天山云杉种群与群落特征及其地理变化规律的初步研究
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摘要
天山山脉的森林主要是以天山云杉为优势树种组成的山地森林,天山云杉林随经度位置及相应环境条件的变化而分布在不同的海拔范围内,优势树种天山云杉的生长状况及群落内其他伴生植物的种类和数量也随着不同经度位置海拔高度的变化而呈现出不同的垂直梯度变化规律。本文选择我国新疆境内天山山脉从西到东约12个经度(81°05′-93°41.5′E)范围内5个地点(昭苏、巩留、乌苏、乌鲁木齐和哈密)的天山云杉群落进行垂直样带调查,研究天山云杉种群的结构、动态、分布格局和针叶、球果大小性状的变化,分析了林分因子、物种多样性和生物量等群落特征,初步探讨了天山云杉种群与群落特征随经度和海拔梯度的地理变化规律。主要研究结果如下:
(1)采用天山云杉各级林木所占的比例、不同径级的株数比例、按径级累计株数百分率的拟合方程等三种方法分析了不同地点的天山云杉种群结构特征。以幼苗幼树和小径木的总计百分率来看,不同地点从多到少的顺序为哈密、乌鲁木齐、巩留、昭苏和乌苏;在昭苏、巩留、乌苏、乌鲁木齐和哈密径级结构呈倒“J”型分布;在昭苏和乌鲁木齐指数曲线相关系数最高,在巩留、乌苏和哈密对数曲线相关系数最高。
(2)为了探讨天山云杉种群的动态变化规律,采用“空间代替时间”的方法以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,编制了天山云杉静态生命表,绘制了各个地点天山云杉种群的存活曲线、死亡曲线和损失度曲线及危险率函数曲线。天山云杉的存活曲线整体趋于DeeveyⅡ型,也就是说天山云杉种群目前总体上正处于一个稳定状态;不同地点天山云杉死亡率曲线有两个高峰;不同地点的种群其死亡强度和死亡高峰出现的时间格局有明显的差异。
(3)应用理论分布模型和聚集强度指标对天山云杉进行种群分布格局的分析表明,不同发育阶段和不同海拔高度对其分布格局和聚集强度均有不同程度的影响。随着径级的增大或年龄的增加,天山云杉种群的聚集强度在降低;不同海拔高度天山云杉聚集强度都呈现出在高海拔聚集强度最大的分布趋势。
(4)采用两种数据处理方法对天山云杉球果大小性状随海拔梯度的变化规律进行了研究。一种是将各调查地点的海拔分别划分为低、中、高三个海拔高度范围,分析天山云杉的球果大小性状随海拔高度的差异性;另一种是采用不同的函数对球果大小性状沿每隔50 m的海拔梯度变化规律进行回归分析。结果表明:在同一地点天山云杉球果大小性状随海拔范围不同而发生相应的变化。天山云杉的球果长和球果长宽比随着海拔高度的增加总体呈现逐渐减小的趋势,而球果宽随海拔梯度变化不显著。天山云杉球果宽较球果长的性状稳定性高。天山云杉球果大小性状随海拔、经度和坡度的变化而发生变异,球果长的变异主要受海拔和坡度的影响,球果宽的变异则主要受经度的影响,而海拔、经度、坡度对球果长宽比都有显著负影响。
(5)采用回归分析研究了不同海拔高度之间针叶大小性状的变化规律,运用方差分析和变异系数分析了不同地点天山云杉针叶大小性状变异。天山云杉针叶长和针叶长宽比随着海拔高度的增加总体呈现逐渐减小的趋势,针叶宽度随海拔梯度的升高呈增加趋势。天山云杉针叶长性状较针叶宽性状稳定性高。
(6)天山云杉林分平均胸径和最大胸径随海拔梯度的变化差异不显著,而平均树高、最大树高、平均林分密度、胸高断面积和蓄积量随海拔高度的增加总体上呈现单峰型的变化趋势。尽管不同经度位置天山云杉林分布的海拔上下限范围不同,但各个位置天山云杉林分的平均树高、最大树高、平均林分密度、胸高断面积和蓄积量随海拔梯度的变化都可以用二次曲线方程进行描述;除了林分密度、幼苗幼树密度呈现中东部(乌鲁木齐和哈密)﹥西部(巩留)的分布趋势外,其他各个林分因子包括平均胸径、最大胸径、平均树高、最大树高、胸高断面积、蓄积量、东西冠幅、南北冠幅和平均冠幅都呈现西部(巩留)﹥中东部(乌鲁木齐和哈密)的分布趋势。
(7)各经度位置的天山云杉群落基本上是以天山云杉为优势树种的纯林,乔木和灌木种类很少,草本植物的丰富度主要是由优势树种天山云杉来控制的。天山云杉在中等海拔范围分布最集中、郁闭度最大、生长最好、蓄积量最高,造成了此范围内草本植物的物种丰富度最低。尽管不同经度位置天山云杉林分布的海拔上下限范围不同,但天山云杉群落草本丰富度随海拔梯度的变化趋势都呈现山谷型曲线,都可以用二次曲线方程进行描述。
(8)根据群落调查数据,采用回归方程推算了不同地点天山云杉林的生物量。不同地点天山云杉的生物量变化在88.695和436.915 t·hm-2之间,不同地点天山云杉生物量总体呈现西部大于中东部的趋势,天山云杉生物量随海拔高度和林木径级的变化总体上都呈现单峰型的格局。
Main forest in Tianshan Mountains is the montane forest dominated by Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica, and the altitudinal range of the forest varies with the change of longitude and relevant environmental conditions. The growth status of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica as well as the species and number of companion plants in the community varies regularly along the vertical gradient in the different longitudes. P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest in Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami which covered about 12 longitudes(81°05′-93°41.5′E)along the Tianshan Mountains was investigated using vertical transects to study the structure, dynamics, distribution pattern, and cone & needle size characters of the spruce population, and to analyze characteristics of stands, species diversity and biomass of the communities dominated by the spruce population. A preliminarily analysis was given to the geographical variations of the population & community characteristics along the longitudinal and altitudinal gradients. The main results are as follows:
(1)In order to explore the population structure of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in the different sites, the percentage of trees in the different sizes, the diameter distribution, and the fitted equations for accumulated percentage of P. schrenkiana var.tianschanica were analyzed. From the percentage of seedling & sampling and the small trees, the order is Hami, Urumqi, Gongliu, Zhaosu and Wusu.The structure of diameter class in Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami took on inversed“J”Shape. The index curve correlation coefficient is highest in Zhaosu and Urumqi, while the logarithm curve correlation coefficient is highest in Gongliu, Wusu and Hami.
