用于风电叶片的分级竹层积材和杉木层积材的制造与评价
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摘要
数百年来,人类使用的能源由木材、焦炭、煤炭、石油和天然气,以及铀矿(核能)提供。由于所有这些能源的来源都受到了限制,而且在同一时间里,这些能源的使用还带来了环境污染的问题。优化利用能源和减少环境污染的要求使我们把能源发展的重点放在可持续清洁能源的供应上,这就是风能能够解决全球能源问题的关键所在。风力发电是利用风能来推动风力发电机发电。风力发电机叶片起着非常重要的作用,风力发电机的发电效率,取决于风力发电机叶片的材料、形状和角度。因此,风力发电机叶片的材料起着至关重要的作用,叶片材料应具备高刚度,低密度和长期的疲劳寿命。
目前风力发电机叶片在用材料主要是玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)、碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)和木/环氧复合材料,它们都存在各自的优缺点。众所周知:风力发电机叶片由于长期处于旋转(受力)的状态中,对材料的稳定性、均匀性、强度、刚度和密度等性能要求很高。作为风力发电机叶片材料性能中最重要的还是材料必须具有高的抗疲劳强度性能,其次很重要的一点是作为风力发电机叶片的材料,还必须具有原材料来源广泛、价格低廉的优势才行。由于碳纤维增强塑料价格昂贵,导致成品风力发电机叶片制造成本高,且玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)和碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)这两种材料回收处理困难;木/环氧叶片使用大径级天然林木材(如花旗松等),原材料来源困难。本论文选择我国资源丰富、性能优良的毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)做为原材料,研制可用于制造风力发电机叶片的分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青薄板层积材。
与玻璃钢等人造工程材料相比,杉木边材径切板相关物理力学性能数值受树木的不同立地条件、生长环境等相关因素影响呈明显的无规律的变化,要生产物理力学性能优良且性能稳定的风力发电机叶片复合材料,就必须对全部加工的杉木边材径切板进行检测,并按检测数值的大小对杉木边材径切板进行分级,只有这样才能生产出物理力学性能优良且性能稳定的风力发电机叶片复合材料来。
采用传统的通过测定杉木边材径切板弯曲弹性模量的机械分级标准,虽然具有较高的准确性,但此种方法费时费力,难以进行工业化批量生产。
与机械分级相比,目测分级的准确性高,而使用的时间不足原有机械分级耗用时间的1/10,大大降低杉木分级所需要的时间和劳动强度,同时,随着工人目测分级工作的进行及熟练程度的进一步提高,其分级的准确性也将进一步提高,其分级所需要的时间也将进一步降低,这使得风力发电叶片复合材料的大批量生产成为可能。
在杉木重组的过程中,最佳涂胶量定为170g/m2(单面),最佳的斜接角度定为3.81°(斜率1/15);在分级杉木层积材和分级竹青层积材的加工过程中,环氧树脂浸渍量的大小与环氧混合浸渍树脂固含量的大小成正比关系;在浸渍时间或浸渍胶的固含量一定的情况下,采用加压浸渍的杉木薄板和竹青薄板的树脂浸渍量明显高于未加压浸渍的杉木薄板和竹青薄板的树脂浸渍量。
运用经典层合板理论,建立分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的弹性模量预测模型,通过MOE1、MOE2的预测值与实测值的比对,证明建立的分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的弹性模量预测模型具有比较高的准确性;运用单向复合材料的串联模型,建立了分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的顺纹抗拉强度和顺纹抗压强度的预测模型,通过分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的顺纹抗拉强度和顺纹抗压强度的预测值与实测值的比对,证明建立的分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的顺纹抗拉强度和顺纹抗压强度预测模型具有比较高的准确性。
利用动态热机械分析仪检测不同竹龄的毛竹,实验证明:随着毛竹竹龄的增加,毛竹竹青试件的常温存储模量值也相应的增加,也就是说,在常温条件下,毛竹竹青的刚性随毛竹竹龄的增加而增加,但是毛竹到了一定竹龄后,其竹青的刚性渐渐趋于稳定,甚至有开始下降的趋势。一般5-6年生的成熟毛竹的竹青部份的常温存储模量位于1010Pa(10GPa)数量级以上,一般能满足做为风力发电叶片复合材料中增强相材料的使用,它们的损耗模量位于108Pa数量级左右。因此,最佳的风力发电叶片复合材料增强相材料是5-6年生的成熟毛竹。
由此制备的满足风力发电叶片复合材料要求的分级杉木薄板层积材的顺纹拉伸强度达到132 MPa,顺纹压缩强度超过82 MPa,顺纹拉伸模量达到17.9 GPa,横纹拉伸模量达到5.3 GPa,剪切强度15.67 MPa,而杉木薄板层积材的密度一般在0.75-0.85g/cm3左右。由于杉木薄板层积材具有相对较低的密度和较高的物理力学性能,其压缩强度质量比达到104 MPa.cm3/g,比刚度达到22.8 GPa,壁板稳定性参数达到2.68(1/ MPa),各项指标均高于目前国外在用的木/环氧层积材物理力学性能指标。
由此制备的满足风力发电叶片复合材料要求的分级竹青薄板层积材的顺纹拉伸强度达到254 MPa,顺纹压缩强度超过180 MPa,顺纹拉伸模量达到26 GPa,横纹拉伸模量达到5.5 GPa,剪切强度21.65 MPa,而分级竹青层积材的密度一般在1.00-1.10g/cm3左右。由于分级竹青薄板层积材具有相对较低的密度和较高的物理力学性能,其压缩强度质量比达到174MPa.cm3/g,比刚度达到25.2 GPa,各项指标均高于目前国外在用的木/环氧层积材物理力学性能指标。
对于制备的风力发电叶片复合材料来说,疲劳强度是衡量材料性能的重要指标。分级杉木薄板层积材在106次疲劳循环测试下,还保持60%的静载强度,高于优质木/环氧层积材保持55%的静载强度,也比玻璃钢(保持40%以下的静载强度)的疲劳性能好;分级竹青薄板层积材在106次疲劳循环测试下,还保持50%的静载强度,与优质木/环氧层积材保持55%的静载强度基本持平,比玻璃钢(保持40%以下的静载强度)的疲劳性能好。
