西藏驱龙超大型斑岩铜矿床—岩浆作用与矿床成因
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摘要
驱龙超大型矿床产于陆陆碰撞造山带,有别于经典弧环境产出的斑岩铜矿床。本文通过对驱龙铜矿床的精细解剖,查明了矿床岩浆序列,厘定了岩浆演化过程,提出了含矿斑岩的成因模式;约束了岩浆侵位时的地球动力学背景,查明了斑岩侵位过程中的构造控制要素;首次发现了斑岩岩浆出溶时地质记录,约束了初始出溶流体的性质及出溶时的物理化学条件;确定了矿床主要的蚀变及矿化类型,建立了蚀变及矿化分带模式;详细识别了热液演化过程中的地质记录,再塑了成矿流体演化过程,查明了成矿物质沉淀机制;提出了矿床的成矿模式。
研究表明,驱龙铜矿下部存在大型岩浆房,闪长岩包体可近似代表其物质组分,花岗闪长岩、P斑岩、细晶岩及随后的X斑岩均为该岩浆房同步演化的产物;岩浆活动始于～22 Ma,结束于～17 Ma,岩浆持续近5 Ma。最晚期(～16 Ma)的闪长玢岩则显示出原生岩浆的特点,并不是岩浆房演化的产物。最早闪长岩包体并非埃达克岩,由其演化形成的含矿斑岩则为埃达克岩,角闪石等矿物上地壳尺度的分异结晶是岩石埃达克质特征形成的原因。Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素研究表明,近似代表岩浆房闪长岩包体形成于弱石榴石角闪岩化的新生下地壳的部分熔融,板块断离诱发的软流圈物质上涌不仅提供了热源,还提供了物质。闪长玢岩是冈底斯带首次发现的高Mg~#、高相容元素含量的埃达克岩,岩石为EMⅡ部分熔融产生的玄武质岩浆与新生下地壳物质混合的产物。
近EW向产出的大面积花岗闪长岩是驱龙铜矿最主要的含矿围岩,容纳驱龙70%以上的矿体,其浅成就位可能受驱龙背斜控制,区内快速抬升与剥蚀是导致含矿斑岩浅成侵位的根本原因。浅成侵位的斑岩及深部岩浆房均发生了流体出溶,显微晶洞构造及单向固结结构是含矿斑岩流体出溶的地质记录,但深部岩浆房的流体出溶,才是引发矿床大规模蚀变与矿化的物质来源。
矿床蚀变主要有三种类型,分别为早期形成的钾硅酸盐化、青磐岩化蚀变,以及晚期形成的长石分解蚀变。钾硅酸盐又可分早期钾长石化和晚期黑云母化。青磐岩化因产出岩石类型不同,其蚀变矿物组合具有差异性。长石分解蚀变以破坏长石类矿物为特征,蚀变矿物主要为绢云母-绿泥石-粘土等。石英及硬石膏贯穿上述各蚀变阶段。空间上,钾硅酸盐化位于斑岩体及其周围地区,青磐岩化位于钾硅酸岩化外侧。后期形成的长石分解蚀变强烈叠加了早期钾硅酸盐化,介于钾硅酸盐化与青磐岩化之间。与早期钾长石化有关的脉体为不规则石英-钾长石脉等,其形成温度大于440～520℃,压力大于80MPa,与晚期黑云母化有关的脉体为不规则至板状的石英-硬石膏、黑云母脉等。其形成温度大于313～475℃,压力约为80MPa,与青磐岩化有关的脉体主要为板状的绿帘石-石英脉(温度大于330～400℃),与晚期长石分解蚀变有关的脉体主要为板状黄铜矿-黄铁矿及黄铁矿等脉;在早期钾硅酸盐蚀变与晚期长石分解蚀变转换阶段,发育一组板状的石英-硫化物脉,其形成温度大于380～575℃,压力有较大波动。
驱龙的铜矿化分布较为均一,主体产于花岗闪长岩中;其中,铜矿化主体形成于黑云母化蚀变阶段,转变阶段及长石分解阶段也有大量铜的形成;钼主要形成于转换阶段,长石分解蚀变阶段也有产出。黑云母化阶段铜的沉淀与角闪石黑云母化、斜长石钾长石化过程中Ca~(2+)的大量释放有关,转换阶段铜钼矿化与压力波动有关,晚期铜矿化与长石破化蚀变阶段斜长石绿泥石化、黑云母绿帘石化过程中Ca~(2+)及Fe~(2+)的释放有关。
Porphyry deposits usually form in arc settings,in association with subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas,although some deposits also occur in post-collisional extensional settings and are unrelated to subduction.These deposits remain poorly understood.Here we describe the igneous geology,alteration mineralogy,and mineralization history of Qulong,a newly-discovered porphyry Cu deposit in southern Tibet that belongs to the post-collisional class.The deposit is associated with Miocene monzogranite-granodiorite intrusions and is hosted partly in Jurassic andesitic-dacitic volcanics.A～19.5 Ma granodiorite pluton with diorite enclaves is the earliest Miocene intrusive unit.It was intruded by a regularly-shaped stock(P porphyry) and then thin dike(X Porphyry) of monzogranite about 17.7 m.y.ago.The main copper-molybdenum mineralization is associated with the P porphyry.A barren diorite porphyry,intruded the P and X porphyries,around 15.7 Ma.Petrologic trends of the intrusions suggest that the Miocene intrusions have similar origin and probably formed by fractionation of a deeper magma chamber. Emplacement of Miocene porphyries,controlled by Qulong anticline,is direct response of the rapid uplift/erosion of Gangdese arc hatholiths in the south Tibet.Miarolitic cavities and unidirectional solidification textures,the key evidence for volatile separation,have been recognized in the P and X porphyries,respectively.