(2)Based on the methods of“the space-for-time substitution”and stem size structure in place of age structure, the population static life tables were made, and the population curves of survivorship, mortality rate, killing power value and hazard rate function were drawn in order to explore the population dynamics of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in the different sites. The results showed that the survivorship curve of the population generally trended to the type of DeeveyⅡ, suggesting that the population was stable. There were two mortality peaks for each population in the different sites. The mortality rate and the time when mortality peaked were significantly different among different sites.
(3)The distribution pattern of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica population was studied on the basis of theoretical distribution model and aggregation intensity indeces. The results are as follows: The population distribution pattern is influenced by the age stages and altitudinal ranges. The clustering intensity increased with the increasing of the DBH or the age stages. The clustering intensity was strongest in the upper altitude.
(4)Two methods were used to analyze the change of cone size characters along the altitudinal gradient. Three altitudinal ranges (low, middle and high)were divided for each site and the differences of cone size characters within each altitudinal range were analyzed, and the variation of cone size characters along altitudinal gradient at 50 m intervals was explored. The results showed that the cone size characters varied with different range of altitude in each site. The cone length and the ratio of cone length to width decreased along the altitudinal gradient, while the cone width didn’t change significantly along the altitudinal gradient. The variation of cone width was lower than that of cone length. The cone size characters varied with the altitude, slope and longitude. The variation of cone length was mainly influenced by the altitude and slope, the variation of cone width was mainly influenced by the longitude, however, the ratio of cone length to width showed a negative correlation to altitude, slope and longitude.
(5)Regression analysis was used in studying the variation of needle characters in the different altitudinal gradient. Anova analysis and variation coefficient were used in the needle morphological variation in the different sites. The results showed that the needle length and the ratio of needle length to width decreased with the increasing altitude. The needle width increased with the increasing altitude. The variation coefficients of needle length were smallest in the needle morphological variation.
(6)Average and maximum DBH showed no significant variation while average and maximum tree height, mean stand density, total basal area and stand volume of the forest generally showed hump-shaped curves with the increasing of the altitude. In spite of the variation of the altitudinal range in the different sites, the changes of average and maximum tree height, mean stand density, total basal area and stand volume along the altitudinal gradient of the forest could be described by the quadratic curve equations;The stand density and the density of seedling & saplings in the mid-east [0]were higher than those in the west, while in other aspects[0] including the average DBH, the maximum DBH, average tree height, maximum tree height, total basal area, stand volume, crown width and the height beneath the branch all took on the general trend is that the west is higher than the mid-east.
(7)At most longitudinal positions, P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest was basically of pure forest, with P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica as the dominant species, very few of other arbor and shrub speices, and the species of herbs being controlled by the growth of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica. This forest had the widest distribution, highest canopy, best growth, and highest stand volume at middle altitudes, resulting in the lowest species richness of herbs. In spite of the variation of the altitudinal range in the different sites, the herb species richness in P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest in Tianshan Mountains showed an inversed hump-shaped variation along the altitude, which could be described by the quadratic equation.
