,吴雪燕,陈亮等.梨花网蝽的发生及防治.山西果树, 2005,(1):50~51
[45]刘先琴,秦伸麒,李先明.梨网蝽的发生规律及防治技术.湖北植保, 2000,(6):26~27
[46]兰景华.梨网蝽对梨叶细胞结构影响的机制.西南农业大学学报, 1994,16(1):17~19
[47]吴迅.几种药剂对梨网蝽的药效试验.湖南农业科学, 2002,(3):51,58
[48]明广增,徐建国,季长兴等.斑须蝽在梨树上的发生与防治.植保技术与推广, 2003,23(6):23~24
[49]董慈祥,杨青蕊.斑须蝽发育始点和有效积温研究.植保技术与推广, 2000,20(1):8~9
[50]佘春林,金新富,刘先驱等.茶翅蝽和斑须蝽对梨树的危害及防治研究.中国果树, 2002,(2):5~7
[51] Kieffer J J. Hymenoptera. Proctotrupoidea. Scelionidae. Das Tierreich 1926, (48): 1~885
[52]申效诚.斑须蝽蝽卵蜂生物学特性的初步研究.昆虫知识, 1984,21(4):173~175
[53]李大乱,张翠疃,苏海峰等.蝽象沟卵蜂的初步观察简报.昆虫天敌, 1992,14(4):189~190
[54]祝长清.稻蝽小黑卵蜂生物学特性观察简报.昆虫知识, 1986,(2):78~79
[55]乔体尚.西北麦蝽天敌-稻蝽小黑卵蜂.中国生物防治, 1989,1:45
[56]王问学,张宏业,黄有春等.丽盾蝽沟卵蜂的生物学.中国生物防治, 1988,(3):139
[57]周世芳.油桐丽盾蝽生物学特性.广西植保, 1994,(4):12~14
[58]刘复玳.润蝽黑卵蜂(Trissocus sp.)寄生沙枣润蝽卵的调查研究.甘肃林业科技, 1988,(3):35~37
[59]甘家生.油茶蝽及其蝽黑卵蜂的初步观察.西部林业科学, 1982,(1):61~63
[60]李中新,刘玉升.温度对茶翅蝽沟卵蜂及其寄主卵发育的影响.中国生物防治, 2004,20(1):64~66
[61]张翠疃,李大乱,苏海峰等.茶翅蝽和麻皮蝽生物学特性研究.林业科学研究, 1993,6(3):271~275
[62] Clarke A R. The control of Nezara viridula L. with introduced egg parasitoids in Australia. A review of a "Landmark" example of classical biological control. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1990,41: 1127,1146
[63] Hoffmann M P, Davidson N A, Wilson L T, et al. Imported wasp helps control southern greenstink bug. California Agric. 1991, (45): 20~22
[64] Correa F B S, Moscardi F. Seasonal occurrence and host spectrum of egg parasitoids associated with soybean stink bugs. Biological Control. 1995,(5):196~202
[65] Field S A, Calbert G. Patch defence in the parasitoid wasp Trissolcus basalis: when to begin fighting? Behavior. 1998,(135):629~642
[66] Field S A, Calbert G, Keller M A. Patch defence in the parasitoid wasp Trissolcus basalis (Insect: Scelionidae): the time structure of pairwise contests, and the waiting game. Ethology. 1998,(104):821~840
[67] Field S A, Calbert G. Do not count your eggs before they are parasitized: contest resoluction and the trade-off during patch defence in a parasitoid wasp. Behav. Ecol.. 1999,(10):122~127
[68] James H R, Stephen D W, Richard Sedcole. Trap cropping to manage green vegetable bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in sweet corn in New Zealand. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 2002,4(2):101~107
[69] Vincent P. Jones, Daphne Westcot. The effect of seasonal changes on Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Scelionidae) in Hawaii. Biological control. 2002,23(2):115120
[70] Vincent P. Jones. Reassessment of the role of predators and Trissolcus basalis in biological control of southern green stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Hawaii. Biological Control. 1995,(5):566~572
[71] Loch A D. Abundance, distribution and availability of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) hosts in a soybean agricultural system in southeastern Queensland. Biological Control. 2000,18(2):120~135
[72] Rosi M C N, Isidoro S C. Source of the host marking pheromone in the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Journal of Insect Physiology. 2001,47(9):989~995
[73] Stefano Colazza, Gianandrea Salerno, Eric Wajnberg. Volatile and contact chemicals released by Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) have a kairomonal effect on the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Biological Control. 1999, 16(3):310~317
[74] Colazza S, Fucarino A, Peri E et al. Insect oviposition induces volatile emission in herbaceous plants that attracts egg parasitoids. J Exp Biol. 2004,207 (1) :47~53