Over the centuries, energy has been supplied by wood, coke, coal, oil and natural gas, as well as by uranium (nuclear energy). All these energy sources are limited and at the same time these energy sources create pollution problems. This has led to the focus on a sustainable energy supply, which implies optimized use of energy, minimized pollution. That is why wind energy is prominent and it is the solution to the global energy problem. The wind energy is generated by using wind turbines. The turbine blades plays very important role in the wind turbines. The efficiency of the wind turbine depends on the material of the blade, shape of the blade and angle of the blade. So, the material of the turbine blade plays a vital role in the wind turbines. The material of the blade should possess the high stiffness, low density and long fatigue life.
Currently, the materials used for wind turbine blades are mainly glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), and wood-based composites (Wood/Epoxy), etc. However, these materials have their own merits and defects. It is commonly known that turbine blades work by rotation in service, which demands uniformity and low variability in the properties of the materials used. More importantly, the strength and stiffness of the materials must be high with a low density. The fatigue properties of materials must be superior as well. It is also important that the materials used must be widely available with a low cost. Because of the high cost of CFRP materials, the manufacture of the wind turbine blades products is subsequently expensive. Furthermore, the GFRP products and CFRP products are difficult to be disposed of when out of service. On the other hand, the raw materials used for Wood / epoxy laminated composites, which are made from the large diameter natural forest wood ( such as Douglas Fir,) are difficult to be available. In this dissertation, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were selected as raw material to manufacture wood and bamboo laminated composites from their grading elements used for wind turbine blades, since they are abundant in China with low cost and excellent properties, and are easily to be decomposed of.
Compared with engineering materials such as glass fiber reinforced plastic, the physical and mechanical properties of Chinese fir sapwood showed great variability, which is largely dependent on various factors such as the growing environment, site conditions and silviculture treatments. In order to produce wind turbine blades composite material with excellent physical and mechanical properties, all quartersawn boards made from the Chinese fir sapwood must be tested and then graded based on the wood properties determined. Only in this way may the wind turbine blades composite material with excellent physical and mechanical properties be produced.