Early potassic alteration,characterized by quartz-K feldspar(±anhydrite),pervades the P porphyry and granodiorite.Laterally,this alteration grades into quartz-biotite-anhydrite(±K feldspar),which affects all Miocene intrusions except the latest dioritic porphyry.Wall rocks of granodiorite and Jurassic andesitic-dacitic volcanics within 1-1.5 kilometers of the porphyries are dominated by potassic alteration.An outer halo of propylitic alteration(epidote-chlorite±calcite) extends up to 2 km.Feldspar-destructive alteration(sericite-chlorite±clay minerals) has overprinted most of the potassic and part of the propylitic alteration.The alteration is strongly pervasive in the interior of the porphyries and occurs as vein halos away from the porphyries.
The earliest quartz-K feldspar alteration and veins are barren,whereas approximately 60 percent of the 7 million tons of contained copper are associated with slightly later quartz-biotite-anhydrite alteration.Barren assemblages are related to irregular quartz(-K feldspar±anhydrite) veins,which are truncated by the X porphyry.Cu sulfide-bearing assemblages are associated with discontinuous chalcopyrite(±biotite) and continuous quartz-anhydrite-chalcopyrite(±molybdenum) veins.Deposition of Cu-Mo with abundant anhydrite occurred during or between emplacements of closely related porphyries from high temperature magmatically-derived fluids,and was probably caused by hydrolysis of SO_2.
研究表明,驱龙铜矿下部存在大型岩浆房,闪长岩包体可近似代表其物质组分,花岗闪长岩、P斑岩、细晶岩及随后的X斑岩均为该岩浆房同步演化的产物;岩浆活动始于～22 Ma,结束于～17 Ma,岩浆持续近5 Ma。最晚期(～16 Ma)的闪长玢岩则显示出原生岩浆的特点,并不是岩浆房演化的产物。最早闪长岩包体并非埃达克岩,由其演化形成的含矿斑岩则为埃达克岩,角闪石等矿物上地壳尺度的分异结晶是岩石埃达克质特征形成的原因。Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素研究表明,近似代表岩浆房闪长岩包体形成于弱石榴石角闪岩化的新生下地壳的部分熔融,板块断离诱发的软流圈物质上涌不仅提供了热源,还提供了物质。闪长玢岩是冈底斯带首次发现的高Mg~#、高相容元素含量的埃达克岩,岩石为EMⅡ部分熔融产生的玄武质岩浆与新生下地壳物质混合的产物。
近EW向产出的大面积花岗闪长岩是驱龙铜矿最主要的含矿围岩,容纳驱龙70%以上的矿体,其浅成就位可能受驱龙背斜控制,区内快速抬升与剥蚀是导致含矿斑岩浅成侵位的根本原因。浅成侵位的斑岩及深部岩浆房均发生了流体出溶,显微晶洞构造及单向固结结构是含矿斑岩流体出溶的地质记录,但深部岩浆房的流体出溶,才是引发矿床大规模蚀变与矿化的物质来源。
矿床蚀变主要有三种类型,分别为早期形成的钾硅酸盐化、青磐岩化蚀变,以及晚期形成的长石分解蚀变。钾硅酸盐又可分早期钾长石化和晚期黑云母化。青磐岩化因产出岩石类型不同,其蚀变矿物组合具有差异性。长石分解蚀变以破坏长石类矿物为特征,蚀变矿物主要为绢云母-绿泥石-粘土等。石英及硬石膏贯穿上述各蚀变阶段。空间上,钾硅酸盐化位于斑岩体及其周围地区,青磐岩化位于钾硅酸岩化外侧。后期形成的长石分解蚀变强烈叠加了早期钾硅酸盐化,介于钾硅酸盐化与青磐岩化之间。与早期钾长石化有关的脉体为不规则石英-钾长石脉等,其形成温度大于440～520℃,压力大于80MPa,与晚期黑云母化有关的脉体为不规则至板状的石英-硬石膏、黑云母脉等。其形成温度大于313～475℃,压力约为80MPa,与青磐岩化有关的脉体主要为板状的绿帘石-石英脉(温度大于330～400℃),与晚期长石分解蚀变有关的脉体主要为板状黄铜矿-黄铁矿及黄铁矿等脉;在早期钾硅酸盐蚀变与晚期长石分解蚀变转换阶段,发育一组板状的石英-硫化物脉,其形成温度大于380～575℃,压力有较大波动。
驱龙的铜矿化分布较为均一,主体产于花岗闪长岩中;其中,铜矿化主体形成于黑云母化蚀变阶段,转变阶段及长石分解阶段也有大量铜的形成;钼主要形成于转换阶段,长石分解蚀变阶段也有产出。黑云母化阶段铜的沉淀与角闪石黑云母化、斜长石钾长石化过程中Ca~(2+)的大量释放有关,转换阶段铜钼矿化与压力波动有关,晚期铜矿化与长石破化蚀变阶段斜长石绿泥石化、黑云母绿帘石化过程中Ca~(2+)及Fe~(2+)的释放有关。