[75] Consoli F L, Conti E, Dangott L J. In vitro culture of the teratocytes of Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and their requirements for host-derived components. BiologicalControl. 2001,22(2):176~184
[76] Maria C B M, Raul Laumann, Edson R S. Induced volatiles in soybean and plgeon pea plants artificially infested with the neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, and their effect on the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi. Entomologia Expertmentalis et Applicata. 2005,115(1): 227~237
[77] Correafereira B S, Moscardi F. Seasonal occurrence and host spectrum of egg parasitoids associated with soybean stink bugs. Biological control. 1995,5(2):196~202
[78] Jones V P. Reassessment of the role of predators and Trissolcus basalis in biological control of southern green stink buk (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Hawaii. Biological Control. 1995,5(4):566~572
[79] Janet M S, Frank G Z, Ehler L E. Effect of Methamidophos Residue on the Pentatomid Egg Parasitoids Trissolcus basalis and Trissolcus utahensis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Biological Control. 1996,(6):193~201
[80] Meats A, Castillo M S. Ratio-dependent parasitism with Trissolcus Basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg rafts of Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): effect of experimental variables and compatibility of‘ratio’and‘Holling’models. Australian Journal of Entomology. 2002,(41):243~252
[81] Leskey T C, Hogmire H W. Monitoring stink bugs(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in mid-Atlantic apple and peach orchards. J Econ Entomol. 2005,98(1):143~153
[82] Ahmet Bayram, Haluk Ozcan. Effect of cold storage on the performance of Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebrre) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biological Control. 2005,35(1):68~77
[83] Chabi A O, Schulthess F. Factors affecting the biology of Telenomus isis (Polaszek) (Hymeno- ptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of cereal stem borers in west Africa. Biological Control 2001,21(1):44~54
[84] Chabi A O, Fiaboe M K. Host suitability and thermal requirements of Lathromeris ovicida Risbec (Hymenoptera: Trichogramnatidae), an egg parasitoid of cereal stemborers in Africa. Biological control. 2004,30(3):617~623
[85] Yoav Gazit, Lewis W J. Arrestment of Telenomus remu s(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) by a kairomone associated with eggs of its host Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Biological Control. 1996,6(2):283~290
[86] Eric Conti, Gianandrea Salerno, Ferdinando Bin. The role of host semiochemicals in parasitoid specificity:a case study with Trissolcus brochymenae and Trissolcus simony on pentatomid bugs. Biological Control. 2004,29(3):435~444
[87] Borges M., Costa L M, Sujll E R. Semiochemical and physical stimuli involved in host recognition by Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) toward Euschistus Heros (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Physiolo Entomology. 1999,(24):227~233
[88] Kivan M, Kilic N. Host preference:parasitism,emergence and development of Trissolcus semistriatus (Hymenoptera: Scelonidae) in various host eggs. J.Appl. Ent. 2006,(126): 395~399