The conventional wood grading method is the machine grading which is based on the modulus of elasticity in static bending of wood. This grading method is characterized by higher accuracy, but it is time-expensive and is difficult to be applied in industrial production. Compared with the machine grading, visual grading has higher accuracy, and may take only 1/10 time used for machine grading, greatly reducing working time and labor intensity. It can be expected that, with the visual grading skills being increasingly improved, the accuracy of visual grading will also be further improved, and the visual grading time needed will also be further reduced, which appear to make the massive production of wind turbine blades composite material in industrial scale possible.
For the process of reconstituted wood composites, the optimum adhesive spread is 170 g/m2 (single surface), the optimum slip joint angle is 3.81°(slope 1/15). In the manufacture process of the wood and bamboo laminated composites from their grading elements, there was a positive relationship between the solid content of the epoxy resin and the resin content impregnated. With the impregnation time and resin solid content being constant, impregnation under pressure resulted in more impregnated resin within the wood and bamboo laminas compared with the situation with no pressure applied.
On the other hand, based on the classical lamination theory, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the wood and bamboo laminated composites was computed and predicted, Comparison between the predicted and measured MOE1 and MOE2 indicated that the prediction model had fairly high accuracy. According to the Serial model of composite material theory, the prediction model of tensile strength parallel to grain and compressive strength parallel to grain of the wood and bamboo laminated composites were established, respectively. Comparison between the predicted and measured values indicated again that the prediction model have relatively high accuracy in predicting the tensile and compressive strength of the laminated composites.
The bamboo samples of various ages were tested by a Q800 dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) instrument. The results showed that storage modulus of the outer layer of bamboo under air-temperature conditions increased with aging of bamboo. In other words, the stiffness of bamboo increased with the increasing age of bamboo. However, up to a certain age, the stiffness of the outer layer of bamboo gradually remains constant, or even shows a decrease trend. General speaking, the outer layer of bamboo of 5-6 year old has a storage modulus on the order of 1010Pa(10GPa)under air- temperature conditions, which is definitely qualified as the reinforcement material for the wind turbine blades composites, with the loss modulus under air temperature conditions on the order of 108Pa. Therefore, the out layers of bamboo of 5-6 year old showed great potential to be used as the reinforcement materials of the wind turbine blades composite.
For the wood laminated composites made from the grading Chinese fir wood lamellas, tensile strength parallel to grain exceeded 132 MPa,compressive strength parallel to grain exceeded 82 MPa,tensile modulus of elasticity parallel to grain exceeded 17.9 GPa,tensile modulus of elasticity perpendicular to grain exceeded 5.3 GPa,and shear strength exceeded 15.67 MPa. Besides, the specific gravity of this composite ranged from 0.75 to 0.85g/cm3. In other word, the manufactured wood laminated composites in this study have a relatively low density and high physical and mechanical properties, with the compression strength/density ratio being 104 Mpa.cm3/g,the modulus/density ratio being 22.8 GPa,and the modulus/ (compression strength)2 ratio being 2.68(1/ Mpa). It is concluded that the physical and mechanical properties of the wood laminated composites were superior compared with those of wood / epoxy laminated composites currently used abroad.
For the bamboo laminated composites made from the grading outer layer portion of bamboo culms, tensile strength parallel to grain exceeded 254 MPa,compressive strength parallel to grain exceeded 180 MPa,tensile modulus of elasticity parallel to grain exceeded 26 GPa,tensile modulus of elasticity perpendicular to grain exceeded 5.5 GPa,and shear strength exceeded 21.65 Mpa. Besides, the specific gravity of this composite ranged from 1.00 g/cm3 to 1.10g/cm3. In other word, the bamboo laminated composites in this study have a relatively low density and high physical and mechanical properties, with the compression strength/density ratio being 174 MPa.cm3/g,and the modulus/density ratio being 25.2 GPa. It is concluded that the physical and mechanical properties of the bamboo laminated composites were superior compared with those of wood / epoxy laminated composites currently used abroad.