(8)The biomass of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica was estimated with the regression equation based on the date of community investigation. The results showed that the biomass in the different sites ranged from 88.695 to 436.915 t·hm-2. The western biomass was higher than the mid-east; Variation of biomass along the altitudinal gradient and in the different DBH class all took on the unimodal pattern.
(1)采用天山云杉各级林木所占的比例、不同径级的株数比例、按径级累计株数百分率的拟合方程等三种方法分析了不同地点的天山云杉种群结构特征。以幼苗幼树和小径木的总计百分率来看,不同地点从多到少的顺序为哈密、乌鲁木齐、巩留、昭苏和乌苏;在昭苏、巩留、乌苏、乌鲁木齐和哈密径级结构呈倒“J”型分布;在昭苏和乌鲁木齐指数曲线相关系数最高,在巩留、乌苏和哈密对数曲线相关系数最高。
(2)为了探讨天山云杉种群的动态变化规律,采用“空间代替时间”的方法以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,编制了天山云杉静态生命表,绘制了各个地点天山云杉种群的存活曲线、死亡曲线和损失度曲线及危险率函数曲线。天山云杉的存活曲线整体趋于DeeveyⅡ型,也就是说天山云杉种群目前总体上正处于一个稳定状态;不同地点天山云杉死亡率曲线有两个高峰;不同地点的种群其死亡强度和死亡高峰出现的时间格局有明显的差异。
(3)应用理论分布模型和聚集强度指标对天山云杉进行种群分布格局的分析表明,不同发育阶段和不同海拔高度对其分布格局和聚集强度均有不同程度的影响。随着径级的增大或年龄的增加,天山云杉种群的聚集强度在降低;不同海拔高度天山云杉聚集强度都呈现出在高海拔聚集强度最大的分布趋势。
(4)采用两种数据处理方法对天山云杉球果大小性状随海拔梯度的变化规律进行了研究。一种是将各调查地点的海拔分别划分为低、中、高三个海拔高度范围,分析天山云杉的球果大小性状随海拔高度的差异性;另一种是采用不同的函数对球果大小性状沿每隔50 m的海拔梯度变化规律进行回归分析。结果表明:在同一地点天山云杉球果大小性状随海拔范围不同而发生相应的变化。天山云杉的球果长和球果长宽比随着海拔高度的增加总体呈现逐渐减小的趋势,而球果宽随海拔梯度变化不显著。天山云杉球果宽较球果长的性状稳定性高。天山云杉球果大小性状随海拔、经度和坡度的变化而发生变异,球果长的变异主要受海拔和坡度的影响,球果宽的变异则主要受经度的影响,而海拔、经度、坡度对球果长宽比都有显著负影响。
(5)采用回归分析研究了不同海拔高度之间针叶大小性状的变化规律,运用方差分析和变异系数分析了不同地点天山云杉针叶大小性状变异。天山云杉针叶长和针叶长宽比随着海拔高度的增加总体呈现逐渐减小的趋势,针叶宽度随海拔梯度的升高呈增加趋势。天山云杉针叶长性状较针叶宽性状稳定性高。
(6)天山云杉林分平均胸径和最大胸径随海拔梯度的变化差异不显著,而平均树高、最大树高、平均林分密度、胸高断面积和蓄积量随海拔高度的增加总体上呈现单峰型的变化趋势。尽管不同经度位置天山云杉林分布的海拔上下限范围不同,但各个位置天山云杉林分的平均树高、最大树高、平均林分密度、胸高断面积和蓄积量随海拔梯度的变化都可以用二次曲线方程进行描述;除了林分密度、幼苗幼树密度呈现中东部(乌鲁木齐和哈密)﹥西部(巩留)的分布趋势外,其他各个林分因子包括平均胸径、最大胸径、平均树高、最大树高、胸高断面积、蓄积量、东西冠幅、南北冠幅和平均冠幅都呈现西部(巩留)﹥中东部(乌鲁木齐和哈密)的分布趋势。
(7)各经度位置的天山云杉群落基本上是以天山云杉为优势树种的纯林,乔木和灌木种类很少,草本植物的丰富度主要是由优势树种天山云杉来控制的。天山云杉在中等海拔范围分布最集中、郁闭度最大、生长最好、蓄积量最高,造成了此范围内草本植物的物种丰富度最低。尽管不同经度位置天山云杉林分布的海拔上下限范围不同,但天山云杉群落草本丰富度随海拔梯度的变化趋势都呈现山谷型曲线,都可以用二次曲线方程进行描述。
(8)根据群落调查数据,采用回归方程推算了不同地点天山云杉林的生物量。不同地点天山云杉的生物量变化在88.695和436.915 t·hm-2之间,不同地点天山云杉生物量总体呈现西部大于中东部的趋势,天山云杉生物量随海拔高度和林木径级的变化总体上都呈现单峰型的格局。
Main forest in Tianshan Mountains is the montane forest dominated by Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica, and the altitudinal range of the forest varies with the change of longitude and relevant environmental conditions. The growth status of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica as well as the species and number of companion plants in the community varies regularly along the vertical gradient in the different longitudes. P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest in Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami which covered about 12 longitudes(81°05′-93°41.5′E)along the Tianshan Mountains was investigated using vertical transects to study the structure, dynamics, distribution pattern, and cone & needle size characters of the spruce population, and to analyze characteristics of stands, species diversity and biomass of the communities dominated by the spruce population. A preliminarily analysis was given to the geographical variations of the population & community characteristics along the longitudinal and altitudinal gradients. The main results are as follows:
(1)In order to explore the population structure of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in the different sites, the percentage of trees in the different sizes, the diameter distribution, and the fitted equations for accumulated percentage of P. schrenkiana var.tianschanica were analyzed. From the percentage of seedling & sampling and the small trees, the order is Hami, Urumqi, Gongliu, Zhaosu and Wusu.The structure of diameter class in Zhaosu, Gongliu, Wusu, Urumqi and Hami took on inversed“J”Shape. The index curve correlation coefficient is highest in Zhaosu and Urumqi, while the logarithm curve correlation coefficient is highest in Gongliu, Wusu and Hami.
(2)Based on the methods of“the space-for-time substitution”and stem size structure in place of age structure, the population static life tables were made, and the population curves of survivorship, mortality rate, killing power value and hazard rate function were drawn in order to explore the population dynamics of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in the different sites. The results showed that the survivorship curve of the population generally trended to the type of DeeveyⅡ, suggesting that the population was stable. There were two mortality peaks for each population in the different sites. The mortality rate and the time when mortality peaked were significantly different among different sites.