[89] Johnson NF. Revision of the Australasian Trissolcus species (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Invertebr. Taxon. 1984,(5):211~239
[90]彭趋贤.黑卵蜂在森林害虫综合治理中的优势、利用途径及前景.江苏林业科技, 1986,(2):33~37
[91] Aksyutova L N, Guldyaeva T I. Insect enemies of orchard pests in the Amur region. Zashch Rast. 1977, 5:26
[92]王平远,蔡剑萍,孙锡麟等.松毛虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus dendrolimus Chu)在林内散放后的习性观察.昆虫学报, 1956,6(3):271~285
[93]王平远.松毛虫黑卵蜂大量繁殖及散放的研究.昆虫学报, 1961,10(1):381~394
[94]龙承德,彭趋贤,钱永庆等.两种松毛虫黑卵蜂的初步研究.昆虫学报, 1957,7(3):261~284
[95]陈泰鲁.寄生松毛虫的黑卵蜂.中国森林病虫, 1984,(1):45~48
[96]莫建华.马尾松毛虫卵—寄生蜂相互作用的初步研究.中南林学院学报, 1987,7(1):41~48
[97]王淑芬,黄勇平.松毛虫黑卵蜂的行为生态研究I..产卵行为与寄主选择.中南林学院学报, 1991,11(2):125~129
[98]邓莉,罗志良,戴开甲等.黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的性质研究.武汉大学学报,1997,43(6):785~788
[99]曹爱华,李胜文,戴开甲等.天敌昆虫黑卵蜂人工寄主卵研究I.松毛虫卵内含物的生化分析.昆虫天敌,1988,10(3):125~128
[100]王问学.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂生物学及林间寄生习性.湖南林业科技, 1980,(2):32~37
[101]王问学.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂的生物学.昆虫学报, 1981, 24(4):384~389
[102]王问学.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂的种群空间分布型.经济林研究, 1984, 2(1):66~72
[103]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂识主利它素的研究.中国生物防治, 1997,13(4):145~150
[104]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毒蛾黑卵蜂的功能反应.昆虫天敌, 1998,20(1):13~18
[105]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毛虫黑卵蜂寄生行为观察.湖南农业大学学报, 1996,22(6):561~564
[106]欧晓明,江汉华,陈常铭.茶毛虫黑卵蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察.湖南农业大学学报, 1997,2(3):244~249
[107]梁细弟,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂的生物学调查.蚕业科学, 1989,15(2):95~99
[108]陈品南,胡萃,程家安.野蚕黑卵蜂的功能反应和干扰反应.浙江农业大学学报, 1991,17(4):396~400
[109]高其康,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂触角感器的超微结构研究.浙江农业大学学报, 1993,19(4):399~404
[110]高其康.野蚕黑卵蜂触角节间神经轴突的超微结构研究.杭州电子工业学院学报, 2000,20(3):98~99
[111]高其康,胡萃野蚕黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的来源及性质浙江农业大学学报, 1995, 21(6):583~587
[112]高其康,胡萃.温度对野蚕黑卵蜂寄主利它素的影响.昆虫学报, 2000,43(4):373~380
[113]高其康,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂寄主识别利它素的纯化及氨基酸组成分析.昆虫学报, 2002,45(3):313~317
[114]高其康,楼兵干,董海涛等.家蚕性附腺发育与核酸及利它素蛋白变化的关系.昆虫学报, 2002, 45(5):583~587
[115]陈品南,梁细弟,胡萃.野蚕黑卵蜂繁育寄主的研究.蚕业科学, 1997,23(2):65~69
[116]韦国栋,戎念杭,叶恭银等.寄主识别利它素诱导野蚕黑卵蜂寄生马尾松毛虫的研究.浙江农业学报, 2005,17(2):69~73
[117]李宏科.芦毒蛾黑卵蜂研究初报.湖南农业科学, 1988,(4):41~42
[118]陈泰鲁,童新旺.寄生于油茶枯叶蛾卵的黑卵蜂一新种(膜翅目:缘腹细蜂科).动物分类学报, 1980,5(3):310~311
[119]刘崇乐,傅贻玲,陈泰鲁.粘虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus cirphivorus Liu)的生物学及田间散放.昆虫学报, 1960,10(3):283~288
[120]鲁信纯.粘虫黑卵蜂生物学特性初步研究.昆虫天敌, 1988,10(1):48~51
[121]倪乐湘,童新旺.杨扇舟蛾黑卵蜂生物学特性初步观察.湖南林业科技, 1985,(2):6~7
[122]陈泰鲁,吴燕如.黄斑草毒蛾卵期天敌—黑卵蜂属一新种.昆虫学报, 1979,22(4):471~472
[123]庞雄飞,李丽英.孟氏隐唇瓢虫在广州等地定居控制石栗粉蚧的危害.昆虫天敌, 1979(,3):50
[124]田毓起,魏炳传,严毓骅.引进丽蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的初步观察.农业科技通讯, 1979,(9):34~36
[125]杨忠岐.中国寄生于美国白蛾的啮小蜂一新属-新种(膜翅目,姬小蜂科,啮小蜂亚科).昆虫分类学报, 1989,XI(1):117~123
[126]杨忠岐,王小艺,王传珍等.白蛾周氏啮小蜂可持续控制美国白蛾的研究.林业科学, 2005,41(5):72~80
[127]魏建荣,杨忠岐,苏智.利用生命表评价白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾的控制作用.昆虫学报, 2003,46(3):318~324
[128]魏建荣,杨忠岐,王传珍等.天敌昆虫对美国白蛾的生物控制研究.林业科学, 2004, 40(2):90~95
[129] Vinson S B. Host selection by insect parasitoid[J]. Ann. Rew. 1976,(21):109~134
[130]侯照远,严福顺.寄生蜂寄主选择行为研究进展.昆虫学报, 1997,40(1):94~107
[131] Vinson S B. The chemical ecology of the parasitoid-host relationship.In Bell W J & CardéR T.eds. Chemical Ecology of Insects. Chapman and Hall, London. 1984.