Finally, for the wood and bamboo laminated composites developed for wind turbine blades products, the fatigue property is another important indicator of the material. Following the static loading experiments, the fatigue properties of the wood laminated composites were tested. The results showed that 60% of maximum loading strength of this material remained after 106 times of fatigue test, which is superior to the corresponding value of 55% for the high-quality wood/epoxy laminated, and 40% for GFRP under the same testing conditions. The fatigue properties of the bamboo laminated composites were tested as well. The results showed that 50% of maximum loading strength of this material remained after 106 times of fatigue test, which was comparable to the corresponding value of 55% for the high-quality wood/epoxy laminated remained, and was superior to 40% for GFRP under the same testing conditions.
目前风力发电机叶片在用材料主要是玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)、碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)和木/环氧复合材料,它们都存在各自的优缺点。众所周知:风力发电机叶片由于长期处于旋转(受力)的状态中,对材料的稳定性、均匀性、强度、刚度和密度等性能要求很高。作为风力发电机叶片材料性能中最重要的还是材料必须具有高的抗疲劳强度性能,其次很重要的一点是作为风力发电机叶片的材料,还必须具有原材料来源广泛、价格低廉的优势才行。由于碳纤维增强塑料价格昂贵,导致成品风力发电机叶片制造成本高,且玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)和碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)这两种材料回收处理困难;木/环氧叶片使用大径级天然林木材(如花旗松等),原材料来源困难。本论文选择我国资源丰富、性能优良的毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)做为原材料,研制可用于制造风力发电机叶片的分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青薄板层积材。
与玻璃钢等人造工程材料相比,杉木边材径切板相关物理力学性能数值受树木的不同立地条件、生长环境等相关因素影响呈明显的无规律的变化,要生产物理力学性能优良且性能稳定的风力发电机叶片复合材料,就必须对全部加工的杉木边材径切板进行检测,并按检测数值的大小对杉木边材径切板进行分级,只有这样才能生产出物理力学性能优良且性能稳定的风力发电机叶片复合材料来。
采用传统的通过测定杉木边材径切板弯曲弹性模量的机械分级标准,虽然具有较高的准确性,但此种方法费时费力,难以进行工业化批量生产。
与机械分级相比,目测分级的准确性高,而使用的时间不足原有机械分级耗用时间的1/10,大大降低杉木分级所需要的时间和劳动强度,同时,随着工人目测分级工作的进行及熟练程度的进一步提高,其分级的准确性也将进一步提高,其分级所需要的时间也将进一步降低,这使得风力发电叶片复合材料的大批量生产成为可能。
在杉木重组的过程中,最佳涂胶量定为170g/m2(单面),最佳的斜接角度定为3.81°(斜率1/15);在分级杉木层积材和分级竹青层积材的加工过程中,环氧树脂浸渍量的大小与环氧混合浸渍树脂固含量的大小成正比关系;在浸渍时间或浸渍胶的固含量一定的情况下,采用加压浸渍的杉木薄板和竹青薄板的树脂浸渍量明显高于未加压浸渍的杉木薄板和竹青薄板的树脂浸渍量。
运用经典层合板理论,建立分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的弹性模量预测模型,通过MOE1、MOE2的预测值与实测值的比对,证明建立的分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的弹性模量预测模型具有比较高的准确性;运用单向复合材料的串联模型,建立了分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的顺纹抗拉强度和顺纹抗压强度的预测模型,通过分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的顺纹抗拉强度和顺纹抗压强度的预测值与实测值的比对,证明建立的分级杉木薄板层积材和分级竹青层积材的顺纹抗拉强度和顺纹抗压强度预测模型具有比较高的准确性。
利用动态热机械分析仪检测不同竹龄的毛竹,实验证明:随着毛竹竹龄的增加,毛竹竹青试件的常温存储模量值也相应的增加,也就是说,在常温条件下,毛竹竹青的刚性随毛竹竹龄的增加而增加,但是毛竹到了一定竹龄后,其竹青的刚性渐渐趋于稳定,甚至有开始下降的趋势。一般5-6年生的成熟毛竹的竹青部份的常温存储模量位于1010Pa(10GPa)数量级以上,一般能满足做为风力发电叶片复合材料中增强相材料的使用,它们的损耗模量位于108Pa数量级左右。因此,最佳的风力发电叶片复合材料增强相材料是5-6年生的成熟毛竹。
由此制备的满足风力发电叶片复合材料要求的分级杉木薄板层积材的顺纹拉伸强度达到132 MPa,顺纹压缩强度超过82 MPa,顺纹拉伸模量达到17.9 GPa,横纹拉伸模量达到5.3 GPa,剪切强度15.67 MPa,而杉木薄板层积材的密度一般在0.75-0.85g/cm3左右。由于杉木薄板层积材具有相对较低的密度和较高的物理力学性能,其压缩强度质量比达到104 MPa.cm3/g,比刚度达到22.8 GPa,壁板稳定性参数达到2.68(1/ MPa),各项指标均高于目前国外在用的木/环氧层积材物理力学性能指标。
由此制备的满足风力发电叶片复合材料要求的分级竹青薄板层积材的顺纹拉伸强度达到254 MPa,顺纹压缩强度超过180 MPa,顺纹拉伸模量达到26 GPa,横纹拉伸模量达到5.5 GPa,剪切强度21.65 MPa,而分级竹青层积材的密度一般在1.00-1.10g/cm3左右。由于分级竹青薄板层积材具有相对较低的密度和较高的物理力学性能,其压缩强度质量比达到174MPa.cm3/g,比刚度达到25.2 GPa,各项指标均高于目前国外在用的木/环氧层积材物理力学性能指标。
对于制备的风力发电叶片复合材料来说,疲劳强度是衡量材料性能的重要指标。分级杉木薄板层积材在106次疲劳循环测试下,还保持60%的静载强度,高于优质木/环氧层积材保持55%的静载强度,也比玻璃钢(保持40%以下的静载强度)的疲劳性能好;分级竹青薄板层积材在106次疲劳循环测试下,还保持50%的静载强度,与优质木/环氧层积材保持55%的静载强度基本持平,比玻璃钢(保持40%以下的静载强度)的疲劳性能好。