(3)The distribution pattern of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica population was studied on the basis of theoretical distribution model and aggregation intensity indeces. The results are as follows: The population distribution pattern is influenced by the age stages and altitudinal ranges. The clustering intensity increased with the increasing of the DBH or the age stages. The clustering intensity was strongest in the upper altitude.
(4)Two methods were used to analyze the change of cone size characters along the altitudinal gradient. Three altitudinal ranges (low, middle and high)were divided for each site and the differences of cone size characters within each altitudinal range were analyzed, and the variation of cone size characters along altitudinal gradient at 50 m intervals was explored. The results showed that the cone size characters varied with different range of altitude in each site. The cone length and the ratio of cone length to width decreased along the altitudinal gradient, while the cone width didn’t change significantly along the altitudinal gradient. The variation of cone width was lower than that of cone length. The cone size characters varied with the altitude, slope and longitude. The variation of cone length was mainly influenced by the altitude and slope, the variation of cone width was mainly influenced by the longitude, however, the ratio of cone length to width showed a negative correlation to altitude, slope and longitude.
(5)Regression analysis was used in studying the variation of needle characters in the different altitudinal gradient. Anova analysis and variation coefficient were used in the needle morphological variation in the different sites. The results showed that the needle length and the ratio of needle length to width decreased with the increasing altitude. The needle width increased with the increasing altitude. The variation coefficients of needle length were smallest in the needle morphological variation.
(6)Average and maximum DBH showed no significant variation while average and maximum tree height, mean stand density, total basal area and stand volume of the forest generally showed hump-shaped curves with the increasing of the altitude. In spite of the variation of the altitudinal range in the different sites, the changes of average and maximum tree height, mean stand density, total basal area and stand volume along the altitudinal gradient of the forest could be described by the quadratic curve equations;The stand density and the density of seedling & saplings in the mid-east [0]were higher than those in the west, while in other aspects[0] including the average DBH, the maximum DBH, average tree height, maximum tree height, total basal area, stand volume, crown width and the height beneath the branch all took on the general trend is that the west is higher than the mid-east.
(7)At most longitudinal positions, P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest was basically of pure forest, with P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica as the dominant species, very few of other arbor and shrub speices, and the species of herbs being controlled by the growth of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica. This forest had the widest distribution, highest canopy, best growth, and highest stand volume at middle altitudes, resulting in the lowest species richness of herbs. In spite of the variation of the altitudinal range in the different sites, the herb species richness in P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest in Tianshan Mountains showed an inversed hump-shaped variation along the altitude, which could be described by the quadratic equation.
(8)The biomass of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica was estimated with the regression equation based on the date of community investigation. The results showed that the biomass in the different sites ranged from 88.695 to 436.915 t·hm-2. The western biomass was higher than the mid-east; Variation of biomass along the altitudinal gradient and in the different DBH class all took on the unimodal pattern.
引文
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