[132] Vinson S B, Iwantsch G F. Host suitability for insect parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology. 1980,(25):397~419
[133] Vinson S B, Bin F, Vet L E M. Introduction-critical issue in host selection by insect parasitoids. Biological Control. 1998,(11):77~78
[134] Dicke M, Van Beed T A, Posthumus M A. et al.. Isolation and identification of volatile kairomone that affects acarine predator-prey interactions; Involvement of host plant in its production. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 1990,(16):381~396
[135]王建武,周强,徐涛等.挥发性信息化合物与学习行为在平腹小蜂寄主选择过程中的作用.生态学报, 2003,23(9):1791~1797
[136] Vinson, S. B. Parasitoid-host relationship. In: Chemical Ecology of Insects. New York : Chapman and Hall. 1984,205~233.
[137] Vet L E M, Dicke M. Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annual Review of Entomology. 1992,(37):141~172
[138]娄永根,程家安.植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三营养层次的相互作用及其研究方法.应用生态学报, 1997,8(3):325~331
[139] Eller F J, Heath R R. et al. Factors affecting oviposition by the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in an artificial substrate. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1990,(83):398~404
[140] Budenberg W J. Honeydew as a contact kairomone for aphid parasitoids. Entomologla Experimentalis et Applicata. 1990,(55):139~148
[141] Tumlinson J H, Turlings T C J, Lewis W J. The semiochemical complexes that mediate insect parasitoid foraging. Agriculture Zoology Reviews. 1992,(5):221~252
[142] Horikoshi M, Takabayashi S, Yano et al.. Cotesia glomerata female wasps use fatty acids from plant-herbivore complex in host searching. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 1997,23(6): 1505~1515
[143]娄永根,程家安.褐飞虱利它素及其与水稻品种的关系.植物保护学报, 1994,21(4):327~332
[144] Dicke M , Sabelis M W. Prey preference of the phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus pyri. I.Response to volatile kairomones. Experimental & Applied Acarology. 1988,(3):1~13
[145] Keiji Takasu, Donald A Nordlund. Host recognition kairomones for Anaphes iole Girault, an egg parasitoid of the Western Tarnished plant bug. Biological Control. 2001,22(1):60~65
[146] Suiter D M, Leder S B, Ruark J L. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on submental muscle activity. Dysphagia. 2006,(21):56~60
[147] Vinson S B, Barfield C B, Henson R D. Oviposition behavior of Bracon mellitor, a parasitoid of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis).Ⅱ. Assosiative learing. Physiol. Ent. 1977, (2):157~164
[148] Nasser S.Mandour,任顺祥;邱宝利, et al. Effects of extraction from nymphs, exuviae and adults of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on the behavior of Encarsia bimaculata Heraty et Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2003,46(6):745~748
[149] Strand M R., Vinson S B. Behavioral response of the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps to a kaironome. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 1982,(31):308~315
[150] Weseloh R M. Host location by parasitoids. In Semiochemicals: Their Role in pest Control.(Nordlund D A, Jones R L and Lewis W J, eds.).New York. 1987,79~95..
[151]娄永根,程家安.水稻品种和稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱协同作用的模拟分析.生物数学学报, 1999,14(4):470~478
[152] Nordlund D A. J. Chem. Ecol.,1983,(9):695~701
[153]韩宝瑜.茶树-茶蚜-捕食、寄生性天敌间定位、取食的物理、化学通讯机制.中国农业科学院博士学位论文,1999
[154] Raffa K F. Temporal and spatial disparities among bark beetles, predators and associated responding to synthetic bark beetle pheromones: Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Wisconsin. Environ.Entomol, 1991,20(6):1665~1679.