Over the centuries, energy has been supplied by wood, coke, coal, oil and natural gas, as well as by uranium (nuclear energy). All these energy sources are limited and at the same time these energy sources create pollution problems. This has led to the focus on a sustainable energy supply, which implies optimized use of energy, minimized pollution. That is why wind energy is prominent and it is the solution to the global energy problem. The wind energy is generated by using wind turbines. The turbine blades plays very important role in the wind turbines. The efficiency of the wind turbine depends on the material of the blade, shape of the blade and angle of the blade. So, the material of the turbine blade plays a vital role in the wind turbines. The material of the blade should possess the high stiffness, low density and long fatigue life.
Currently, the materials used for wind turbine blades are mainly glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), and wood-based composites (Wood/Epoxy), etc. However, these materials have their own merits and defects. It is commonly known that turbine blades work by rotation in service, which demands uniformity and low variability in the properties of the materials used. More importantly, the strength and stiffness of the materials must be high with a low density. The fatigue properties of materials must be superior as well. It is also important that the materials used must be widely available with a low cost. Because of the high cost of CFRP materials, the manufacture of the wind turbine blades products is subsequently expensive. Furthermore, the GFRP products and CFRP products are difficult to be disposed of when out of service. On the other hand, the raw materials used for Wood / epoxy laminated composites, which are made from the large diameter natural forest wood ( such as Douglas Fir,) are difficult to be available. In this dissertation, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were selected as raw material to manufacture wood and bamboo laminated composites from their grading elements used for wind turbine blades, since they are abundant in China with low cost and excellent properties, and are easily to be decomposed of.
Compared with engineering materials such as glass fiber reinforced plastic, the physical and mechanical properties of Chinese fir sapwood showed great variability, which is largely dependent on various factors such as the growing environment, site conditions and silviculture treatments. In order to produce wind turbine blades composite material with excellent physical and mechanical properties, all quartersawn boards made from the Chinese fir sapwood must be tested and then graded based on the wood properties determined. Only in this way may the wind turbine blades composite material with excellent physical and mechanical properties be produced.
The conventional wood grading method is the machine grading which is based on the modulus of elasticity in static bending of wood. This grading method is characterized by higher accuracy, but it is time-expensive and is difficult to be applied in industrial production. Compared with the machine grading, visual grading has higher accuracy, and may take only 1/10 time used for machine grading, greatly reducing working time and labor intensity. It can be expected that, with the visual grading skills being increasingly improved, the accuracy of visual grading will also be further improved, and the visual grading time needed will also be further reduced, which appear to make the massive production of wind turbine blades composite material in industrial scale possible.