Porphyry deposits usually form in arc settings,in association with subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas,although some deposits also occur in post-collisional extensional settings and are unrelated to subduction.These deposits remain poorly understood.Here we describe the igneous geology,alteration mineralogy,and mineralization history of Qulong,a newly-discovered porphyry Cu deposit in southern Tibet that belongs to the post-collisional class.The deposit is associated with Miocene monzogranite-granodiorite intrusions and is hosted partly in Jurassic andesitic-dacitic volcanics.A～19.5 Ma granodiorite pluton with diorite enclaves is the earliest Miocene intrusive unit.It was intruded by a regularly-shaped stock(P porphyry) and then thin dike(X Porphyry) of monzogranite about 17.7 m.y.ago.The main copper-molybdenum mineralization is associated with the P porphyry.A barren diorite porphyry,intruded the P and X porphyries,around 15.7 Ma.Petrologic trends of the intrusions suggest that the Miocene intrusions have similar origin and probably formed by fractionation of a deeper magma chamber. Emplacement of Miocene porphyries,controlled by Qulong anticline,is direct response of the rapid uplift/erosion of Gangdese arc hatholiths in the south Tibet.Miarolitic cavities and unidirectional solidification textures,the key evidence for volatile separation,have been recognized in the P and X porphyries,respectively.
Early potassic alteration,characterized by quartz-K feldspar(±anhydrite),pervades the P porphyry and granodiorite.Laterally,this alteration grades into quartz-biotite-anhydrite(±K feldspar),which affects all Miocene intrusions except the latest dioritic porphyry.Wall rocks of granodiorite and Jurassic andesitic-dacitic volcanics within 1-1.5 kilometers of the porphyries are dominated by potassic alteration.An outer halo of propylitic alteration(epidote-chlorite±calcite) extends up to 2 km.Feldspar-destructive alteration(sericite-chlorite±clay minerals) has overprinted most of the potassic and part of the propylitic alteration.The alteration is strongly pervasive in the interior of the porphyries and occurs as vein halos away from the porphyries.
The earliest quartz-K feldspar alteration and veins are barren,whereas approximately 60 percent of the 7 million tons of contained copper are associated with slightly later quartz-biotite-anhydrite alteration.Barren assemblages are related to irregular quartz(-K feldspar±anhydrite) veins,which are truncated by the X porphyry.Cu sulfide-bearing assemblages are associated with discontinuous chalcopyrite(±biotite) and continuous quartz-anhydrite-chalcopyrite(±molybdenum) veins.Deposition of Cu-Mo with abundant anhydrite occurred during or between emplacements of closely related porphyries from high temperature magmatically-derived fluids,and was probably caused by hydrolysis of SO_2.
引文
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