[155] Eller F J, Tumlinson J H, Lewis W J. Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. VII. Source of volatiles mediating the host-location flight behavior of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environmental Entomology, 1988,(17):745~735
[156] Cortesero A M, Stapel J O, Lewis W J. Understanding and manipulating plant attributes to enhance. Biological Control , 2000,17(1):35~49
[157]胡京生,陈常铭.纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂搜索利它素的研究.昆虫学报, 1987,30(1):31~40
[158] Loughrin J H, Manukian A, Heath R R et al. Volatiles emitted by different cotton varieties damaged by feeding beet armyworm larvae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1995, 21(8): 1217~1227
[159] Hagvar E B, Hofsvang T. Interspecific competition in parasitoids, with implications for biological control. Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 1989,86:321~335
[160] Mackauer M. Host discrimination and larval competition in solitary endoparasitiods. In:Mackauer M, L E Ehler and J Roland, Critical Issues in Biological Control. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK, 1990, 41~62
[161] Rajapakse R H S., Waddill V H , Ashley R Effect of host age, parasitoid age and temperature on interspecific competition between Chelonus insularis Cresson, Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis manilae. Insect Science and its Applicotion, 1992,13(1):87~94
[162] Pijls J.W.A.M., Hofker K.D., Van Stalduinen M.j. Interspecific host discrimination and competition in Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi and A. (E.) diversicornis. 1995.
[163]张学武,古德祥.红圆蚧三种寄生蜂的相互竞争研究.生态科学,1994,(1):94~99
[164]吴梅香.荔枝蝽卵两种寄生蜂种间辨别寄主的能力.福建农林大学学报,2002,31(1):41~44
[165]施祖华, F. B. Gebremeskel,刘树生.颈双缘姬蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂的种间竞争.中国生物防治, 2001,17(3):112~115
[166]施祖华, Rageh Mahmood A.,刘树生.寄主龄期、温度对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂种间竞争的影响.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2003,29(1):24~28
[167]施祖华,李庆宝,李欣等.弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂的种间竞争关系.中国生物防治,2003,19(3):97~102
[168] Godfray H C J. Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994,151~210.
[169] Lewis W J , Vet L E M, Tumlinson J H et al.. Variations in parasitoid foraging behavior: essential element of a sound biological control theory. Environmental Entomology, 1990,(19):1183~1193.
[170] Strand M R, Johnoson J A, Culin J D. Intrinsic interspecific compertition between the polyembryomic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum and solitary endoparasitoid Microplitis Demolitor in Pseudoplusis includens, Entomol.exp.appl., 1990,55(3):275~284
[171] Mackauer M. Host discrimination and larval competition in solitary endoparasitiods.In: Mackauer, M., L E Ehler and J Roland (eds.), Critical Issues in Biological Control. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK,1990,41~62
[172]李欣,崔莉,白素芬等.内寄生蜂对寄主小菜蛾发育的调控能力研究.河南农业大学学报, 2005,39(3):308~312
[173]田慎鹏,张继红,阎云花等.棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂和中红侧沟茧蜂的种间竞争.第五届生物多样性保护与利用高新科学技术国际研讨会暨昆虫保护、利用与产业国际研讨会论文集, 2005,81~82
[174] Fisher R C. A study in insect multiparasitism:Ⅱ.The mechanism and control of competition for possession of the host. J. Exp. Biol., 1961,38:605~628
[175]白素芬,李欣,陈学新等.第五届生物多样性保护与利用高新科学技术国际研讨会暨昆虫保护、利用与产业化国际研讨会论文集, 2005,77~78
[176]韩诗畴,陈巧贤,刘文惠等.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂种间对寄主竞争的研究.昆虫天敌,1993,15(1):10~13
[177]郭明昉.稻螟赤眼蜂(Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead)与其他赤眼蜂种类对寄主的辨别及种间竞争关系研究.昆虫天敌,1985,7(4):192~200
[178]严静君,姚德富,李英梅.黑足凹眼姬蜂在松毛虫低密度下的种群动态和控制作用.林业科学, 1992,28(5):405~411
[179]杨龙龙,吴燕如,周伟儒.苹果园中凹唇壁蜂和紫壁蜂的生态位比较研究.昆虫学报,1997,40(3):265~270