For the process of reconstituted wood composites, the optimum adhesive spread is 170 g/m2 (single surface), the optimum slip joint angle is 3.81°(slope 1/15). In the manufacture process of the wood and bamboo laminated composites from their grading elements, there was a positive relationship between the solid content of the epoxy resin and the resin content impregnated. With the impregnation time and resin solid content being constant, impregnation under pressure resulted in more impregnated resin within the wood and bamboo laminas compared with the situation with no pressure applied.
On the other hand, based on the classical lamination theory, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the wood and bamboo laminated composites was computed and predicted, Comparison between the predicted and measured MOE1 and MOE2 indicated that the prediction model had fairly high accuracy. According to the Serial model of composite material theory, the prediction model of tensile strength parallel to grain and compressive strength parallel to grain of the wood and bamboo laminated composites were established, respectively. Comparison between the predicted and measured values indicated again that the prediction model have relatively high accuracy in predicting the tensile and compressive strength of the laminated composites.
The bamboo samples of various ages were tested by a Q800 dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) instrument. The results showed that storage modulus of the outer layer of bamboo under air-temperature conditions increased with aging of bamboo. In other words, the stiffness of bamboo increased with the increasing age of bamboo. However, up to a certain age, the stiffness of the outer layer of bamboo gradually remains constant, or even shows a decrease trend. General speaking, the outer layer of bamboo of 5-6 year old has a storage modulus on the order of 1010Pa(10GPa)under air- temperature conditions, which is definitely qualified as the reinforcement material for the wind turbine blades composites, with the loss modulus under air temperature conditions on the order of 108Pa. Therefore, the out layers of bamboo of 5-6 year old showed great potential to be used as the reinforcement materials of the wind turbine blades composite.
For the wood laminated composites made from the grading Chinese fir wood lamellas, tensile strength parallel to grain exceeded 132 MPa,compressive strength parallel to grain exceeded 82 MPa,tensile modulus of elasticity parallel to grain exceeded 17.9 GPa,tensile modulus of elasticity perpendicular to grain exceeded 5.3 GPa,and shear strength exceeded 15.67 MPa. Besides, the specific gravity of this composite ranged from 0.75 to 0.85g/cm3. In other word, the manufactured wood laminated composites in this study have a relatively low density and high physical and mechanical properties, with the compression strength/density ratio being 104 Mpa.cm3/g,the modulus/density ratio being 22.8 GPa,and the modulus/ (compression strength)2 ratio being 2.68(1/ Mpa). It is concluded that the physical and mechanical properties of the wood laminated composites were superior compared with those of wood / epoxy laminated composites currently used abroad.
For the bamboo laminated composites made from the grading outer layer portion of bamboo culms, tensile strength parallel to grain exceeded 254 MPa,compressive strength parallel to grain exceeded 180 MPa,tensile modulus of elasticity parallel to grain exceeded 26 GPa,tensile modulus of elasticity perpendicular to grain exceeded 5.5 GPa,and shear strength exceeded 21.65 Mpa. Besides, the specific gravity of this composite ranged from 1.00 g/cm3 to 1.10g/cm3. In other word, the bamboo laminated composites in this study have a relatively low density and high physical and mechanical properties, with the compression strength/density ratio being 174 MPa.cm3/g,and the modulus/density ratio being 25.2 GPa. It is concluded that the physical and mechanical properties of the bamboo laminated composites were superior compared with those of wood / epoxy laminated composites currently used abroad.
Finally, for the wood and bamboo laminated composites developed for wind turbine blades products, the fatigue property is another important indicator of the material. Following the static loading experiments, the fatigue properties of the wood laminated composites were tested. The results showed that 60% of maximum loading strength of this material remained after 106 times of fatigue test, which is superior to the corresponding value of 55% for the high-quality wood/epoxy laminated, and 40% for GFRP under the same testing conditions. The fatigue properties of the bamboo laminated composites were tested as well. The results showed that 50% of maximum loading strength of this material remained after 106 times of fatigue test, which was comparable to the corresponding value of 55% for the high-quality wood/epoxy laminated remained, and was superior to 40% for GFRP under the same testing conditions.
引文
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