经济制度的信仰基础
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摘要
本文旨在于尝试理解在制度演化的过程中,作为现实制度有效运行基础之一的文化观念与制度之间存在着何种联系。为此,我们选择了其中最为重要的一项内容——宗教信仰,作为我们考察的对象。
经济学很久以来就注意到一个社会中宗教因素和经济绩效之间存在着某种联系。但长期以来,对宗教现象的经济学分析仍然停留在新古典理性选择模型的基础上。对宗教信仰与经济绩效进行的宏观计量检验结果并不能令人满意。我们认为,宗教信仰之所以与经济绩效存在联系,究其原因在于制度层面。因此我们尝试从制度演化的角度分析宗教信仰在制度型构、发展和变迁中的影响。
我们在导论部分给出本文总体的思路、分析方法和分析框架。我们将宗教和经济制度之间因果关系的分析分为三部分,并相应地以三个特征事实来予以考察,找出其中的逻辑关联。
第二章中我们对社会制度变迁,特别是经济结构的转换和信仰的演变,作了一次通览式的历史性考察。历史资料赋予我们一种直觉上的感性认识:伴随着每次社会制度的重大变革,信仰领域或早或晚亦会出现重要转变。这样我们至少可以判断,宗教信仰与经济制度二者之间必然存在着某种联系。
接下来在第三章中我们尝试勾勒出宗教与制度之因果关系的理论框架。本文第三章首先界定了我们所分析的“宗教”涵义,并将其分为三块内容:仪式、教义和信仰。然后我们概述了在本文中所使用的制度演化博弈理论。通过对宗教和制度演化理论的分析,我们寻找到了宗教在制度演化过程中三个逻辑结合点。
因此四、五、六章我们依次通过特征性历史事实来考察宗教与制度三方面关系。在礼物交换中我们发现在经济制度形成初期,大量经济观念是借由一种神圣观念的形式表达的;在中世纪高利贷问题的考察中我们看到作为意识形态权威的宗教信仰能够借由教义解释起到一种缓解意识形态障碍的作用,促进制度变迁;最后韦伯命题表达了最为关键性的信仰在现代制度演变中的作用。最终使我们明确“信仰-伦理-观念-制度”这一宗教与制度之间的因果逻辑关系。
然后在第七章中我们对中国传统社会进行了简略的考察,希望了解上述理论框架是否适用于中国社会。我们发现,尽管中国社会有其特殊性存在,但是在给定政治框架的前提下,宗教与经济之间的契合关系仍然能够成立。
在本文最后,我们给出一个简短的结论,宗教作为一种观念力量,能够深刻地影响制度演化的进程。
In this article we try to understand the relation between religion and institutions. During the process of the evolution of institutions, we know that cultural foundations can influence institutional change. But it is sheer intuition. So, in order to prove this intuition, we choose one of the most significant cultural phenomena, religion, as the subject of our analysis.
We argue that the Economics of Religion does not realize the relationship between religion and institutions. So it cannot articulate the causality of religion and economic performance.
We believe that in a community religion can affect the evolution of institutions, so there has a link between religion and economic performance. We do not use the rational choice model to analyze religious phenomena directly, but try to understand the religious influence to the process of institutional change from a new viewpoint.
Firstly, we consider the social institutional changes in history, especially some great transformations of the economic structures and religious faith. Historical data gives us an important intuition: there is a certain relationship between religion and economic institutions.
Secondly, we give a definition to the meaning of the word "religion". And we argue that "religion" have three factors: rite, dogmatics and faith. We also outline the method of evolutionary game theory which we use in this paper. We find there are some links between religious factors and the evolution of institutions.
Then we analyze in ancient society how rites affect the formation of institutions, and we use the gift exchange as an example. After that we consider the role of dogmatics during the process of economic changes. We find that as the ideological authority religion can promote institutional changes through dogmatics. At last, we examine the most important factor: religious faith. And we try to use rational choice model to explain Weber Thesis. We believe, in modern society religious faith still has a profound influence.
Finally, we use this theory to test its applicability in traditional Chinese society. And give a brief conclusion about our theory.
经济学很久以来就注意到一个社会中宗教因素和经济绩效之间存在着某种联系。但长期以来,对宗教现象的经济学分析仍然停留在新古典理性选择模型的基础上。对宗教信仰与经济绩效进行的宏观计量检验结果并不能令人满意。我们认为,宗教信仰之所以与经济绩效存在联系,究其原因在于制度层面。因此我们尝试从制度演化的角度分析宗教信仰在制度型构、发展和变迁中的影响。
我们在导论部分给出本文总体的思路、分析方法和分析框架。我们将宗教和经济制度之间因果关系的分析分为三部分,并相应地以三个特征事实来予以考察,找出其中的逻辑关联。
第二章中我们对社会制度变迁,特别是经济结构的转换和信仰的演变,作了一次通览式的历史性考察。历史资料赋予我们一种直觉上的感性认识:伴随着每次社会制度的重大变革,信仰领域或早或晚亦会出现重要转变。这样我们至少可以判断,宗教信仰与经济制度二者之间必然存在着某种联系。
接下来在第三章中我们尝试勾勒出宗教与制度之因果关系的理论框架。本文第三章首先界定了我们所分析的“宗教”涵义,并将其分为三块内容:仪式、教义和信仰。然后我们概述了在本文中所使用的制度演化博弈理论。通过对宗教和制度演化理论的分析,我们寻找到了宗教在制度演化过程中三个逻辑结合点。
因此四、五、六章我们依次通过特征性历史事实来考察宗教与制度三方面关系。在礼物交换中我们发现在经济制度形成初期,大量经济观念是借由一种神圣观念的形式表达的;在中世纪高利贷问题的考察中我们看到作为意识形态权威的宗教信仰能够借由教义解释起到一种缓解意识形态障碍的作用,促进制度变迁;最后韦伯命题表达了最为关键性的信仰在现代制度演变中的作用。最终使我们明确“信仰-伦理-观念-制度”这一宗教与制度之间的因果逻辑关系。
然后在第七章中我们对中国传统社会进行了简略的考察,希望了解上述理论框架是否适用于中国社会。我们发现,尽管中国社会有其特殊性存在,但是在给定政治框架的前提下,宗教与经济之间的契合关系仍然能够成立。
在本文最后,我们给出一个简短的结论,宗教作为一种观念力量,能够深刻地影响制度演化的进程。
In this article we try to understand the relation between religion and institutions. During the process of the evolution of institutions, we know that cultural foundations can influence institutional change. But it is sheer intuition. So, in order to prove this intuition, we choose one of the most significant cultural phenomena, religion, as the subject of our analysis.
We argue that the Economics of Religion does not realize the relationship between religion and institutions. So it cannot articulate the causality of religion and economic performance.
We believe that in a community religion can affect the evolution of institutions, so there has a link between religion and economic performance. We do not use the rational choice model to analyze religious phenomena directly, but try to understand the religious influence to the process of institutional change from a new viewpoint.
Firstly, we consider the social institutional changes in history, especially some great transformations of the economic structures and religious faith. Historical data gives us an important intuition: there is a certain relationship between religion and economic institutions.
Secondly, we give a definition to the meaning of the word "religion". And we argue that "religion" have three factors: rite, dogmatics and faith. We also outline the method of evolutionary game theory which we use in this paper. We find there are some links between religious factors and the evolution of institutions.
Then we analyze in ancient society how rites affect the formation of institutions, and we use the gift exchange as an example. After that we consider the role of dogmatics during the process of economic changes. We find that as the ideological authority religion can promote institutional changes through dogmatics. At last, we examine the most important factor: religious faith. And we try to use rational choice model to explain Weber Thesis. We believe, in modern society religious faith still has a profound influence.
Finally, we use this theory to test its applicability in traditional Chinese society. And give a brief conclusion about our theory.
引文
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