[180]朱永成,张琼,陈宗麒等.豌豆上潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂时间生态位研究.云南农业大学学报, 2006,21(6):725~728
[181]谢国林,潘务耀,唐子颖等.花角蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的控制效能及其稳定作用的评估.昆虫学报, 1997,40(2):135~144
[182]施祖华,李庆宝,李欣等.半闭弯尾姬蜂与菜蛾盘绒茧蜂寄生菜蛾幼虫时的种间竞争.昆虫学报, 2004,47(3):342~348
[183]李庆宝等.菜蛾啮小蜂的寄主辨别能力和种间竞争.浙江大学学报. 2004,30(2):164~168
[184]何余容,吕利华,陈科伟.拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的种间竞争.应用生态学报, 2004,15(12):2401~2404
[185]黎瑞玲,朱耀沂.两种赤眼卵蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)与(Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen)在不同空间及温度下之种间竞争.植物保护学会会刊, 1992,34:246~255
[186]朱耀沂.两种赤眼卵蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)与(Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen)在不同接蜂数及寄主卵密度下之种间竞争.中华昆虫, 1991,11:214~226
[187] Kfir R.H., Van Harmurg. Interspecific competition between Telenomus ullyetti (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogrammatoidea lutea (Hym: Trichogram-matidae) parasitizing eggs of the cotton bollworm Heliothis armiger in the laboratory. Environ, Entomol., 1988,17(4):664~670
[188]刘芳,娄永根,程家安.挥发物在调节稻虱缨小蜂、黑肩绿盲蝽种内种间关系中的作用.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版). 2002,28(4):401~406
[189]古德祥,陈永格.松突圆蚧种群生命表与花角蚜小蜂的寄生作用的研究.昆虫天敌, 1998,20(4):126~133
[190]李中新.茶翅蝽沟卵蜂的初步研究,山东农业大学硕士论文, 2002
[191] Awan M S, Wilson L T, Hoffmann M.P. Comparative biology of three geographic populations of Trissolcus basalis(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Environ. Entomol.1990,(19):387~392
[192] Hoffmann M P, Davidson N A, Wilson, L T, et al. Imported wasp helps control southern green stink bug. California Agric., 1991,(45): 20~22.
[193]丁岩钦.昆虫数学生态学.北京:科学出版社,1994
[194] Slansky F.Jr., Wheeler G.S. Caterpillars' compensatory feeding response to diluted nutrients leads to toxic allelochemical dose. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1992,(65): 171~186
[195] Takasu K, Lewis W. J. The Role of learning in adult food location by the larval parasitoid,Micorp-litis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Insect Behavior. 1996,9(2):265~279
[196] Emden HF. Plant diversity and natural enemy efficiency in agroecosystems. In Critical Issues in Biological Control (M. Mackauer, S.R. Leather and J.Roland eds.). Intercept Press, Andover, UK, 1990,63~80
[197] Heimpel G E, Rosenheim J A , Kattari D. Adult feeding and life time reproductive success in the parasitoid Aphytis melinus. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 1991,(83):305~315
[198]陈宴辉,史晓利,仲崇翔等.蜜露对天敌昆虫生长繁殖及搜寻行为的影响.昆虫知识, 2005,42(4):379~386
[199]焦懿,赵苹.白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂生物学特性的研究.昆虫学报, 1999,42(2):166~171
[200]郑许松,俞晓平,吕仲贤等.不同营养源对稻虱缨小蜂寿命及寄生能力的影响.应用生态学报, 2003,14(10):1751~1755
[201] Jervis M A, Kidd N A C, Phytophagy. In Insect Natural Enimies (M A Jervis, and N.A.C.Kidd eds). Chapman and Hall, London, UK,1996,375~394
[202]宋南,罗梅浩,原国辉.取食对寄生蜂的影响.昆虫天敌, 2006,28(3):132~138
[203]王青,王丽平,严毓骅.喂饲蜂蜜水对丽蚜小蜂成蜂产卵寄生能力的影响.生物防治通报, 1992,8(2):64~67
[204] Heimpel G E, Collier T R. The evolution of host feeding behaviour in insect parasitoids. Biological Reviews, 1996,71:373~400
[205] Slank F. Nutritional value of plant materials to natural enemies. In Proceedings of 19th International Congres of Entomology, Beijing, 1992,pp298
[206] Leius K. Attactiveness of different foods and flowers to the adults of some Hymenopterous parasites. Can.Ent., 1960,(92):369~376
[207]谢中能,谢以权,李理等.纽斯赤眼蜂产卵刺激素的研究.昆虫学报,1991,34(1):54~59
[208] Bjrnstad O N, Stit S M, Stenseth N C, et al. The impact of specialized enemies on the dimensionality of host dynamics. Nature, 2000, (409):1001~1006
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |